ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES

SECTION 6-1
INTRODUCTION I

 COMPOSITE TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES

CAN NOT BE INCREASED BY ADDITION
OF FIBERS IN UNIDIRECTIONAL
COMPOSITES

 LAMINATED COMPOSITES ARE MADE BY

STACKING SEVERAL LAMINAE ON TOP
OF EACH OTHER
INTRODUCTION II

 ORIENTATIONS CAN BE CONTROLLED

 LAMINATED COMPOSITES CAN BE

DESIGNED FOR SPECIFIC
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
SECTION 6-2
STRAIN AND STRESS VARIATION IN A
LAMINATE

Figure 6.1. Bending of line element

in x-z plane.
ASSUMPTIONS
 ALL LAMINAE ARE GLUED TOGETHER

 THE LAMINATE DEFORMS AS A

SINGLE LAYER OF MATERIAL

 PERFECT BONDING BETWEEN ALL

LAMINAE

 THE BOND BETWEEN TWO LAMINAE

IS VERY THIN
u = uo − zα

∂w o ∂w o
α= ⇒ u = uo − z
∂x ∂x

∂w o
v = vo − z
∂y
∂w o
w = wo − z ≈ wo
∂z
 uo , vo , wo

ARE THE MIDPLANE DISPLACEMENTS

AND z IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE MIDPLANE

THE STRAINS ARE;

∂u ∂uo ∂ 2 wo
εx = = −z
∂x ∂x ∂x 2

∂v ∂ v ∂ 2
wo (1)
εy = = o
−z
∂y ∂y ∂y 2

∂u ∂v ∂uo ∂v o ∂ 2 wo
γ xy = + = + − 2z
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂ y
REWRITE Eqs. (1);


ε x   x ε o 
κ x 
   o   
ε y  = ε y  + z κ y 
   o   
γ xy  γ  κ
 xy 
 xy 
WHERE;

 ∂uo 
ε o   ∂x 
 x   
 o   ∂v o 
ε y  =  
 o   ∂y 
γ xy   ∂uo ∂v o 
 + 
 ∂y ∂x 

ARE THE MIDPLANE STRAINS

AND;

 ∂ 2 wo 
 
 ∂x
2
κ x  
   ∂ 2 w 
κ y  = −  2 
o

   ∂y 
κ
 xy   2 
2 ∂ wo 
 ∂x∂y 

ARE THE MIDPLANE CURVATURES

σ  ε  ε 0 x 
   Q11 Q12 Q16  
  0 
x
 x
[] 
σ y  = Q k ε y  = Q21 Q22 Q26  ε y  +
    Q61 Q62 Q66  γ 0 xy 
τ 
 xy k γ
 xy k  k
 

 Q11 Q12 Q16  κ x 

   
z Q21 Q22 Q26  κ y 
Q61 Q62
 Q66  κ xy 
k 
6.3: SYNTHESIS OF STIFFNESS
MATRIX
RESULTANT FORCES AND MOMENTS ACTING ON
THE LAMINATE

h h
Nx = ∫ 2h σ x dz , M x = ∫ 2h σ x zdz ,
− −
2 2
h h
Ny = ∫ 2h σ y dz , M y = ∫ 2h σ y zdz , (2)
− −
2 2

h h
N xy = ∫ 2h τ xy dz M xy = ∫ 2h τ xy zdz
− −
2 2
Nx , Ny , Nxy HAVE UNITS OF FORCE PER UNIT
LENGTH

Mx , My , Mxy HAVE UNITS OF MOMENT PER UNIT

LENGTH
USING EQUATIONS (2), WE HAVE;

N x  σ  σ 
h  
   
x n hk 
x

 N y  = ∫− h σ y dz = ∑ ∫h σ y  dz
2

  2  k =1 k −1  
 xy 
N τ
 xy  τ
 xy  k

M x  σ  σ 
h  
   
x n hk 
x

M y  = ∫− h σ y  zdz = ∑ ∫h σ y  zdz
2

  2  k =1 k −1  
 xy 
M τ
 xy  τ
 xy  k
 N   ε 0 x  
 Q11 Q16 
 x 
Q12   
hk  
n   0  
 N y  = ∑  ∫hk −1 Q21 Q22 Q26  ε y dz  +
  k =1  Q Q66   0  
 xy 
N    61 Q62 γ
  xy  
k

