Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Iwan Budiman
Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung
Abstract
Early in the new millennium there is an epidemic of the metabolic syndrome world wide with
obesity as the main factor. Obesity will be accompanied by pathologic conditions like hypertension,
glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is excess body fat and body fat can be
measured by using Bod Pod which has an accuracy near DEXA’s accuracy. The body fat can also be
measured by skinfold caliper with lower accuracy than Bod Pod. Obesity will always be accompanied by
impairment of lipid metabolism, so that blood lipids profile will be abnormal as well. The aims of this
research is validating body fat measurement with skinfold method in 2, 3, 4, 7, sites with Bod Pod method
and obtain the correlation between body fat and blood lipids profile. Also to find out body fat measurement
with skinfold method that is accurate enough and reliable. The subjects are 52 premenopausal woman,
with mean age of 38.1 years (sd=8.41 years), height 152.4 cm (sd=6 cm), weight 60.41 kg (sd=4.27 kg),
BMI 25.94 kg/m2 (sd=4.27 kg/m2). They underwent weight, height and body fat measurement. The study
design is analytic observational and cross sectional design with correlational analysis and the data is
analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Spearman’s Rho coefficient correlation and Fisher Zr
transformation , all test is set with α = 5%. The result of body fat measurement by Bod Pod method =
36.2% (sd = 5.54%), by F21 equation = 31% (sd = 5.95%), by F22 equation = 36.3% (sd = 9.71%), by
F31 equation = 34.4% (sd = 4.59%), by F32 equation = 35.8% (sd = 5.78%), by F33 equation = 34.5%
(sd = 4.84%), by F41 equation = 34.8% (sd = 5.73%), by F42 equation = 39.8% (sd = 4.06%), by F43
equation = 35.6% (sd = 5.95%), by F7 equation = 37% (sd = 5.71%). This study resulted in four
equations for body fat measuring using skinfold method, which are valid according to Wilcoxon Signed
Ranks Test (p > 0.05) and all of the 9 equations are reliable according to Spearman’s Rho with Bod Pod
method (p < 0.000). These 4 equations have the same strength and same high correlation with Bod Pod
method according to Fisher Zr transformation (p < 0.05). This study obtained four equations for body fat
measurement with skinfold method, which are valid, reliable and have the same strength relationship with
Bod Pod method. These four equations are, one equation with two sites on triceps and subscapula; one
equation with three sites on triceps, suprailiaca and thigh; one equation with four sites on triceps,
suprailiaca, abdomen and thigh and one equation with seven sites on triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca,
abdomen, thigh, chest and midaxillary.
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menderita MetS sebesar 25 – 50% dari tergantung dari usia dan timbul pada
seluruh populasi.2 Menurut survei yang latar belakang predisposisi yang telah
dilakukan oleh National Health and terjadi sejak usia muda. Predisposisi
Nutrition Examination Survey tahun yang berbahaya disertai dengan trend
2000, 64.5 % penduduk USA dewasa diet dan pola kebiasaan modern akan
overweight atau obesitas dengan mempengaruhi kesehatan dan perilaku
prevalensi obesitas secara keseluruhan pada populasi yang bertambah muda.
sebesar 30.5%.4,5 Penduduk British Faktor utama yang mendorong
dewasa 50% dengan BMI > 25 dan 15% meningkatnya prevalensi resistensi
dengan BMI > 30.8 Menurut WHO lebih insulin adalah diet Western modern.
