School of Law

University of Petroleum and Energy Studies

Dehradun

SEMINAR COURSE

SEMESTER & PROGRAM: B.COM, LL.B (TL)-

VIII SEMESTER
TITLE OF THE SEMINAR PAPER
CYBERCRIME ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Name of the Student: SUBIND NEGI

SAP ID: 500047874
ROLL NO.:R129210117

Submitted under the guidance of Prof.-

PARUL SINHA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar paper titled “DIGITAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY” is the
original work done by SUBIND NEGI under my guidance and supervision.

Signature & Name of Mentor

Designation

Date 08.04.2019
 DECLARATION

I/We declare that the Seminar Paper titled “DIGITAL CHILD PORNOGRAPHY” is the
outcome of my/our own work conducted under the supervision of Prof. PARUL SINHA at School
of Law, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun.

I/We declare that the Seminar Paper comprises only of my/our original work and due
acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used.

Signature & Name of Student(s)

Date 08.04.2019
 Digital Child Pornography

1. INTRODUCTION

A Digital Child pornography case in point

Without question, child pornography is a subject often avoided in both social and research circles
because of the heinous abuses that targeted children face, often for years without being saved. One
such case was described in a recent popular media piece, written by Julia Morgan and entitled,
“ruinyrpjs?” This real-life drama unfolded as follows. A Toronto, Ontario, police officer by the
name of Paul Gillespie just received about 450 images posted on the Internet by an officer in the
United Kingdom—images of a little girl being beaten and raped. In several of the images, there
was a hunting knife that was pointed at her, and on her little body were disgusting slogans like,
“Kill me, I'm a slut.” Perhaps one of the most disturbing images was that of the little girl of about
age five or six stuck naked inside a dog cage—with a terrified look in her big brown eyes. She was
crying, and the corners of her mouth were turned downward. Using photo-editing software, Paul
Gillespie was able to enlarge the contents of the images to determine the particulars surrounding
the little girl's amusement park wristband and Girl Scout uniform number. The policeman then
went to work using good old-fashioned police work.

The photo-enhanced leads eventually suggested that the little girl was a student in North Carolina.
In just 36 h, the little girl was identified. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents
found her outside of an upscale house in a quiet suburban neighborhood, she appeared to be having
fun riding on her bicycle. Inside the home was a male relative who put her through the abuse.
During the arrest, FBI agents got five computers with 15 years’ worth of child porn, as well as
cameras, weapons, a pair of dog cages, a Girl Scout uniform, to name just a few pieces of evidence.
The man accused of the crime, a software developer, was apparently a well-respected citizen. But
he was anything but. The relative belonged to a group of online child pornographers who created
and watched “hurt core”—explicit, hurtful images of children – younger than 13 and often just a
few months in age – who were brutally sexually abused and in obvious pain. The captured relative
of the little girl was not a very nice person. Just before his capture, he had brutally sexually
assaulted a three-month-old male and had hired a fellow paedophile to murder his wife. The FBI
agents prosecuting the case said they classified this man as one of the most evil pedophiles they
had ever arrested.

What is known about child pornographe rs? 1

The re is no que stion that the Inte rne t has cause d the most e xplosive growth in child pornography
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

than at any othe r time in history. One of the re asons for this e xplosion is that te chnology itse lf has
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

gre atly re duce d the barrie r to e ntry for the production and distribution of child porn. Came ras and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

powe rful e diting multime dia software are be coming more affordable and e asie r to use ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

simplifying the proce ss of cre ating and distributing child porn. Child pornography, de fine d by
1 1 1 1 1

fe de ral law in the Unite d State s as “a visual de piction of a minor e ngage d in se xually e xplicit
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

conduct,” has be e n causing harm to childre n for ce nturie s. But the Inte rne t has give n child porn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ne w life be cause of the e ase of transmission from one pae dophile too many othe r pae dophile s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and from one country to many othe r countrie s. The frighte ning re ality is that at le ast 80% of those
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

who purchase child pornography are active child mole ste rs. More ove r, 36% of child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pornographe rs who use the U.S. mail to exploit a child have be e n found to be actual child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

mole ste rs. Child pornographe rs te nd to range in age from 10 to 65. From a psychological profile
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pe rspe ctive , psychologist Kimbe rly Young and Psychiatrist Alvin Coope r, two e xpe rts who have
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

studie d online se xual be haviour, maintain that cybe rse x (whe the r it involve s minors or not) is a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

form of psychopathology and a symptom of ne urotic, compulsive be haviour. It is, without 1 1 1

que stion, a type of addiction. Vie we d as a type of socio- and psychopathology, Digital Child
1 1 1 1 1

pornography, in particular, is as an e le me nt of unhe althy powe r re lations, whe re by an adult abuse s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

minors for his own ple asure s. The se acts of re al-world abuse are ofte n se t into motion by adults 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

having unhe althy se xual fantasie s involving minors. For the most part, the cybe r- supporte d se xual
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fantasy fulfillme nt with minors is found in ritualize d practice s and fixations, primarily of a sadistic
1 1 1

