Available online at https://www.ijasrd.

org/

International Journal of Advanced Scientific

Research & Development e-ISSN: 2395-6089
p-ISSN: 2394-8906
Vol. 06, Iss. 03, Ver. I, Mar’ 2019, pp. 01 – 12

EFFECT OF HHO GAS AS FUEL ADDITIVE ON THE EXHAUST

EMISSIONS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Samuel Pamford Kojo Essuman1*, Andrew Nyamful1, Vincent Yao Agbodemegbe1
and Seth Kofi Debrah1
1 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of
Ghana, Ghana.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History:
Received: 14 Mar 2019;
Received in revised form:
04 Apr 2019;
Accepted: 04 Apr 2019;
Published online: 10 Apr 2019.
Key words:
Oxyhydrogen Gas,
Internal Combustion Engine,
Environmental Pollution,
Brown’s Gas,
HHO Gas Generator,
Fossil Fuel Emissions
Copyright © 2019 IJASRD. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Common Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
work is properly cited.
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as
CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of
environmental pollution. These gases when released into the
atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause
greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried
out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the
emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer.
The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon
monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of
nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the
combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%,
35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO
gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal
combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen
(O2) gas increased by 1.7%.

HIGHLIGHTS
1) Production of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
2) Production of HHO gas using KOH as catalyst.
3) Measurement of HHO gas flow rate.
4) Modification of the petrol engine using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
5) Determination of performance of HHO gas on emission characteristics of a petrol
engine.

INTRODUCTION
The transport industry accounts for 95% of all energy consumption produced
worldwide using conventional liquid fuels (International Energy Outlook, 2017). This
establishes that the transportation industry is heavily dependent on liquid fossil fuels as
Cite this article as: Essuman, S. P. K., Nyamful, A., Agbodemegbe, V. Y., & Debrah, S. K., “Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel
Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine”. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research &
Development (IJASRD), 06 (03/I), 2019, pp. 01 – 12. https://doi.org/10.26836/ijasrd/2019/v6/i3/60301.
* Corresponding Author: Samuel Pamford Kojo Essuman, akiola.060286@gmail.com
 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

compared to their use for electricity generation. The over dependency of existing Internal
Combustion Engines (ICEs) on fossil oils have resulted in the emission of high
concentrations of greenhouse gases that include NO x, CO, O3, SOx, and CO2 (Naresh C. et
al., 2014). The continual increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
is observed to be a main contributing factor to the increase in temperature of the earth
between 2°C to 4°C leading to global warming (EL-Kassaby MM. et al., 2016).
In the quest to transit towards lowering fossil fuel consumption as well as to reduce
its associated pollutants emitted from these Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs),
researchers are currently seeking for alternative fuel sources such biodiesel, bioethanol, and
biogas which require no modification to existing engines. However, these fuels are
commercially expensive (Özcanli M. et al., 2016). Another method gaining global attention
is the blending of HHO gas with petrol as a supplementing fuel to enhance the performance
and to reduce the concentrations of pollutants emitted from the combustion chamber of
these ICEs (Raviteja S. et al., 2014). Literature survey undertaken (2015-2017) show
limited research into the reduction or otherwise in the concentrations of S02, NOx, CO, and
THCs emitted from ICEs using HHO gas blend with petrol. However, the concentration of
oxygen and the temperature within the combustion chamber of these engines that affect the
production of these gases have not been studied within the period reviewed.
Sachin Jadhav and S.B. Sanap, 2015 studied the effect of HHO gas blending with
gasoline on the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke single cylinder
spark ignition engine. The HHO gas was produced via electrolysis of water and was injected
directly into the intake manifold of a 133 cc engine. The test was done in two parts; using
gasoline/air and gasoline/HHO gas/air mixtures. The results showed an improvement in
engine performance when the gasoline/HHO gas/air mixture was used. In addition, the
concentrations of HC and CO was observed to decrease by 58.3% and 71.4% respectively
whilst the concentration of NOx increased by 18.8%. The optimization and effect of hydroxy
gas on a CI engine performance and emission using biodiesel blend with HHO gas was
investigated by M.I. Arbab et al., 2016 and reported that the blend of biodiesel/HHO gas
mixture in the CI engine reduced the concentrations of CO and HC emissions by 20% and
10% respectively. Mustafa Ozcanli et al., 2016 confirmed similar results obtained by M.I.
Arbab et al., 2016 using HHO (Hydroxy) gas and hydrogen-enriched castor oil biodiesel in a
compression ignition engine. Likewise, Husenyin Turan Arat et al., 2016 showed that using
hydroxy CNG fuel mixtures in a non-modified diesel engine was able to increase the brake
torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency tremendous. Furtherance to this, P. V.
Manu et al., 2016 further studied an on-board dry cell electrolyzer in a CI engine that works
on a dual fuel mode. The maximum BTE was reported to increase by 34.99 % at a load of
14.7 kg when an HHO gas flow rate of 2 LPM was used. This result was also affirmed by
Harshall Vashi et al., 2016; Patel Chetan N. and Maulik A. Modi, 2016. In a different
experiment, the effect of using HHO gas as a fuel additive in a 92255 cc Isuzu trooper
engine was done by Sanchez et al., 2016. The test was carried out by varying the engine
speed from 754 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000rpm, and 2500 rpm at varied HHO gas flux of 6,631,
15,461, and 22,389 mL/s. Reduction in the concentrations of CO, CO 2, and HC was stated to
be 12.18%, 1%, and 32.67% respectively. Also, D. J. Jyothsna Devi et al., 2016 studied the
effect of HHO gas/petrol fuel on engine efficiency. Their results disclosed an increase in
engine torque and specific fuel consumption by 19.1%, and 14% with a decrease in the
Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 2
Essuman et al., (2019)

