CORREL 2

CE199-2L

REFERENCES:
ENGINEERING MECHANICS: STATICS,
12TH ED, R.C. HIBBELER
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 6TH ED,
JAMES M. GERE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 8TH ED
R.C. HIBBELER
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE,
9TH ED, JACK C. McCORMAC &
RUSSEL H. BROWN

ROMA S. GALANG/RONNIE DY HIANTO

COMPLILED AND PREPARED BY:
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
SIT A: FORCES, COMPONENTS & RESULTANTS
A. Co-Planar Forces
For a single force, F
y

Fx  F cos 
Fy  F sin 
F
F  Fx  Fy
2 2
Fy


x
Fx

Rx   F x R  Rx  R y
2 2

For a system of forces, F1, F1… Fn  Ry 

Ry   F y  x  tan 1  
 x
R
B. Space Forces
For a single force, F
y

Fx  F cos  x
F Fy  F cos  y
z
Fy Fz  F cos  z

F  Fx  Fy  Fz
2 2 2
Fx x
Fz
R  Rx  Ry  Rz
2 2 2
For a system of forces, F1, F1… Fn
Rx   F x Ry   F y Rz   F z

 Rx  R   Rz 
x     y   y  z   
 R  R  R
C. Equilibrium of Forces
F x 0 F y 0 F z 0
M o 0
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
SIT A: If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the eyebolt is 600 N and its
direction measured clockwise from the positive x axis is θ = 30°, determine the magnitude of
F1 and the angle  (F1 = 731 N,  = 42.4°)
Fig. SIT A Fig. SIT B

SIT B: If the resultant force acting on the bracket is required to be a minimum, determine
the magnitude of F1 and the resultant force. Set  = 30°. (F1 = 57.8 N, R = 380 N)
SIT C: The antenna tower is supported by three cables. If the forces of these cables acting
on the antenna are FB = 520 N, FC = 680 N, and FD = 560 N, determine the magnitude and
coordinate direction angles of the resultant force acting at A.
Fig. SIT A Fig. SIT B

SIT D: If the mass of cylinder C is 40 kg, determine the mass of cylinder A in order to hold
the assembly in the position as shown.
SIT E: If cylinder E weighs 30 lb and θ = 15°, determine the weight of cylinder F.
SIT F: If each cable can withstand a maximum tension of 1000 N, determine the largest
mass of the cylinder for equilibrium. (m = 90.3 kg)

Fig. SIT E Fig. SIT F

SIT G: Calculate the resultant force and couple moment at O.

SIT H: The smooth disks D and E have a weight of 200 lb and 100 lb, respectively.
Determine the largest horizontal force P that can be applied to the center of the disk E
without causing the disk D to move up the incline. (P = 210 lb)
SIT I: Determine the forces in all members of the truss shown below:

SIT J: Each of the horizontal platforms of a warehouse rack has a mass of 20 kg and carries
a centrally located 180-kg crate. The platforms are supported by the two-force members of
negligible mass, as shown. If the rack is subjected to a 900-N force at A, determine the forces
in members CE, DE, and DF.

SIT K: Determine the forces in members CH, AH, and CD of the loaded truss.
SIT B: FRICTION
Friction is defined as the contact resistance developed by a body upon another body due to
the action of a force that moves or tends to move the two bodies past each other.

W
P

f thus
R N


SIT L: A crate of mass of 50 kg lies on an inclined plane 30° with the horizontal. The
coefficient of static friction between the crate and the plane is 0.25. Determine the minimum
horizontal force P required to hold the crate from sliding down the inclined plane. Determine
the minimum force P required to push the crate up the plane.
SIT M: The 700 N force is applied to the 100-kg block which is stationary before the force
is applied. Determine the magnitude and direction of the friction force exerted by the
horizontal surface on the block.
400 kN

P 20°

SIT N: The wedge shown below weighs 400 kN. Determine

the value of P required to start the wedge under the block if the
angle of friction on all surfaces is 15°.
SIT O: Determine the distance s to which the 90-kg painter
can climb without causing the 4-m ladder to slip at its lower
end A. The top of the 15-kg ladder has a small roller, and at the
ground the coefficient of static friction is 0.25. The mass center
of the painter is directly above her feet.
 MOMENTS OF INERTIA

I x   y 2 dA
I x  I x  Ad x
2

I y   x dA
2

I y  I y  Ad y
2

I o   r 2 dA  I x  I y

SIT P: Calculate the moment of inertia of the areas given below about the x and y axes.