sort. Pornography is progre ssive , be side s be ing addictive , note the e xpe rts. As pe ople be come 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
de se nsitize d by the porn the y se e , the y se e k out more and more shocking mate rial. It is, the re fore ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

no surprise that child porn is be coming so vile and so pre vale nt on the Inte rne t—with at le ast one -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

third of Inte rne t traffic comprise d of this type of shocking mate rial. Not only are the re picture s of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pe ne trative se x by adults with two-month-old babie s, but the Wonde rland Club, which was
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

discove re d by the FBI and Scotland Yard in 2001, re quire d prospe ctive me mbe rs to post 10,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

original image s of child porn. That give s citize ns around the world an ide a of how many of the se 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

image s the re are in circulation.1 1 1 1

The de pth of the problem

1 1 1 1

In 2005, Top Te n Re vie ws, Inc. e stimate d that child porn ge ne rate s ove r $US 3 Billion annually, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and ove r 100,000 We bsite s e xist with the primary purpose of se lling it to othe rs, according to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

customs se rvice e stimate s. . More ove r, about 20% of the youths who fre que nt the Inte rne t claim
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the y have re ce ive d se xual solicitations while online , and 89% of those who e ngage in online Chat
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Rooms say the y have re ce ive d such solicitations. What is quite alarming is that 29% of childre n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

age d 7 through 17 who fre que ntly go online say the y would fre e ly give out the ir e mail addre sse s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to othe rs—making the m ripe targe ts for online pre dators. According to law e nforce me nt age nts,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

daily pe dophile s e xploit e ve ry aspe ct of the Inte rne t, sharing childre n abuse tips and trading
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

millions of “home made ” movie s and photos of suffe ring childre n. Police e stimate that anywhe re 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

from 25% to 50% of individuals vie wing and trading Digital Child porn have also committe d acts 1 1 1

of child se x abuse . Police furthe r e stimate that ove r 50,000 childre n worldwide are abuse d and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

use d as child porn actors. Ofte n, the childre n are bound, rape d, and sodomize d. Sadly, of this large
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

numbe r of childre n like ly abuse d, appare ntly only a small fraction of the m have be e n ide ntifie d,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and an e ve n smalle r fraction have be e n re scue d by law e nforce me nt office rs. Adults e ngage d in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Digital Child porn are ple ase d to le arn that many othe r like -minde d adults e xist, and the y ofte n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

utilize this re ality to rationalize the ir own be haviors—which te nd to e scalate in aggre ssive acts –
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to hurt core – ove r time . 1 1 1

Obje ctive 1 1
• To know about the social and le gal issue s surrounding online pornography and child 1 1 1 1

pornography.

• To know about various le gislations passe d against child pornography across the world. 1 1 1

Hypothe sis 1

Diffe re nce s in the de finition of Digital Child pornography have be e n complicating the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

prose cution of Digital Child pornographe rs around the globe , and the re ality is that jurisdictional
1 1 1 1 1 1

proble ms will like ly continue for a while longe r.

1 1 1 1 1

Source s Se condary Source s 1 1 1

• Books

• E -source s
1 1

• Re se arch pape rs1 1 1

2. CHILD SE XUAL ABUSE AND THE INTE RNE T: AN OVE RVIE W. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The se cre tive , comple x and siniste r nature of se xual abuse rs who use the Inte rne t as a me ans of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

communication and distribution of abusive image s is summe d up by what police found whe n the y 1 1 1 1 1 1

infiltrate d the “Shadowz Brothe rhood" ne twork. Authoritie s say some me mbe rs of the group
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se xually abuse d childre n and the n poste d the image s on the ir We b site , which also provide d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

advice on how to me e t childre n in Inte rne t chat rooms. The y use d sophisticate d e ncryption
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

te chnique s, some time s hiding mate rial in se e mingly innoce nt picture file s, officials said. Police
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

said administrators ope rate d a "star'' syste m to rate me mbe rs: afte r initial ve tting, ne w me mbe rs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re ce ive d a one -star rating, allowing the m to view ce rtain chat rooms, ne wsgroups and bulle tin
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

boards. To gain furthe r stars the y had to post image s of child se x abuse on the group's site ; as the y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
gaine d stars, the y obtaine d gre ate r acce ss to re stricte d site s containing the most graphic mate rial.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

To furthe r incre ase se curity, the group was structure d in ce lls whose me mbe rs kne w only e ach
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

othe r, police said. 1 1

Save the Childre n Hotline s 1 1 1 1

Save the Childre n has imple me nte d programs to combat the growing proble m of child se xual
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

abuse on the Inte rne t base d on commitme nt to the philosophy of prote cting childre n through the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UN Conve ntion on the Rights of the Child. The first Save the Childre n Hotline starte d as a proje ct
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

in conne ction with the First World Congre ss on Comme rcial Se xual E xploitation of Childre n in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Stockholm 1996. Save the Childre n Norway starte d ope rating this Hotline in January 1997, and 1 1 1 1 1 1

within the first two ye ars the y re ce ive d more than 6000 re ports. The conclusions and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re comme ndations within this position pape r are partly base d upon the e xpe rie nce and knowle dge
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

gaine d by six Save the Childre n organisations that are active ly involve d in combating child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pornography on the Inte rne t. Five of the se organisations curre ntly run hotline s. The conte nt of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

this position pape r is also base d on the e xpe rie nce that has be e n gaine d through me mbe rship of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