concentration of HC and CO by 5% and 13.5% respectively. This results was also confirmed
by Rasik S. Kuware and Dr. Ajay V. Kolhe, 2016 in a similar work. Ahmed H. Sackhrieh et
al., 2017 optimized a compression ignition combustion engine using HHO gas as
supplementary fuel. They varied the field voltage and speed; maintained the electric
dynamometer while the engine throttle was varied. Their results revealed that engine
power, torque, brake specific fuel combustion, and efficiency were increased by 14.2%, 4.8%,
10.6% and 8.8% respectively. Similar results were also reported by Pranav Powar et al.,
2017. Subsequently, the reduction of emission pollutants in a 99.27 cc single cylinder Bajaj
CT 100 gasoline engine using HHO (oxyhydrogen) gas in the intake manifold of the engine
was studied by Arvind et al., 2017. Their experimental outcome showed a decrease in the
concentrations of CO, HC, and CO 2 by 42%, 16%, and 28% respectively. Furthermore,
Ghulam Abbas Gohar and Hassan Raza, 2017 did a comparative analysis of performance
characteristics of a compression internal engine TQ200 with and without HHO gas using
KOH as catalyst in a leak-proof reactor. Results obtained confirmed an increase in engine
brake power, thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency by 22%, 47%, and 24%
respectively while the engine brake specific fuel consumption and the specific fuel
consumption were decreased by 35% and 27% respectively.
The present study, therefore, seeks to investigate the effect of oxy-hydrogen gas on
the concentration of oxygen and the temperature within the combustion chamber of a 125 cc
haojue petrol engine using petrol/HHO gas/air mixture. Other parameters such as the
concentrations of S02, NOx, CO, and THCs presented in other works were also investigated
in this study.

METHODOLOGY
This session present the material, equipment and methods employed for the
experiment conducted.

2.1 Equipment
The specifications of the equipment used in the execution of the present study are
briefly provided in this section.

(a) Haojue Engine

In the present work, Haojue engine was used to burn the petrol/air mixture. The
technical specifications of the test engine is as presented in Table 1.

Table – 1: Technical Specification of the Test Engine

Name Haojue
Type 4-Stroke, Single Cylinder, Air-Cooled
Displacement 125
Maximum Power 5.0 KW @ 7,500 rpm (Maximum Power Converter)
Maximum Torque 8.0 Nm@4,500 rpm (Maximum Power Converter)
Bore x Stroke 52.4 x 49.5
Cooling Air cooled
Starting Method Electric & Kick Start

3 Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019

 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

Ignition Type DC-CDI

Oil Grade 20W50
Gears 4
Clutch Wet, Multi-Plate Type
Fuel Tank Capacity 4.2 Liters

(b) HHO Gas Electrolyzer

In the present work, the HHO gas electrolyzer was used to produce HHO gas using
selected electrolyte solutions and electricity. The electrolyzer is made up of 130 pieces of
stainless steel electrodes (SS 316-L) enclosed in a transparent plexiglass. The electrolyzer is
equipped with a reservoir tank and a bubbler and is regulated by a uni-directional acetylene
gas arrester. Table 2 shows the detailed specification of the HHO gas electrolyzer.