dari 1 milyar orang dewasa di dunia ini Etiologi obesitas merupakan
yang overweight dan lebih dari 300 juta interaksi multifaktorial seperti genetik,
adalah obese.6 metabolik, perilaku, dan pengaruh
Obesitas dapat didefinisikan lingkungan, tetapi yang terpenting
sebagai kelebihan lemak tubuh akibat adalah pada epidemi obesitas sekarang
ketidakseimbangan energi yang masuk ini adalah pengaruh perilaku dan
dan yang keluar. Menurut Williams lingkungan dibandingkan perubahan
(1992) disebut obesitas bila lemak tubuh biologi.13,14 Dalam perilaku dan
pada laki-laki ≥ 25% dan pada wanita lingkungan yang memegang peranan
≥ 30%.9 adalah peningkatan konsumsi energi
MetS berhubungan kuat dengan dan penurunan pengeluaran energi yang
premature morbiditas dan mortalitas menyebabkan positive energy balance,
terutama penyakit kardiovaskuler dan yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan
DM tipe 2. MetS meningkatkan risiko obesitas.14 Keseimbangan energi yang
Penyakit Jantung Iskemik lebih dari 20 positif ini terutama disebabkan oleh
kali pada laki-laki 50 tahunan.6 National tingginya energi per kapita yang
Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) tersedia, peningkatan konsumsi
telah mengidentifikasi faktor risiko makanan di luar rumah terutama fast
untuk penyakit kardiovaskuler yaitu: food, konsumsi soft drink yang meningkat
(1). Abdominal obesity (WC > 102 cm tinggi, ukuran porsi makanan yang
pada laki-laki, WC > 88 cm pada bertambah besar, meningkatnya
wanita). (2). Hipertrigliseridemia ( TG ≥ sedentary activities seperti, main video
150 mg/dL). (3). Hipo HDL (HDL < 40 game, menonton televisi, bekerja dengan
mg/dL). (4). Hipertensi (tekanan darah komputer.
≥ 130/85 mm Hg). (5). Glukosa darah Pada MetS kelainan utamanya
puasa tinggi dan gangguan toleransi adalah obesitas yang merupakan
glukosa (glukosa darah ≥ 110 penimbunan lemak di subkutis dan
mg/dL).3,10,11,12 Konsensus menyatakan visceral yang berlebih. Kelebihan lemak
bahwa mekanisme patologi MetS adalah tubuh ini dapat diukur dengan cara Bod
resistensi insulin dan obesitas.1,6 Pod atau cara skinfold. Pengukuran
Proses MetS dimulai dini pada lemak tubuh cara Bod Pod merupakan
awal kehidupan, menetap pada masa cara air displacement plethysmography
kanak-kanak sampai ke masa pubertas dengan akurasi yang hampir sama
dan dewasa, selanjutnya bertendensi dengan cara standard underwater
menghasilkan DM tipe 2 dan penyakit weighing method dan cara DEXA. Cara
kardiovaskuler. Gejala MetS tidak Bod Pod ini sangat akurat, tetapi tidak
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Identifikasi Protein Hemaglutinin Pili Proteus Mirabilis P 355
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BMI = Quetelet’s Index = (BB kg : TB2 m)5,7,42,43; Underweight < 18.5 ; Normal 18.5 –
24.9; Overweight 25 – 29.9 ; Obesity I 30–34.9; Obesity II 35–39.9; Obesity III ≥ 40.
Indeks Brocca44, BBNormal = (TBcm – 100) kg; BBIdeal = (BBN -10%) kg = 0.9 BBN;
Obese bila 115% BBN atau 120% BBI ; Bray: ♂ 15 – 18% ♀ 20 – 25%,
Obese bila: ♂ ≥ 25% ♀ ≥ 30%9, 45
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Tabel 1. Hasil Pengukuran Lemak Tubuh dengan Cara Bod Pod dan
Cara Skinfold di 2, 3, 4, 7 Tempat
Fat% %F21 %F22 %F31 %F32
Mean 36.2 31 36.3 34.4 35.8
SD 5.54 5.95 9.71 4.59 5.78
Min 23.5 22.2 21.5 25 22.9
Max 53.5 53.6 71.2 43.3 49.9
%F33 %F41 %F42 %F43 %F7
Mean 34.5 34.8 39.8 35.6 37
SD 4.84 5.73 4.06 5.95 5.71
Max 43.8 50.8 51.3 51.5 47.2
Min 24.7 22.7 30.8 22.9 24
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