INHOPE , the inte rnational ne twork of hotline s combating ille gal conte nt online . This ne twork
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

provide s an important platform for e xchange of e xpe rtise and the de ve lopme nt of be st practice
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

standards among hotline s. Save the Childre n organisations running hotline s are all me mbe rs of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

INHOPE . 1

The Save the Childre n organisations involve d are : Save the Childre n Swe de n, Save the Childre n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

De nmark, Save the Childre n Finland, Save the Childre n Ice land, Save the Childre n Italy and Save
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the Childre n Norway.

1 1

Apart from the hotline s, Save the Childre n organisations have be e n active within the ir own 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

countrie s in raising aware ne ss about safe ty on the Inte rne t. An e xample of this is the Safe r Chat
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

site ope rate d by Save the Childre n De nmark in co-ope ration with the Danish Crime Pre ve ntion
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Council, www.sikke rchat.dk. This has re ce ive d massive atte ntion amongst the ge ne ral public and 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

has e nable d re se arch to be unde rtake n on how childre n use chat site s in co-ope ration with the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Danish National Childre n's Council. 1

How doe s a Hotline ope rate ? 1 1 1 1

A hotline acts as a re fe rral syste m and give s the ge ne ral public the opportunity to re fe r pote ntially
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ille gal image s found on the Inte rne t to a database whe re the mate rial can be asse sse d and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

forwarde d to law e nforce me nt age ncie s, or othe r hotline s in the host se rve r country.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Save the Childre n hotline staff work close ly toge the r with Inte rne t Se rvice Provide rs and with
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

national law e nforce me nt age ncie s who are involve d in the inve stigation of IT-crime s.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The re is a ne e d for inte rnational co-ope ration, e xchange of information and e xpe rtise be twe e n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hotline s in diffe re nt countrie s. Analysis of a re fe rral ofte n shows that the we bsite originate s from
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a country othe r than whe re the hotline is situate d. The INHOPE ne twork facilitate s this important
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

co-ope ration be twe e n hotline s. If for e xample a we bsite is situate d in the USA, re ports are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

forwarde d to the National Ce ntre of Missing and E xploite d Childre n in Washington. This
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

organization is a me mbe r of INHOPE and has formal and informal links to E urope an hotline s. 1 1 1 1 1 1

The complaints re ce ive d

1 1 1 1

The Danish Save the Childre n Hotline re ce ive s be twe e n 5000 and 6000 re ports pe r ye ar in a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

country with a population of 5.5 million pe ople . Whe n the re ports are analyze d, only a ce rtain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

amount is asse sse d as be ing ille gal according to the Danish Pe nal Code . Some re ports re ce ive d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

by Save the Childre n conce rn so-calle d "child e rotica", some re ports re fe r to image s that can be
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

offe nsive to the vie we r, but are not ille gal unde r national le gislation. Finally some re ports re fe r
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to site s that only are acce ssible if you pay with cre dit card, or to site s that have alre ady be e n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

close d down by the police or the Inte rne t provide r.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Child Pornography: What do we me an? 1 1

Child pornography is de fine d by the Conve ntion on the Rights of the Child (Art. 34) and, in 1 1 1 1 1 1

particular, the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Childre n, Child Prostitution and Child
1 1 1 1

Pornography. The de finition include s any re pre se ntation of a child e ngage d in re al or simulate d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e xplicit se xual activitie s or of the se xual parts of a child for primarily se xual purpose s.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sir William Utting’s (1997) re port on the safe guards for childre n living away from home 1 1 1 1 1

(commissione d by the UK Gove rnme nt) and Cathe rine Itzin in se ve ral article s, both sugge st that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e xposure to pornography 'de se nsitise s childre n'. Re se arch unde rtake n with child se xual abuse rs
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

has shown that both adult pornography and child pornography are ofte n use d as part of the 1 1 1 1

'grooming proce ss' in lowe ring the child's re sistance and as a me ans of facilitating the abuse .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Re se arch has also shown that some se x offe nde rs will ove rcome the ir own inte rnal inhibitions by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

vie wing child pornography. The re is some mate rial which sugge sts that one of the most critical
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

functions of child pornography is as a re inforce me nt and justification of the will to abuse . This 1 1 1 1 1

contradicts the discre dite d 'cathartic hypothe se s' use d by some comme ntators to sugge st that the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

use of child pornography will he lp pote ntial abuse rs control the ir urge s to abuse a child.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Abuse rs ofte n use image s in which childre n have be e n force d to smile so it can be claime d,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e spe cially with younge r childre n, that the y are “having fun” and have give n "conse nt". This
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

allows se xual abuse rs to manipulate the ir victims.