Table – 2: Specification of HHO Gas Electrolyzer Used

Length 12 cm
Width, Height 12 cm, 10 cm
Number of plates 130 316 Stainless steel
Number of gaskets 125 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)

(c) Rectifier
The rectifier is a device used to convert DC to AC. The rectifier is built to have an
adjustable mode to select various voltages for the experiment. The technical specification of
the rectifier used is described in Table 3.

Table – 3: Specification of Rectifier

Length 20cm
Width, Height 10 cm, 14 cm
Rated voltage 0 V-16 V
Rated current 0 A-13 A
Incorporated safety device Breaker

(d) Gas Analyzer

The E8500 Plus gas analyzer was used in the present work for measuring the
concentrations of gases emitted from the combustion chamber of a mechanized equipment

2.2. Procedure for Emission Test

The fuel tank of the 125 cubic centimeters, 4-stroke, single cylinder and the air-
cooled haojue engine was filled with petrol and the engine was switched on allowing the air
intake manifold of the engine to draw only air so that the fuel being burnt in the engine was
a mixture of petrol and air only. The engine was allowed to equilibrate for a minimum
period of 10 minutes. The E8500 Plus gas analyzer was also switched on and allowed to
equilibrate for a period of 10 minutes.
Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 4
Essuman et al., (2019)

After allowing the gas analyzer to equilibrate, the probe of the gas analyzer was
placed just at the end of the exhaust pipe and the concentrations of the emitting gases from
the combustion chamber of the engine was measured for a period of 10 minutes.

Figure – 1: Flow Diagram of the Experiment using Petrol and Air Mixture as Fuel

The procedure was repeated this time, connecting the tube through which the HHO
gas runs in the oxyhydrogen electrolyzer to the air intake manifold of the engine via a flow
rate meter delivering HHO gas at a rate of 1.2 LPM; so that the fuel being burnt in the
combustion chamber of the engine was a mixture of petrol, air and HHO gas only; and the
concentrations of the emitting gases was measured as described early on, following the
methods used by (Premkartikkumar et al., 2014; Ahmed H. Sakhrieh et al., 2017).

Figure – 2: Flow Diagram of the Experiment Using Petrol, HHO Gas and Air Mixture as
Fuel

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Results of the investigations conducted in the present work are presented and
discussed in this session.

3.1 Concentration of Internal Combustion Emission Components

Table 4 compares the average concentrations of the respective emission components
resulting from the internal combustion of Petrol-Air Mixture and Petrol-Air-HHO gas
Mixture in the test engine.
5 Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019
 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

Table – 4: Average Concentration of Engine Emission Components for Combustion with

and without HHO Gas
Emission Component Emission Component
Emission
Concentration for Petrol Concentration for Petrol
Component
+ Air Mixture + Air + HHO Gas Mixture
SO2 4,073.40 mg/m3 86.20 mg/m3
NOx 59.80 mg/m3 50.00 mg/m3
CO 16,059.40 mg/m3 5,017.90 mg/m3
O2 15.96 % 17.64 %
THCs 3,075.60 ppm 1,991.90 ppm
Results presented in the table 4 shows that, with the exception of O 2, there is a
general high level of emissions from the test engine in the absence of HHO gas. The
concentration-time profile for each of the emission component over a period of ten (10)
minutes of operation of the test engine are discussed subsequently.

3.2 Profile of SO2 Emissions for the Cases with and without HHO
Figure – 3: Concentration-Time Profile of Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2) Emissions from Test
Engine
Variation of SO2 with time
7000
Concentration of SO2 (mg/m3)

6000

5000

4000

3000 PETROL/AIR ONLY

HHO GAS/ PETROL/AIR
2000

1000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (min.)

Table 4 shows that the average concentration of SO2 gas of the emissions resulting
from the combustion of petrol/air mixture in the combustion chamber of the test engine was
4,073.40 mg/m3. With the introduction of the HHO gas into the petrol/air mixture in the
combustion chamber, the average concentration of SO 2 gas decreased drastically from
4,073.40 mg/m3 to 86.20 mg/m3 representing 97.9% decrease in the concentration of SO2 gas.
The decrease in the concentration of SO 2 gas may be attributed to the fact that when SO 2
gas reacts with oxygen in the HHO gas, the SO 2 gas is converted to SO3 gas (Lawrence P.
Belo et al., 2014). R.W. Fair and B.A. Thrush, 1969 also reported that when hydrogen in the
HHO gas reacts with SO2 gas, there is an efficient heterogeneous reduction of SO 2 gas to
SO3 gas. These effects may explain the drastic decrease in the concentration of SO2 gas to
almost a constant average value of 86.20 mg/m3 emitting from the combustion chamber
within the measuring period as shown in Figure 3. Additional Oxygen gas provided by the
Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 6
Essuman et al., (2019)

