LATHE MACHINE

Lathe machine is used to cut the metal from cylindrical work piece, and convert it into desire shape. It
turns the cylindrical work piece, and during turning a sharp edge cutting tool introduce, which cuts the metal.

There are many types of lathe machine but each machine consist some basic part which are essential for
its proper working. These parts are bed, tool post, Chuck, head stock, tail stock, legs, Gear chain, lead screw,
carriage, cross slide, split nut, apron, chip pan, guide ways etc. These parts work together to obtain desire motion
of tool and work piece so it can be machined.

The lathe machine works on basic principle that when the work piece rotates at a constant speed and a
tool is introduced between its rotations, it cut the metal. This is basic fundamental of it.
Parts of Lathe Machine
1. Bed

It is the main body of the machine. All main components are bolted on it. It is usually made by cast iron due to its
high compressive strength and high lubrication quality. It is made by casting process and bolted on floor space.

2. Tool post

It is bolted on the carriage. It is used to hold the tool at correct position. Tool holder mounted on it.

3. Chuck

Chuck is used to hold the workspace. It is bolted on the spindle which rotates the chuck and work piece. It is four
jaws and three jaws according to the requirement of machine.

4. Head stock

Head stock is the main body parts which are placed at left side of bed. It is serve as holding device for the gear
chain, spindle, driving pulley etc. It is also made by cast iron.

5. Tail stock

Tail stock situated on bed. It is placed at right hand side of the bed. The main function of tail stock to support the
job when required. It is also used to perform drilling operation.

6. Lead screw

Lead screw is situated at the bottom side of bed which is used to move the carriage automatically during thread
cutting.

7. Legs

Legs are used to carry all the loads of the machine. They are bolted on the floor which prevents vibration.

8. Carriage

It is situated between the head stock and tail stock. It is used to hold and move the tool post on the bed vertically
and horizontally. It slides on the guide ways. Carriage is made by cast iron.

9. Apron

It is situated on the carriage. It consist all controlling and moving mechanism of carriage.

10. Chips pan

Chips pan is placed lower side of bed. The main function of it to carries all chips removed by the work piece.

11. Guide ways

Guide ways take care of movement of tail stock and carriage on bed.

12. Speed controller

Speed controller switch is situated on head stock which controls the speed of spindle.

13. Spindle

It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck.
Lathe Machine Operation & Working

1. A cylindrical work piece fixed to the chuck. A chuck may have three jaw or for jaw according to the
requirement. The work piece is at the center or some eccentric according to the process perform.

2. The spindle starts to rotate and set it at desire speed. The spindle speed plays a huge role during cutting. The
spindle rotates the chuck and work piece.

3. Now check the work piece is turning properly. If it not set the work piece using dial gauge.

4. Now set the tool at desire feed by moving the tool post and carriage. The feed also play main role during
cutting. Large feed may cause unwanted temperature increase.

5. After it tool is introduce between moving work piece at desire feed rate. It cut the metal from work piece. The
feed rate is set at the cutting condition.

6. Now all unwanted metal is removed by moving the carriage form horizontally and vertically as desire
according to the job requirement. After complete all process we got a well finished job.

7. Lathe can perform turning, boring, chamfering, shaping, facing, drilling knurling, grooving as shown in figure.
ACCESSORIES of LATHE MACHINE

 Lathe Dogs
Lathe dogs are used to transmit drive power from the spindle to a workpiece when it is held
between centres (Figure 20). Without a lathe dog, the workpiece stops turning as soon as the cutting tool
is applied.

 Drive Plates
A drive plate is a flat disc that attaches to the spindle nose. It has grooves and pins to engage and turn a
lathe dog

 Mandrels
A mandrel is used to grip a workpiece by its bore. Several types of mandrels are available. They
are used when gripping a workpiece with jaws could mar the surface. Workpieces are held in mandrels
by a shallow solid taper, a tapered sleeve or a nut on the threaded portion.

 Catheads
A long workpiece must sometimes be supported with a steady rest. If the workpiece is not round,
a cathead attachment can be used to provide a true surface for the steady rest. The adjusting screws are
used to bring the work piece true to the cathead diameter in the steady rest.

 Spiders
Spider attachments are used when long, tubular workpieces require a centre, but the inside
diameter is too large to run on the centre. The spider mounts to the inside of the tube and the adjusting
screws are used to true the workpiece to the centre.