1 1 1 1

Utting, Itzin and many othe r comme ntators also sugge st that child pornography can be use d to 1 1 1 1 1

“e ntrap childre n furthe r”. This e ntails the be lie f on the child’s part that the ir involve me nt in the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

original se xual act might me an that the y too have committe d an offe nce that can be use d as
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e motional coe rcion to force the child to commit furthe r se xual aggre ssion. This is re le vant in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

case s whe re the child has be e n coe rce d into se xually aggre ssive be haviour against othe r childre n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

for purpose s of producing child pornography. Alte rnative ly, the child might be afraid that if the
1 1 1 1 1 1

pe rson posse ssing the image we re to show it to the ir pare nts or frie nds that it would cause huge
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e mbarrassme nt or upse t.
1 1 1
"Whilst the re are probably some individuals who limit the ir activity to colle cting child 1 1 1 1 1 1

pornography, in the majority of case s known to law e nforce me nt, child prote ction age ncie s and 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

non-gove rnme ntal organisations, the production and use of child pornography is one practice
1 1 1 1 1 1

within a re pe rtoire of child se xual abuse ". 1 1 1 1 1

The ove rlooke d proble ms of "child e rotica"

1 1 1 1 1

Paralle l to the ille gal image s of child se xual abuse which are found on the Inte rne t the re are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

thousands of image s which is ofte n re fe rre d to as "child e rotica". The se so-calle d "child e rotica" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

we bsite s manage to avoid le gal sanctions in most countrie s by promoting the mse lve s as "artistic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

site s", othe r te rms use d cove r this kind of mate rial, e .g. "soft child porn", or "posing picture s".
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The se site s ofte n contain image s of childre n posing half-dre sse d or nake d with an e mphasis on
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se xualising the child e ithe r ove rtly or cove rtly. Othe r picture s found on the Inte rne t provide
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e vide nce that some of the childre n e xploite d by child e rotica site s have be e n se xually abuse d for
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the purpose s of ille gal child pornography.

1 1 1

Child e rotica site s usually adve rtise le gal image s of childre n on the ope ning page with the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

promise of more 'hard core ' child pornographic mate rial available through payme nt via a cre dit
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

card. Save the Childre n be lie ve s that the e asy acce ss to child e rotica could le ad to an incre ase in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n and young pe ople be ing se xually abuse d and e xploite d. This de ve lopme nt is linke d to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the comme rcial se xual e xploitation of childre n whe re the e conomic rule of supply and de mand
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

sugge sts that more childre n will be use d to fulfill this de mand.
1 1 1 1 1 1

"Child E rotica" or "Posing picture s" challe nge the ge ne ral de bate about ce nsorship on the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Inte rne t. This is like ly to be the re ason why inte rnational de finitions of ille gal child pornography
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(from both Inte rpol and Council of E urope ) do not include this kind of mate rial. This le gal vacuum 1 1 1 1 1 1

me ans the trading of "child e rotica" re mains a le gal activity in most countrie s. One Save the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Childre n Hotline e stimate s that around one fourth of re fe rrals from me mbe r of the public conce rn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

we bsite s e xhibiting “le gal child e rotica”.

1 1 1 1 1
Co-ope ration be twe e n the Cre dit Card Company VISA and Save the Childre n (e xplaine d in the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se ction "comme rcial aspe cts of child pornography") is a ne w initiative . Save the Childre n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re comme nds that se lf-re gulation initiative s are unde rtake n which limit the circulation of "child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e rotica" mate rial. Howe ve r the limite d numbe r of se lf-re gulation sche me s sugge sts that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

le gislation is re quire d in this are a and more work is ne e de d to solve the de finitional proble ms
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pose d by this mate rial. 1 1

Child pornography and othe r forms of se xual e xploitation of childre n 1 1 1 1

Child pornography is also linke d to se x tourism and trafficking whe re se izure s of child 1 1 1 1 1 1

pornography have confirme d the childre n's accounts of be ing abuse d in such circumstance s. Many 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of the de te cte d se x tourism case s include se izure s of child pornography. Digital came ras and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

vide o cam re corde rs have made life e asie r for abuse rs who wish to make a re cord of the ir criminal
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be haviour for private e nte rtainme nt or comme rcial gain. This re cord of the crime can the n be
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

use d for the ir own gratification whe n the y re turn home or can be e xchange d with othe r se xual
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

abuse rs as me ans of gaining acce ptance in child se xual abuse ne tworks. It can also be use d as a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

comme rcial commodity to be sold to othe r se x offe nde rs and as a me ans of gaining othe r abusive
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

image s. This ofte n compulsive colle cting be haviour usually me ans howe ve r that the re is e vide nce
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

that law e nforce me nt age ncie s can use in a court of law against the pe rpe trator which stre ngthe ns
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the child's chance s of obtaining justice and prote ction.