HHO gas other than that supplied from the air/petrol mixture further enhanced the
conversion of SO2 gas to SO3. The sharp trend observed for the emission of SO2 for the
combustion of the petrol/air mixture may be attributed to the unstable nature of the engine
speed regulator used for the experiment. However, the decreased and almost linear trend
observed for the petrol/air/HHO gas mixture could be due to the high diffusibility and
flammability range of hydrogen contained in the HHO gas/petrol/air mixture in the
combustion chamber of the engine. This caused more HHO gas to burn compared to the
sulphur contained in the petrol/air mixture.
Health exposure to high concentration of sulfur dioxide in air has been associated
with reduced lung function, increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases,
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and premature mortality (World Bank Group, 1998).
Studies have also shown that plants exposed to high ambient concentrations of sulfur
dioxide may lose their foliage, become less productive, or die prematurely (World Bank
Group, 1998). Acid depositions in freshwater lake and stream ecosystems also lowers the pH
of rivers, streams and lakes. Since fish species cannot survive large shifts in pH, most
affected lakes can become completely devoid of fish life. Acidification also decreases species
variety and abundance of other animal and plant life (World Bank Group, 1998). Sulfate
aerosols, converted from sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere has been studied to further
reduce visibility by light scattering (World Bank Group, 1998). In connection with materials
defect, sulfurous acid formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with moisture, accelerates
the corrosion of iron, steel, and zinc.

3.3 NOx Emissions

Figure – 4: Concentration-Time Profile of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emission from Test
Engine

Figure 4 shows that the concentration of NOx gas produced from the petrol/air
mixture increased from 47.0 mg/m3 to 84.0 mg/m3 within the first six (6) minutes of the
experiment and then dropped to 35.0 mg/m 3 at the 10th minute giving average NOx gas
concentration of 59.80 mg/m3 (Table 4). Similar work carried out by Sa’ed A. Musmar and
Ammar A. Al-Rousan, 2011 reported that the concentration of NOx gas increased with
temperature of the system with respect to time; this may account for the observed increase
7 Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019
 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

in the concentration of NOx gas within the first 6 minutes. With the introduction of the
HHO gas into the petrol/air mixture, the average NOx gas concentration decreased to 50.0
mg/m3 (Table 4) representing 16.4% reduction. The decrease in the average concentration of
NOx gas could be attributed to the presence of the HHO gas that reduced the temperature
of the system and hence caused unfavorable condition for the formation of NOx as observed
by Sa’ed A. Musmar and Ammar A. Al-Rousan, 2011 (Figure 5).

Figure – 5: Temperature-Time Profile for Petrol/Air and Petrol/Air/HHO Gas

Environmental effect of NOx include among others regional air pollution which
serves as reactant for production of photochemical smog and also contributes to acid rain
which affects plants and animal lives.

3.4 CO Emissions
Figure – 6: Concentration-Time Profile of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions from Test
Engine
Variation of Carbon monoxide emissions with time
80000
Concentration of CO (mg/m3)

70000
60000
50000
40000 OPERATING WITH PETROL/AIR
ONLY
30000
OPERATING WITH HHO GAS/
20000
PETROL/AIR
10000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (min)

The percentage reduction in the average concentration of CO was found to be 68.8%

(Table 4). The decrease in the average concentration of CO in the second experiment could
be attributed to the explanation that, the introduction of the HHO gas in the petrol/air
mixture caused the level of oxygen in the mixture in the combustion chamber to increase
leading to an enhancement in the conversion of CO to CO 2 thereby reducing the CO
concentration as observed (Bari S. and Mohammad E.M., 2010). Equations 1 and 2 show the
chemical reaction for the conversion of CO to CO 2.
C (s) + ½ O2 (g) CO (g) (1)
C0 + ½ O2 CO2 (2)
Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 8
Essuman et al., (2019)

Health effects of CO include the binding of CO to human haemoglobin to form

carboxyhaemoglobin which refute the human body of sufficient oxygen, causes headaches,
nausea and lethargy.