SIT Q: Determine the moments of inertia of the Z-section about centroidal xo and yo axes.

SIT R: The cross-sectional area of a wide-flange I-beam has the dimensions shown. Obtain
a close approximation to the handbook value of Ix = 657 in4 by treating the section as being
composed of three rectangles.
PARABOLIC CABLE
When the intensity of vertical loading w is constant, and the mass of the cable itself is not
distributed uniformly with the horizontal but is relatively small, and thus we neglect its
weight.

wx 2
M  0 T0 
2y
By static equilibrium equations:
F  0 Tx  T0 ; Ty  wx ; T  Tx  Ty
2 2

SIT S: The light cable supports a mass of 12 kg per meter of horizontal length and is
suspended between the two points on the same level 300 m apart. If the sag is 60 m, find the
tension at mid-length, the maximum tension, and the total length of the cable.
SIT T: A cable supports a load of 40 kg /m uniformly distributed along the horizontal and is
suspended from two fixed points A and B located as shown. Calculate the cable tensions at A
and B and the minimum tension.
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES
INTERNAL FORCES – forces acting at any section of a body necessary to balance the
external forces to maintain equilibrium such as axial force (P), shear forces (Vy, Vz),
torsional moment (T) and bending moments (Mx, My).

STRESS – force per unit area, unit strength of a material

STRAIN – total deformation per gage length, unit deformation
DEFORMATION – change in shape (elongation, contraction, wedging)

V
DIRECT SHEAR STRESS,   – stress caused by forces parallel to sectional area,
A
causing it to slide past its adjacent section

Pb
BEARING STRESS,  b  – contact pressure between separate bodies
Ab

beam
Pb
Pb
column
PROBLEMS:
SIT A: A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of
the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 in.
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched. (t = 0.781”, d =
0.800”)
SIT B: A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in section, is used as a compression
block as shown. Determine the maximum axial force P that can be safely applied to the
block if the compressive stress in the wood is limited to 20 MPa and the shearing stress
parallel to the grain is limited to 5 MPa. The grain makes an angle of 20o with the horizontal.
(P = 77.8 kN)
P P
b
10 mm

Key

Shaft

FIG. A FIG. B FIG. C

SIT C: A 200 mm diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to a 60-mm-diameter
shaft by a 70-mm-long key. If a torque 2.2 kN·m is applied to the shaft, determine the width
b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa. (17.46 mm)
SIT D: The joint is fastened together using two bolts. Determine the required diameter of
the bolts if the failure shear stress for the bolts is fail  350 MPa. Use a factor of safety for
shear of F.S.  2.5. Calculate the maximum bearing stress on the members connected.

40 kN
40 kN 80 kN

SIT E: If the allowable bearing stress for the material under the supports at A and B is
 b allow  1.5 MPa, determine the size of square bearing plates required to support the load.
Dimension the plates to the nearest mm. The reactions at the supports are vertical. (A=130
mm, B=300 mm)

40 kN/m 100 kN

A B
1.5 m 3m 1.5 m
AXIAL STRESS AND DEFORMATION

 d
 AXIAL STRAIN –    , with Hooke’s Law –   E
L dL

PL L
DEFORMATION –   
AE E

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
SIT F: A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the
following figure. Axial loads are applied as indicated. Find the largest value of P that will
not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel,
120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced against buckling. Use Est  200 GPa , Eal  70 GPa , and Ebr  83 GPa . (12.8 kN)
Steel Bronze Aluminum

P 2P
3P 4P

1.0 2.0 m 1.5 m

m
SIT G: Rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in the figure. AC is made of
steel and has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40 m.
Determine the displacement of point F if a vertical load of 90 kN is applied over this point.
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa. (0.225 mm)
200 mm 90 kN 400 mm
A B