1 1 1 1

"Some of the se Russian site s make $30.000 Dollars a month. In the distorte d Russian e conomy,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

just one month is e nough to survive on for ye ars" 1 1 1 1

The use of Inte rne t chat rooms give s se xual abuse rs the opportunity to come into contact with
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n without the abuse rs having to re ve al the ir ide ntity to the child. This allows abuse rs to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

groom childre n in such a way that le ave s the m ope n to actual abuse or e ngage the m in an online 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

abusive re lationship. Re se arch by the Unive rsity of Ne w Hampshire found that one in five
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n be twe e n the age s of 10 and 17 re ce ive d a se xual solicitation ove r the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Inte rne t in the last ye ar. One in thirty-thre e re ce ive d an aggre ssive solicitation - some one who
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

aske d to me e t the m, calle d the m on the te le phone , or se nt the m re gular mail, mone y, or gifts.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. THE VICTIMS OF CHILD SE XUAL ABUSE ON THE INTE RNE T
1 1 1 1 1 1

Ide ntification of the victims

1 1

The challe nge for law e nforce me nt and child prote ction age ncie s is how to trace and ide ntify the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n who are be ing abuse d for the production of pornographic mate rial. This is of vital
1 1 1 1 1 1

importance so victims can be offe re d the rape utic he lp and support to guide the m through the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

trauma of be ing abuse d and having knowle dge that image s of the ir abuse will be in continuous
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

circulation on the Inte rne t. Once on the Inte rne t, a single image of se xual assault of a child may
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

circulate in cybe r-space fore ve r. The implications are that the child’s image may circulate
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

inde finite ly and that for the child s/he will fe e l abuse d e ve ry time the image is downloade d onto
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a compute r. Save the Childre n be lie ve s it is of the utmost importance that this issue is addre sse d.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

It is a matte r of grave conce rn for Save the Childre n that so fe w childre n abuse d for the production
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and distribution of child pornography have be e n ide ntifie d and trace d. Curre nt knowle dge about 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

victims and the circumstance s unde r which the y we re abuse d is sparse and not coordinate d. In the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

highly publicize d “Wonde rland” case only 16 of the 1, 263 childre n se xually abuse d by me mbe rs
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of the ne twork have be e n ide ntifie d.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Re actions of childre n who have be e n abuse d within the conte xt of child pornography
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The re are proble ms in distinguishing the various e ffe cts on a child who has be e n subje cte d to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se xual e xploitation and subse que ntly knows that the image s will be distribute d on the Inte rne t:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• The re are e ffe cts of the abuse pe r se .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• The re are the e ffe cts of be ing photographe d as a victim of se xual abuse .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• The re are the e ffe cts of the child’s knowle dge about the e xchange of the photographs.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

In the background pape r to the Se cond World Congre ss against Comme rcial Se xual E xploitation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of Childre n, John. 1

Carr write s: 1
“Howe ve r, e ve n whe re it has be e n possible to ide ntify a victim, the chance s of be ing able to he lp
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the child to re cove r from the trauma of the initial involve me nt in the abuse can be se riously
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

compromise d if the child le arns or come s to be lie ve that image s of the m e ngage d in the abusive 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be havior might have be e n scanne d, or conve rte d into a digital format in some othe r way, for
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

storage on a compute r or for transmission be twe e n compute rs e .g. ove r the Inte rne t. This, in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e ffe ct, make s the image part of a pe rmane nt public re cord. It could sudde nly appe ar on the scre e n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of the ir ne xt-door ne ighbor or classmate s. It may be come part of the stock that is offe re d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re pe ate dly for sale by online pornography site s or othe r type s of re al world busine sse s de aling in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

child pornography”. The childre n must not be constantly re minde d of the abuse the y have suffe re d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

by diffe re nt authoritie s or age ncie s. Authoritie s and childre n’s advocate s ne e d to co- ordinate
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the ir se rvice s in orde r to prote ct the child from having to re pe at the traumatic story to a numbe r
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of adults re pe ate dly. 1 1 1

The e xiste nce of a came ra in the abuse situation may me an se ve ral things to the child as
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

sugge ste d be low. E vide nce sugge sts that the re cording of se xual abuse in child pornographic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

image s aggravate s and prolongs victimisation of the child.

1 1 1

The colle ction and use of data 1 1 1

Law e nforce me nt age ncie s in se ve ral E urope an countrie s are colle cting child pornographic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

picture s found on the Inte rne t in database s. In a re ce nt Parliame ntary answe r on the subje ct of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se tting up a child pornography data bank (2003/C28E /119) Commissione r Vitorino state s:
1 1 1 1

“The Commission…. (Is supporting)…the proje ct ‘Inte rnational Child E xploitation Database
1 1 1 1 1 1

Fe asibility Study’ unde r the STOP II Programme Committe e . This proje ct pre se nte d by the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Unite d Kingdom in collaboration with Italy and Ge rmany aims to asse ss the fe asibility of an
1 1 1 1 1

inte rnational database with image s of child se xual e xploitation, source d from the Inte rne t or any
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

othe r pictorial syste ms. The fe asibility study will e xamine whe the r and how the inte rnational law
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e nforce me nt community could contribute to fe e d image s of childre n be ing use d or e ngage d in