3.5 THC Emissions

Figure – 7: Concentration-Time Profile of Total Unburnt Hydrocarbons (THCs) Emissions
from Test Engine

The variation of the concentrations of Total unburnt Hydrocarbons (THCs) emissions

with time is depicted in Figure 7. The average reduction in the concentrations of THCs was
found to be 35.2% (Table 4). This reduction in the average concentration of THCs could be
attributed to the increase in the concentration of oxygen gas in the combustion chamber due
to the presence of the HHO gas causing reasonable decrease in the average concentration of
THCs by converting THCs to CO, CO 2, H2O, and heat energy in line with experiment
carried out by Ali Can et al., 2010. This conversion reaction is shown in equation 3.
CxHy + (x + y/2) x CO2 + y/2 H2O + Heat Energy (3)

3.6 Oxygen (O2) Emissions

Figure – 8: Concentration-Time Profile of Oxygen Gas (O2) Emissions from Test Engine

Figure 8 shows that the concentration of oxygen in the HHO/petrol/air mixture in

the combustion chamber at any time was higher than the concentration of oxygen in the

9 Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019

 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

petrol/air mixture in the combustion chamber. Overall, the average concentration of oxygen
gas increased by 1.7% (Table 4). The increase in the average concentration of oxygen gas
emitted could be assigned to the presence of oxygen in the HHO gas introduced into the
combustion chamber.

CONCLUSION
The measurement of gaseous pollutants (CO, NO x, THCs, and SO2) emitted from the
exhaust of a 125 cc Haojue engine using HHO gas as a fuel additive to petrol/air mixture
was carried out. The average concentrations of Sulphur dioxide (SO 2), Oxides nitrogen
(NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs) decreased by 97.9%,
16.4%, 68.8% and 35.2% respectively. However, the average concentration of oxygen gas
(O2) increased by 1.7%.
It is therefore recommended that, to support efforts at addressing issues of climate
change which results from the emissions of gases into the atmosphere, the use of low
emitting energy sources should be intensified especially in the automobile industry and
other industries that depend so heavily on the burning of fossil fuels.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I will like to acknowledge Mr. Cephas Kwaku Hammond, Mr. Kwadwo Asamoah
Manu, Mr. Agyekum Fred Asante, Mr. Kwame Adum Kwapong, Mr. Cis Crabbe, Miss
Catherine Kuamoah and Miss Hephzibah Ewuradjoa Pamford Essuman for their immense
support that ensured the successful completion of this study.

REFERENCES
[1] Herzog A.V., Lipman T.E., Kammen D.M. (2001). Renewable Energy Sources, Renewable
and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL), Berkeley, USA.
[2] Li S., Zhongguang F., Yazhou S., Ruixin W., Hui Z. (2016). LES of swirl angle on
combustion dynamic and nox formation in a hybrid industrial combustor,
International Journal of Heat and Technology, 34(2), pp. 197 – 206. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.340207.
[3] Bari S., and Mohammad E.M. (2010). Effect of H2/O2 addition in increasing the thermal
efficiency of a diesel engine. Fuel, 89 (2), pp. 378-383. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.030.
[4] EL-Kassaby M.M., Eldrainy Y.A., Khidr M.E., and Khidr K.I. (2016). Effect of hydroxy
(HHO) gas addition on gasoline engine performance and emissions, Alexandria
Engineering Journal, 55, pp. 243–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.016.
[5] A.C. Yilmaz, E. Uludamar and K. Aydin (2010). Effect of hydroxyl (HHO) gas addition on
performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(20), 11366-11372
[6] HK. Wang, CY. Cheng, YC. Lin and KS. Chen (2012). Emission reductions of air
pollutants from a heavy-duty diesel engine mixed with various amounts of H2/O2,
Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12, 133-140.
Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 10
Essuman et al., (2019)