 Cutting Toolholders
The cutting tool of a lathe is clamped into a toolholder, which stays with the cutting tool when it is
removed from the machine. Ideally, there is a separate toolholder for each cutting tool. Toolholders include
standard toolholders, carbide insert holders and boring bars.

 Follower Rests
A long, thin workpiece tends to deflect away from the cutting tool during a cut. The deflection is greater in the
middle of the workpiece than at either end, which results in a diameter that is not uniform.

 Toolpost Grinders
A toolpost grinder consists of a grinding wheel and motor that can be attached to the compound rest in
place of the normal toolpost. Simple cylindrical external or internal grinding can be performed on a lathe
with this attachment. The toolpost grinder is particularly useful for reconditioning the headstock centre.

CAPABILITY OF LATHE MACINE

A lathe /ˈleɪð/ is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations
such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and
glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most
suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces
and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible
complexity.
VENIER CALIPER

The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external
distances extremely accurately. The example shown below is a manual caliper. Measurements are
interpreted from the scale by the user. This is more difficult than using a digital vernier caliper which
has an LCD digital display on which the reading appears. The manual version has both an imperial and
metric scale. Manually operated vernier calipers can still be bought and remain popular because they are
much cheaper than the digital version. Also, the digital version requires a small battery whereas the
manual version does not need any power source.

A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than could be done unaided
when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular measurement scale. It is a scale that indicates where the
measurement lies in between two of the graduations on the main scale. Verniers are common on sextants used in
navigation , scientific instruments used to conduct experiments, machinists ' measuring tools (all sorts, but
especially calipers and micrometers ) used to work materials to fine tolerances , on theodolites used in surveying ,
and in absolute encoders to measure linear or rotational displacements. The main use of the vernier caliper is to
measure the internal and the external diameters of an object. To measure using a vernier scale, the user first reads
the finely marked "fixed" scale. This measure is typically between two of the scale's smallest graduations. The
user then reads the finer verniers scale, which measures between the smallest graduations on the fixed scale—
providing much greater precision. Vernier scales work so well because most people are especially good at
detecting which of the lines is aligned and misaligned and that ability gets better with practice, in fact far
exceeding the optical capability of the eye. This ability to detect alignment is called 'Vernier acuity'. Historically,
none of the alternative technologies exploited this or any other hyperacuity, giving the Vernier scale an advantage
over its competitors.
Resolution

Resolution is the number of pieces or parts that the output or displayed freading from a sensor or measuring
instrument can be broken down into without any instability in the signal or reading. It can be expressed in a
number of ways, the two most common being:

 Decimal Places
Our 10kg kitchen scale has a resolution of kilograms to 3 decimal places or ’3dp’. This expression is
made relative to the engineering units in which the scale is set to read. Alternatively, if the kitchen scale
was set to read from 0 grams to 10,000 grams in 1 gram increments it would be described as having a
resolution of grams to zero decimal places
 Parts/Divisions/Counts
Our 10kg kitchen scale has a resolution of ’1 part in 10,000′, ’10,000 divisions’ or ’10,000 ‘counts’. This
expression describes resolution in absolute terms, rather than referring to an engineering unit.

Accuracy

Accuracy tells you how closely the output or displayed reading from a sensor or measuring instrument
will match the ‘true’ value. Any mismatch between the reading and the ‘true’ value is usually referred to as the
‘error’.

Dimensional tolerance

Dimensional tolerance is related to, but different from fit in mechanical engineering, which is a designed-
in clearance or interference between two parts. Tolerances are assigned to parts for manufacturing purposes, as
boundaries for acceptable build. No machine can hold dimensions precisely to the nominal value, so there must be
acceptable degrees of variation. If a part is manufactured, but has dimensions that are out of tolerance, it is not a
usable part according to the design intent. Tolerances can be applied to any dimension. The commonly used terms
are:

Basic size: the nominal diameter of the shaft (or bolt) and the hole. This is, in general, the same for both
components.

Lower deviation: the difference between the minimum possible component size and the basic size .

Upper deviation: the difference between the maximum possible component size and the basic size .

Fundamental deviation: the minimum difference in size between a component and the basic size. This is
identical to the upper deviation for shafts and the lower deviation for holes.[citation needed] If the fundamental
deviation is greater than zero, the bolt will always be smaller than the basic size and the hole will always be
wider. Fundamental deviation is a form of allowance, rather than tolerance.

International Tolerance grade: this is a standardized measure of the maximum difference in size between the
component and the basic size.