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se xual activitie s or de scription of such image s into a ce ntral database in orde r to assist in both
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

victims and suspe ct ide ntification. E uropol is fully associate d to the proje ct as we ll as the othe r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

me mbe r state s, Inte rpol and the group e ight most industrialize d countrie s.”
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
"The fact that the came ra is the re change s the abusive be haviour of the abuse r. A ce rtain script is
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

followe d; a script that ofte n se e ms to incre ase the viole nce of the abuse . The pre se nce of a came ra
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e nhance s the powe rle ssne ss of the child in the abusive situation, diminishing the child’s ability
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to inte ract or to say ‘No’ or ‘Stop’ The child is pe rforming for an audie nce , is give n orde rs to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

smile e tc., thus incre asing the child’s se nse of complicity…”

1 1 1 1 1 1

Whilst the aim is undoubte dly laudable , Save the Childre n has a numbe r of re se rvations about
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

such proje cts. Firstly, the re is conside rable duplication of e ffort, such that librarie s of image s are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be ing cre ate d in Swe de n, Ge rmany and the UK. This prolife ration cannot be in childre n’s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

inte re sts - since the ir de sire is for as fe w pe ople as possible to se e the se image s.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Se condly the re are important dile mmas linke d to the use of such data. For e xample , it is probable
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

that courts in future will ne e d more data e vide nce in orde r for a jury to find that child pornographic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

picture s se ize d are picture s of a re al child, and not manipulate d picture s. Ide ntifie d childre n may
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be put unde r e xtre me pre ssure knowing that the ir pe rsonal data will be re ve ale d in the court, in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

addition this may le ad to intrusive pre ss contact. 1 1 1

Save the Childre n re comme nds that:

1 1 1 1 1

National Gove rnme nts should fund re se arch into the re actions and tre atme nt of victims of child 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pornography. It is e sse ntial that gove rnme nts raise socie tal aware ne ss about the trauma childre n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

suffe r through the production and distribution of child pornography.

1 1

More re source s ne e d to be made available to police and social se rvice s to train front line child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

prote ction worke rs about inve stigating possible links to the production of child pornography in
1 1 1 1 1

child abuse inve stigations. 1 1

Asse ssme nt and the rapy should take into account the trauma attache d to the spe cial circumstance s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

surrounding the filming of the se xual abuse and its posting on the Inte rne t. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Database s should be use d with caution and with rigorous re strictions re garding who has acce ss to
1 1 1 1 1 1

the m. 1
4. AWARE NE SS AND SAFE TY FOR CHILDRE N USING INTE RNE T 1 1 1 1 1 1

Online chat 1

• In re ce nt ye ars se xual abuse rs have be come skille d at using chat rooms to contact childre n.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The re are case s coming be fore the courts whe re me n have be e n arre ste d afte r arranging to me e t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n the y have be frie nde d in Inte rne t chat rooms or via me ssage se rvice s. Usually the abuse rs
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

pose as young me n or boys as a me ans of gaining the child's confide nce by lying about the ir age
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and sharing se cre ts that e ncourage trust. E ve ntually the y sugge st a me e ting. Invariably the child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

has ke pt this cybe r-frie ndship a se cre t from pare nts and frie nds. The anonymity of the Inte rne t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

allows the child to construct a fantasy frie ndship and play it out in isolate d se curity - until the
1 1 1 1 1

frie nd stops be ing an e -mail addre ss and be come s a pe rson the y are going to me e t.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• Pote ntial pe rpe trators can use the anonymity of Inte rne t chat to come into contact with
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n and this raise s se rious conce rns for the ir safe ty.
1 1 1 1 1 1

• Actual case s of abuse show that the anonymity of the chat room are ope n to e xploitation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

by pote ntial pe rpe trators who are skille d in making contact with vulne rable childre n and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e spe cially young te e nage rs. If a pote ntial pe rpe trator e stablishe s contact with a child through a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

chat room, it can be difficult for the child to se e through this pe rson's manipulation, the so-calle d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

"grooming proce ss". The pote ntial pe rpe trator will act as a frie nd and cre ate confide nce and trust 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

while planning the proce ss le ading to the abuse . It is obvious that the difficultie s of controlling
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

such re lations are e normous. One of the solutions to proble m pose d by chat dange r is the re fore
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to raise aware ne ss among childre n. The chat provide rs also have an important re sponsibility in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se curing the be st monitoring syste ms and logging proce dure s.

1 1 1 1 1 1

• The re ce nt de ve lopme nt of mobile phone s is anothe r are a that should be close ly obse rve d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be cause Inte rne t chat and SMS will probably be close ly linke d.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 Save the Childre n re comme nds
1 1 1 1 1

• That all chat-provide rs be aware of the diffe re nt ways of cre ating safe chat, so as to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

monitor chat rooms for childre n and to e nsure logging of all conve rsations. 1 1 1 1

• Aware ne ss raising e fforts are crucial and gove rnme nts should be re sponsible for
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

imple me nting e fforts that te ach childre n to be aware of the pote ntial dange rs of online contact.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5. RE SPONSIBILITIE S AND RE COMME NDATIONS

1 1 1 1

The E urope an Union and the work of the Commission

1 1 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n we lcome s the Frame work de cision by me mbe r state s of the E U to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

combat child pornography and harmonise se nte nce s for the se xual e xploitation of childre n. Unde r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the agre e me nt all me mbe r state s have to adjust national law to prote ct all childre n up to the age
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of 18 from abuse through child pornography. This also applie s to so-calle d "virtual pornography", 1 1 1

life like image s of childre n.