F
300 mm

C D
SIT H: The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods.
Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is
limited to 5 mm. Neglect weight of all members. ( Ans. P = 76.3 kN )

Aluminum,

A 3m 3m B

Steel,

C 3m 3m D
P

SIT I: A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial

compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the
allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Ec =
14 GPa and Es = 200 GPa. (1,400 mm2)
SIT J: The composite rod in the figure is stress-free before the axial loads are applied.
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN and P2
= 90 kN. (Al = 86.2 MPa )
Steel
Aluminum Bronze

P1 P2

500 mm 250 mm 350 mm

SIT K: Three rods, each of area 250 mm2, jointly supports a 7.5 kN load as shown in the
figure. Assuming that there is no slack or stress in the rods before the load was applied, find
the stress in each rod. Use Es = 200 GPa and Eb = 83 GPa (σs = 18.53 MPa)

Steel

Bronze Bronze 2.75 m

25° 25°

7.5 kN
SIT L: A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at –20°C, what is the minimum
diameter of the rod? Assume   11.7 m / m  C  and Est  200 GPa . (13.2 mm)
SIT M: Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown if the
temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is
suitably braced against buckling.
Aluminum
Steel

10 in 15 in

SIT N: The rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown. If the
system is initially stress free, calculate the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress
of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in
temperature. Coefficients of linear expansion are 18.7m / m  C for brass and 16.8m / m  C for
copper. (56.01°C)

Brass,
3m 2m

Copper,

SIT O: At a temperature of 80oC, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be

shrunk onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which is at a
temperature of 25oC. Determine the contact pressure between the tire and wheel after the
assembly cools to 25oC. Neglect the deformation of the wheel caused by the pressure of the
tire. Assume E  200 GPa and   11.7 m/ m  C  ( Ans. p  1.54 MPa )
TORSION

EXTERNAL-INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM: T     dA 

 G 
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY:    
 L 
T
TORSION FORMULA:  
J
TL
ANGLE OF TWIST: 
JG
SIT P: A compound shaft is consisting of steel segment and aluminum segment is acted
upon by two torques as shown. Determine the maximum permissible value of T subject to
the following conditions:  st  83 MPa,  al  55 MPa and the angle of rotation at the free end
is limited to 6o.
Steel Aluminum

2T T T

900 m 600 m

SIT Q: A composite shaft is manufactured by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core
so that the two parts act as a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters of the two parts
are ds = 40 mm for the brass core and db = 50 mm for the steel sleeve. The shear moduli of
elasticity are Gb = 35 GPa for the brass and Gs = 80 GPa for the steel. Allowable shear
stresses in the brass and steel are 48 MPa and 80 MPa, respectively. Determine the
maximum permissible torque in N-m that may be applied to the shaft. (1,521)
SIT R: Two solid shafts of different materials are rigidly fastened together and attached to
rigid supports as shown. The torque, T = 10 kip-in, is applied at the junction of the two
segments. Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in the assembly. ( Ans.
 St  3450 psi )

Aluminum Steel
D  2 in.
G  12  10 6 psi
TAl T TSt

6 ft 3 ft

BEAMS: BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR

FLEXURAL STRESS

Moment - curvature Eqn :

1 M

 EI
EI  flexural rigidity
Static equilibrium :
M   dA y
Hooke' s Law :
  E
My

I
Mc M
 max  
I S
SAMPLE PROBOLEMS:

SIT A: A high-strength steel wire of diameter 4 mm is bent around a cylindrical drum of

radius 0.5 m. Determine the bending moment and maximum bending stress in the
wire. The steel wire has modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. (M = 5.01 N·m)
SIT B: A simple beam AB of span length 22 ft supports a uniform load of 1.5 k/ft and a
concentrated load of 12 k. The uniform load includes an allowance for the weight of
the beam. The beam is of laminated wood and has a cross-section of width 8,75 in.
and height of 27 in. Determine the maximum bending stresses in the beam.
SIT C: A vertical post 2.5-meters high must support a lateral load 12 kN at its upper end as
shown in the figure. Two plans are proposed—a solid wood post and a hollow
aluminum tube. What is the minimum required diameter of the wood post if the
allowable bending stress in the wood is 15 MPa? What is the minimum required
outer diameter of the aluminum tube if its wall thickness is to be one-eighth of the
outer diameter and the allowable bending stress in the aluminum is 50 MPa?