[7] A.V. Benitez, M. A. Ramos (2013). Implementación de un sistema dual fuel,

hidrogeno/gasolina en un vehículo de motor de combustión interna, graduated diss.,
Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador.
[8] R.W. Fair and B.A. Thrush (1961). Reaction between hydrogen atoms and SO2. Volume
65. Transactions of the Faraday Society.
[9] Lawrence P. Belo and Liza K. Elliot (2014). High-Temperature Conversion of SO2 to
SO3: Homogeneous Experiments and catalystic effect of fly ash from air and oxy-fuel
firing. Chemical Engineering, University of Newscastle, Callaghan, New South
Wales 2308, Australia. Energy Fuels, 2014, 28(11), pp7243-7251.
[10] Jambukiya B.K, Patel K.B, Rathod G and Patel TM (2016). Effect of HHO gas on fuel
consumption and brake thermal efficiency of four stroke spark ignition engine with
variable compression ratio. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering.
13(2) 74-80
[11] Shashikant Jadhav, Darshan Gabhane and Deshmukh S.S (2016). Investigating the
Effect of Oxy-Hydrogen (HHO) gas and Gasoline Blend Addition on the Performance
of Constant Speed Internal Combustion Engines International Engineering Research
Journal 26-31
[12] WORLD BANK GROUP (1998). Environmental and health effect of sulpher dioxide and
sulphur trioxide Pollution. Prevention and Abatement Handbook.
[13] Mohamed M. EL-Kassaby, Yehia A. Eldrainy, Mohamed E. Khidr, Kareem I.
Khidr(2015). Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gas addition on gasoline engine performance
and emissions, Alexandria Engineering Journal.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.016.
[14] M.I. Arbab, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah (2016). Study of production optimization and effect of
hydroxyl gas on a CI engine performance and emission fueled with biodiesel blends,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
[15] Mustafa Ozcanli, Mustafa Atakan Akar, Ahmet Calik, Hasan Serin (2016). Using HHO
(Hydroxy) and hydrogen enriched castor oil biodiesel in compression ignition engine,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy..
[16] Huseyin Turan Arat, Mustafa Kaan Baltacioglu, Mustafa Ozcanli,Kadir Aydin (2016).
Effect of using hydroxy - CNG fuel mixtures in a non-modified diesel engine by
substitution of diesel fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.183.
[17] P. V. Manu, Anoop Sunil, S. Jayaraj (2016). Experimental Investigation using an On-
Board Dry Cell Electrolyzer in a CI Engine working on Dual Fuel Mode, Energy
Procedia.
[18] Harshall Vashi, G.T. Haldankar, Dr. Y. S. Rao (2016). Reduction of fuel consumption in
engines using HHO gas; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.
[19] Naresh C, Sureshbabu Y, Bhargavi Devi S (2014). Performance and exhaust gas
analysis of a single cylinder diesel engine using HHO gas (Brown’s Gas). Int J Eng
Res 3: 40-47.
[20] Baltacioglu MK, Arat HT, Özcanli M, Aydin K (2016) Experimental comparison of pure
hydrogen and HHO (hydroxy) enriched biodiesel (B10) fuel in a commercial diesel
engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 41: 8347-8353.
11 Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019
 Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine

[21] Shivaprasad K V, Raviteja S, Parashuram Chitragar, Kumar G N.(2014).

“Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Combustion
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition High Speed Gasoline
Engine”, Procedia Technology 14 : 141 – 148, Science direct, Elsevier.
[22] Rasik S. Kuware and Dr. Ajay V. Kolhe, (2016). Effect of Hydroxy (HHO) Gas Addition
on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in Spark Ignition (SI) Engine. International
Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 3(6), DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0510092.
[23] Patel Chetan N. Maulik A. Modi, (2016). An Experimental Analysis of IC Engine by
using Hydrogen Blend. International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering,
2(11), pp. 453 – 462.
[24] Arvind et al., (2017). Reduction of emission pollutants in gasoline engine by using HHO
(oxy-hydrogen) gas into intake manifold. International Journal of Latest Research In
Engineering and Computing (IJLREC), 5(5), pp. 1 – 10.
[25] Sánchez et al., (2016). Using the oxyhydrogen as an additive to increase the
performance of an internal combustion engine. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSR-
JEN), 6(6), pp. 54 – 58.
[26] Ghulam Abbas Gohar and Hassan Raza, (2017). Comparative Analysis of Performance
Characteristics of CI Engine with and without HHO Gas (Brown Gas). Department
of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Sahiwal, Pakistan
[27] Ahmad H. Sakhrieh et al., (2017). Optimization of oxyhydrogen gas flow rate as a
supplementary fuel in compression ignition combustion engines. International
Journal of Heat and Technology, 35 (1), pp. 116 – 122.
[28] D. J. JYOTHSNA DEVI et al., (2016). The Effect of Engine Efficiency on IC Engine
Performance with Water-Petrol as a Fuel. International Journal of Scientific
Engineering and Technology. Vol.05
[29] Sachin Jadhav and Prof. S B Sanap, (2015). Experimental investigation on the effect of
hydrogen blending on performance and emission of four stroke single cylinder spark
ignition engine. International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ), Special Issue 2,
pp. 4750 – 4755.

Volume 06, Issue 03, Version I, Mar’ 2019 12