 Q11 Q12 Q16  κ 

 x 
hk  
∫hk −1 Q21 Q22 Q26  κ y  z dz
Q Q66   
Q62 κ
 61 k xy 
 M   ε 0 x  
 Q11 Q16 
 x 
Q12   
hk  
n   0  
 M y  = ∑  ∫hk −1 Q 21 Q 22 Q26  ε y  zdz  +
  k =1  Q Q66   0  
γ xy  
 xy 
M   61 Q62
 k
 

 Q11 Q12 Q16  κ 

 x 
hk  
κ y  z dz
2
∫hk −1 Q21 Q22 Q26 
Q Q66   
Q62 κ
 61 k xy 
N x  ε 0 x  κ x 
   0   n   
  n
[] []
 N y  = ∑ Q k ∫h dz  ε y  + ∑ Q k ∫h zdz  κ y 
hk hk

   k =1 k −1
  0   k =1 k −1
 
 N xy  γ xy  κ xy 

M x  ε 0 x  κ x 
   0   n   
  n
[] []
M y  = ∑ Q k ∫h zdz  ε y  + ∑ Q k ∫h z dz  κ y 
hk hk
2

   k =1 k −1
  0   k =1 k −1
 
M xy  γ xy  κ xy 
N x   A A16  ε x   B11 B16  κ x 
0
A12 B12
  
11
  0     
 N y  =  A21 A22 A26  ε y  +  B21 B22 B26  κ y 
  A
 xy   61
N A62 A66  γ 0 xy   B61 B62 B66  κ xy 
   

M x   B B16  ε x   D11 D16  κ x 

0
B12 D12
  
11
  0     
M y  =  B21 B22 B26  ε y  +  D21 D22 D26  κ y 
  B
 xy   61
M B62 B66  γ 0 xy   D61 D62 D66  κ xy 
   
 ( ) (h
n
Aij = ∑ Qij k k − hk −1 )
k =1

1 n
Bij = ∑ Qij
2 k =1
( ) (hk
2
k − h 2 k −1 )

1 n
Dij = ∑ Qij
3 k =1
( ) (hk
3
k − h 3 k −1 )

[A] ≡ Extensional Stiffness Matrix Gpa-m

[B] ≡ Coupling Matrix Gpa-m2

[D] ≡ Bending Stiffness Matrix Gpa-m3

N x  ε 0 x 
   0 
N
 y  ε y 
 N  A B γ 0 
 xy     xy 
 =
   
 x  
M B D κ
 x 
M y  κ y 
   
M xy  κ xy 
EXAMPLE, PAGE 6-12 NOTES
6.4: CONSTRUCTION AND PROPERTIES
OF SPECIAL LAMINATES

1) SYMMETRIC LAMINATES

FOR EVERY LAMINA ABOVE THE

MID PLANE THERE IS AN
IDENTICAL LAMINA BELOW THE
MIDPLANE

[B] = 0

⇒ NO BENDING – STRETCHING
COUPLING (NO WARPING)
2) UNIDIRECTIONAL, CROSS-PLY,
AND ANGLE-PLY LAMINATES

ALL LAMINA ARE PLACED AT 0

AND 90 DEGREES, OR AT ±θ ( FOR
EVERY LAMINA AT θ, THERE IS
ONE AT -θ)

A16 = A26 = 0

⇒ LAMINATE BEHAVES AS AN
ORTHOTROPIC LAYER (NO SHEAR
STRAIN DUE TO APPLIED NORMAL
STRESS)
3) QUASIISOTROPIC LAMINATES

- MUST HAVE AT LEAST THREE LAMINA

- ALL LAMINAE HAVE THE SAME PROPERTIES AND
THICKNESS
- ANGULAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAMINAE
MUST BE π/n

⇒ A11 = A22 , A11 – A12= 2A66 , A16 = A26 = 0

⇒ [A] BECOMES ISOTROPIC

EXAMPLE, PAGE 6-18 NOTES
6.5: DETERMINATION OF LAMINAE
STRESSES AND STRAINS

DERIVATIONS FROM NOTES

PAGE 6-21