SIT D: The beam ABC shown in the figure below has simple supports at A and B and an
overhang from B to C. A uniform load of 3.2 kN/m acts over the entire length of the
beam. The beam has a cross-section of channel shape with flange oriented such that
the load is applied along its strong axis. Determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses in the beam due to the uniform load.
SIT E: A temporary wood dam is constructed of horizontal planks supported by vertical
wood posts that are sunk into the ground so that they act a s cantilever beams. The
posts are of square cross-section and spaced s = 0.8 center to center. Assume that
the water level behind the dam is at its full height of h = 2.0 m. Determine the
minimum required dimension b of the posts if the allowable bending stress in the
wood is 8.0 MPa.

COMPOSITE SECTION BY TRANSFROMED SECTION METHOD:

E2
MODULAR RATIO, n 
E1

Mc1 Mc2
FLEXURAL STRESS,  1  2  n
IT IT
SIT A: The composite beam shown in the figure is simply supported and carries a total
uniform load of 50 kN/m on a span length of 4.0 m. the beam is a rectangular wood
section 150 mm x 250 mm reinforced with two steel plates 50 mm x 150 mm.
Determine the maximum stresses in the steel and wood if the moduli of elasticity are
200 GPa for steel and 11 GPa for wood.

SIT B: A wood beam with cross-sectional dimensions 200 mm x 300 mm is reinforced on

its sides by steel plates 12 mm thick. The moduli of elasticity for the steel and wood
are 200 GPa and 8.5 GPa, respectively. Also, the allowable stresses are 130 MPa
for steel and 8 MPa for wood. Calculate the maximum permissible bending moment
when the beam is bent about the z-axis.
SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAM

3V
From static equilibrium: For rectangular section: 
2bh

F3  F1  F2

  bdx  
M  dM y dA  My
I  I
dA

 
dM  y dA  dM ydA
dxIb dxIb 
VQ

Ib

SIT A: A metal beam is simply supported and sustains a uniform load of 160 lb/in including
its own weight. The beam is rectangular with width b = 1 in. and height h = 4 in.
Determine the normal stress and shear stress at point C which is located 1 in. below
the top of the beam and 8 in. from the right support.

SIT B: A beam having a T-shaped section is subjected to a vertical shear force of V =

10,000 lb. The cross-sectional dimensions are flange width, bf = 100 mm, flange
thickness, tf = 25 mm, gross depth of h = 200 mm and web thickness of 25 mm.
Determine the maximum shear stress in the flange and maximum and minimum
shear stresses in the web.
SIT C: A wood box beam is constructed of two boards, each 40 mm x 180 mm in cross-
section, that serve as flanges and two plywood webs, each 15 mm thick. The total
height of the beam is 280 mm. The plywood is fastened to the flanges by wood
screws having an allowable load in shear of 800 N each. If the shear force V acting
on the cross-section is 10.5 kN, determine the maximum permissible spacing of the
screws. Also, calculate the maximum shear stress in the plywood webs.
 P Mc
COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING t  
A I
SIT A: A rigid frame ABC is formed by welding two steel pipes at B. Each pipe has cross-
sectional area of 11.31x103 mm2, moment of inertia I = 46.37x106 mm4, and outside
diameter of d = 200 mm. Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the
frame due to the load P = 8.0 kN if L = H = 1.4 m.