1 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n we lcome s the E urope an Commission’s e ngage me nt in prote cting
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n through the Safe r Inte rne t Action Plan and we lcome s the continuation of the programme
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

from 2003 to 2004. Save the Childre n urge s the Commission to continue the ir role in supporting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E urope an Hotline work. Gre ate r promine nce should be give n to childre n’s rights and the issue of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

child pornography on the Inte rne t in the acce ssion countrie s. 1 1 1 1 1 1

National Gove rnme nts 1 1

• Save the Childre n calls for a long-te rm commitme nt to re solve the root cause s of child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

se xual abuse and re inforce child prote ction initiative s in re lation to abuse via the Inte rne t.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
• Save the Childre n re comme nds that policy make rs acknowle dge the comple xity of the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

proble m. Child se xual e xploitation is unlike ly to be e fficie ntly pre ve nte d unle ss the dive rsity of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the pe ople who se xually e xploit childre n is fully take n into account.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n urge s gove rnme nts to fully imple me nt the Yokohama Age nda for
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Action, and in so doing, to re cognize the proble m of se xual e xploitation and abuse of unde r 18's 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

in its totality. We call for a move from public acknowle dge me nt and de ve lopme nt of plans to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

concre te inte rve ntions against those whom dire ctly as we ll as indire ctly se xually e xploit childre n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

via the production and distribution of child pornography.

1

• Save the Childre n urge s all national gove rnme nts to ratify the Council of E urope
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Conve ntion on Cybe rcrime .1 1 1

• National Gove rnme nts should fund re se arch into the re actions and tre atme nt of victims of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

child pornography. It is e sse ntial that gove rnme nts raise socie tal aware ne ss about the trauma 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n suffe r through the production and distribution of child pornography.

1 1 1

• More re source s ne e d to be made available to police and social se rvice s to train front line
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

child prote ction worke rs about inve stigating possible links to the production of child pornography
1 1 1 1 1

in child abuse inve stigations. 1 1

• Save the Childre n re comme nds that national Gove rnme nts take action to co- ordinate child
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

prote ction se rvice s similar to the British Gove rnme nt’s Task Force initiative .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• Justice and compe nsation to victims of se xual abuse re mains an unre solve d issue to be
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

de alt with within a judicial syste m that take s account of the rights of the child.
1 1 1 1 1

• Childre n have the right to spe cial prote ction against se xual e xploitation up to the age of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

18. The le gal age of conse nt shall be se parate d from the uppe r age of prote ction against se xual
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e xploitation. A child unde r 18 should not be conside re d as able to conse nt to e ngage me nt in

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

prostitution, pornography and/or trafficking for se xual purpose s. The criminal re sponsibility 1 1 1 1

should re st sole ly with the pe rpe trator. 1 1 1 1 1

• Morphe d image s that de pict a child in a viole nt and/or e xplicit se xual activity contribute
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to a conce ption of the child as a se xual obje ct and is a violation of the rights of the child.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Posse ssion of the se image s should the re fore be prohibite d in the same way as posse ssion of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

picture s of child se xual abuse . 1 1 1

• Aware ne ss raising e fforts re garding chat safe ty are crucial and gove rnme nts should be
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re sponsible for imple me nting e fforts that te ach childre n to be aware of the pote ntial dange rs of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

chat rooms.

Law E nforce me nt 1 1 1

• Continuing formal and informal co-ope ration be twe e n law e nforce me nt age ncie s to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

facilitate cross borde r co-ope ration is ne e de d. Inte rpol and E uropol have a vital role to play. This
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

is a criminal offe nce that should be give n the same priority as the work towards ille gal drugs and 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

organize d crime . 1 1

• Save the Childre n we lcome s the growing knowle dge base amongst law e nforce me nt
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

age ncie s about child se xual abuse in re lation to the Inte rne t and e ncourage s the furthe r training
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

of spe cialize d child prote ction te am.

1 1 1 1

• Re source s and e xpe rtise still re main a proble m in most E urope an countrie s in re gard to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

combating child pornography. The se re source s ne e d to be made available and co-ope ration with 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

CE E C countrie s ne e ds to be stre ngthe ne d

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n supports uniformity of pe naltie s in E U and CE E C countrie s - as

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

propose d in the draft frame work de cision on child pornography on the Inte rne t (for E U me mbe r
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

state s) 1

• Law e nforce me nt staff should be conve rsant with the Conve ntion on the Rights of the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Child whe n de aling with victims of se xual abuse . 1 1 1 1

• Lawye rs, judge s and othe r judicial staff ne e d training on this issue .
1 1 1 1 1 1

Inte rne t Se rvice Provide rs

1 1 1 1 1
• Save the Childre n re cognize s the vital role that Inte rne t Se rvice Provide rs have in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

prote cting childre n on the Inte rne t and urge s Gove rnme nts to imple me nt le gislation whe re se lf
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re gulation has faile d.

1 1

• Save the Childre n urge s se lf-re gulatory Code s of Conduct be introduce d at the E urope an
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and National le ve l on child prote ction. 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n e ncourage s co-ope ration be twe e n National hotline s, law e nforce me nt
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

and Inte rne t Se rvice Provide rs. 1 1 1 1 1

• Save the Childre n re comme nds that othe r private se ctor companie s to follow the Visa
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e thical stance Save the Childre n urge s all chat-provide rs to be aware of the diffe re nt ways of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

cre ating safe chat, so as to monitor chat rooms for childre n and to e nsure logging of conve rsations.
1 1 1 1 1 1

• Inte rne t se rvice provide rs ne e d training on childre n's rights and child prote ction issue s in
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re lation to abuse via the Inte rne t.

1 1 1 1 1

NGOs and the le gal conte xt on facilitating Hotline Work 1 1 1 1

Save the Childre n e ncourage s co-ope ration be twe e n othe r NGO's working on the issue of Inte rne t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re late d abuse . Re source s ne e d to be made available to NGO's running Hotline s. NGOs working
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

in this fie ld should be e ncourage d to join the inte rnational hotline ne twork of INHOPE to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

incre ase . cross borde r collaboration. Staff working on Hotline 's should be care fully ve tte d through
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

appropriate re cruitme nt and child prote ction proce dure s. The le gal conte xt unde r which Hotline s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ope rate within the NGO se ctor ne e ds to be clarifie d and e ndorse d by the statutory se ctor.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6. CONCLUSION

It cannot be argue d that offe nce s against childre n are unacce ptable and should not be tole rate d.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The crime of child pornography, the production, posse ssion and prolife ration of such mate rials
1 1 1 1 1 1

continue s to raise conce rns among le gislators, law e nforce me nt age ncie s, state and non-state
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

actors both on national and inte rnational le ve ls. The fact that in the re ce nt ye ars the crime has 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
re ache d e normous dime nsions, not only in E urope but worldwide , prove s once again that childre n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

are at gre at risk. With the improve me nt of the le gislation, a visible ste p forwards is e xpe cte d to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

be made in the sphe re of police coope ration. E nhance d joint ope rations be twe e n national police
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

authoritie s and E urope an Police Office should se riously pursue child pornography offe nde rs and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

re duce the production and disse mination practice s. Child pornography offe nde rs and the ir rings
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

have be e n inve stigate d and many of the m prose cute d. Since E uropol has be e n made a major Law
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e nforce me nt age ncy having analytical and information e xchange re sponsibilitie s, conducting of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

the joint ope ration should be e asie r and more e ffe ctive . Since child pornography mate rials have
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ofte n be e n produce d and disse minate d for comme rcial purpose s, payme nt with cre dit cards for
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ille gal products should be strictly re gulate d and controlle d as we ll. Public aware ne ss campaigns
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

should produce mate rials and tips for pe ople . The y should focus on pare nts to highlight the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

dange rs and how to avoid the m

1 1

– using se arch filte rs on the ir pe rsonal compute rs or be ing more vigilant with the we bsite s the ir
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

childre n visit. 1
 Bibliography

Articles: -

[1] Marvin R.V. Storrow, CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, 64

Advocate Vancouver 625 2006.

[2] KHALID KHAN, CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET, 73 Police J. 7 2000.

[3] Lesli C Esposito, Regulating the Internet: The New Battle Against Child Pornography, 30 Case
W. Res. J. Int'l L. 541 (1998).

[4] FIGHTING CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND EXPLOITATION ON THE INTERNET THE

EXPLOSION OF THE

INTERNET, 19 Child. Legal Rts. J. 74 1999.

E-Sources: -

[1] ANKUSH BHARGAWA, CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: A NATIONAL AND GLOBAL

PRESECTIVE AVALIABLE AT

http://www.mightylaws.in/477/child-pornography-national-global-prespective-menace (last
accessed Feb 24, 2016).

[2] MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

(2007) : A STUDY ON CHILD

ABUSE: INDIA 2007AVALIABLE AT http://wcd.nic.in/childabuse.pdf (last accessed Feb 24,

2016), p.94.

[3] Aarora, Neeraj, “Regulating Child Pornography on Computer-Legal Issues,”

http://www.neerajaarora.com/regulating-childpornography-on-computer-legal-issues/.

Visited on 21st Feb, 2016 at 10:30 AM.

[4] FINAL REPORT OF THE INTERNET SAFETY TECHNICAL TASKFORCE,

‘ENHANCING CHILD SAFETY AND
ONLINE TECHNOLOGIES (2008) AVAILABLE AT
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/pubrelease/isttf/ (last accessed on FEV 23, 2016).