SIT B: A plain concrete wall, ideally fixed at the foundation, serves as a small dam on a
creek as shown in the figure. The height of the wall h = 6.0 ft and the thickness of
the wall is t = 1.0 ft. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses at
the base of the wall when the water level reaches the top. Assume plain concrete
weighs 145 lb/cu.ft. Determine the permissible depth of water if there is no tension
in the concrete.
SIT C: A short column of wide flange shape is subjected to a
compressive load that produces a resultant force of 60
kN acting at the midpoint of one flange. Determine
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the
column. Locate the neutral axis under this loading
condition.
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Determinacy.
 STATICALLY DETERMINATE, r = 3n – When all the forces in a structure can be
determined strictly from equilibrium equations
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE, r > 3n – Structures having more unknown
forces than available equilibrium equations
r = number of force reactions
n = number of parts
 In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the additional
equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by relating
the applied loads and reactions to the displacement or slope at different points
on the structure.These equations, which are referred to as compatibility
equations, must be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure.
 In general,then,a structure will be geometrically unstable—that is,it will move
slightly or collapse—if there are fewer reactive forces than equations of
equilibrium;or if there are enough reactions,instability will occur if the lines
of action of the reactive forces intersect at a common point or are parallel to
one another.
r < 3n unstable
r ≥ 3n unstable if member reactions are concurrent or parallel or
some of the components form a collapsible mechanism
EXAMPLES:
SIT A: Classify each of the beams and pin-connected structures shown as statically
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, determine the
degree of indeterminacy.
INFLUENCE LINES - represents the variation of either the reaction, shear, moment, or
deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member.

IL FOR VERTICAL REACTION IL FOR SHEAR

IL FOR MOMENT

PROPERTIES OF INFLUENCE LINES

 The value of the function due to a single concentrated moving load equals the
magnitude of the load multiplied by the ordinate of the influence diagram.
 The value of a function due to several concentrated moving loads equals the algebraic
sum of the effects of each load described in property number
 The value of the function due to a uniformly distribute load (w N/m) equals the product
of w and the area of the influence line under the uniform load.
EXAMPLE:
SIT C: A 10-m beam is simply supported; a moving wheel load of 30 kN is imposed. Using
the concept of influence line. Determine the: (a) maximum reaction at the left
support; (b) maximum positive shear at a point 2 m from the left support; (c)
maximum negative shear at a point 2 m from the left support; (d) the maximum
positive moment at the mid span.
SIT D: The beam supports a distributed live load of 1.5 kN/m and single concentrated load
of 8 kN. The dead load is 2 kN/m.Determine (a) the maximum positive moment at
C, (b) the maximum positive shear at C.

DEFLECTIONS AND SLOPE:

 GEOMETRIC METHODS
o Double - integration method(DIM)
o Area - moment method(AMM)
o Conjugate - beam method (CBM)
 WORK-ENERGY METHODS
o Virtual work method (VWM)
 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

Mx
y" 
EI
1
EI 
y'  M  dx  C1

1 2

EI 
y M  dx  C1 x  C2
y” = slope of the elastic curve at any section x
y’ = deflection of the beam at any section x
Mx = moment equation at any section x from one support, valid for the entire beam
C1, C2 = constants, solve by known values of x and corresponding y or y’
ymax = maximum deflection at section where y’ = 0
EXAMPLES:
SIT E: A beam 3 m long is simply supported at its ends. The beam is loaded with a
downward vertical load of 300 N at a point 2 m from the left support. Using E=180
GPa, I=160x106 mm4. Determine:
1. The rotation (in degrees) of the beam at the left support
2. The deflection at a point 1 m from the left support
3. The maximum deflection
SIT F: A simply supported beam 8 m long carries a uniform load of 24 kN/m from the left
end up to 3 m to the right. Using E=200 GPa, I=240x106 mm4. Determine:
1. The rotation (in degrees) of the beam at a point 3 m from the left support
2. The deflection at a point 3 m from the left support
3. The maximum deflection

 AREA MOMENT METHOD

Theorem 1:
The change in slope between any two
points on the elastic curve equals the area
of the M/EI diagram between these two
points.
Theorem 2:
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a
point (A) on the elastic curve with respect
to the tangent extended from another point
(B) equals the “moment” of the area under
the M/EI diagram between the two points
(A and B). This moment is computed
about point A (the point on the elastic
curve), where the deviation is to be
determined.

 CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

Theorem 1:
The slope at a point in the
real beam is numerically
equal to the shear at the
corresponding point in the
conjugate beam.
Theorem 2:
The displacement of a
point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the
moment at the
corresponding point in the
conjugate beam.
 SuL
 VIRTUAL WORK IN TRUSS  
AE
 From the given truss shown. Using A=1,875 mm2 and E=200GPa. Determine the
horizontal displacement at point C

 THREE MOMENT EQUATION

h h 
M 1 L1  2 M 2 L1  L2   M 3 L2 
6 A1a1 6 A2b2
  6 EI  1  3 
L1 L2  L1 L2 
 For the given figure below. Using E=200 GPa and I=240x106 mm4.

1. Determine the reaction at B.

2. Determine the reaction at A.
3. Determine the moment at A.
 For the given figure below. EI=constant.

4. Determine the moment at B.

5. Determine the reaction at A.
6. Determine the reaction at D.
 SLOPE DEFLECTION
Case 1: Both ends are restrained
2 EI 2 A   B  3 
M AB   FEM AB
L
2 EI  A  2 B  3 
M BA   FEM BA
L
Case 2:
3EI 2 r    1
M AB   FEM rh  FEM hr
L 2
 For the given figure below. EI=constant.

7. Determine the moment at B.

8. Determine the reaction at A.
9. Determine the reaction at D.
 For the given figure below. EI=constant.

10. Determine the moment at B.

11. Determine the moment at A.
12. Determine the vertical reaction at C.
 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
REQUIRED STRENGTH – combination of factored forces
Load Combinations *extracted from,
U = 1.4D + 1.7L NSCP 2001
U = 1.2D + 1.6L NSCP 2010
DESIGN STRENGTH – nominal strength multiplied by strength reduction factor 
NSCP 2001
Flexure, without axial (Moment in beams) ……………….. 0.90
Axial compression w/ or w/o Flexure
(Axial load and Moment in Tied columns) ………... 0.70
(Axial load and Moment in Spiral columns)……….. 0.75
Shear and Torsion ………………………………………… 0.85
Bearing on concrete ………………………………………. 0.70
NSCP 2010
Tension controlled,  t  0.005 …………. ………………... 0.90
fy
Compression controlled,  t 
or 0.002 for Grade415
Es
Spiral reinforced…………………….……….. 0.75
Other members……………………. ………... 0.65
Shear and Torsion ………………………………….. 0.75
Bearing on concrete ………………………………... 0.65
FLEXURE FORMULA, Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
 Uniform stress of 0.85f’c replaces the non-linear stress distribution on concrete
compression area from extreme compression fiber to a depth of “a”
 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, a  c  1
 Where “c” is the distance of the neutral axis from the extreme concrete
compression fiber
30 MPa NSCP 2001
1  0.85  for f'c 
28 MPa NSCP 2010

1  0.85 
0.05
 f'c  30 or 28
7
 Linear distribution of strain
 Concrete cracks at a maximum strain of concrete,  c  0.003
fs 0.003d  c 
 Steel strain,  t  . From stress-strain compatibility,  t 
Es c
EQUATIONS OF SRRB:

As f y
DEPTH OF STRESS BLOCK , C  T   a 
0.85 f 'c
 a
M n  C  d  
 2
DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY,
 a
M n  T  d  
 2
 f y 
DERIVED FLEXURE EQUATION: M n  f y bd 2 1  0.59 
 f 'c 
NSCP DESIGN RESTRICTIONS FOR SINGLY REINFORCEMENT
 MINIMUM TENSION STEEL RATIO, 2001/2010
f 'c 1.4
 min  but not less than
4 fy fy

 MAXIMUM TENSION STEEL RATIO

2001, ρmax  0.75  bal
0.851 f 'c  3 
2010, ρmax   
fy 7

BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION

600  d
cb 
600  f y

0.851 f 'c  600 

ρbal   
fy  600  f 
 y 
T-BEAMS
NSCP Provision:Width of slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not exceed one-quarter of
the span length of the beam, and the effective overhanging flange width on each side of the
web shall not exceed:
a) eight times the slab thickness, and
b) one-half the clear distance to the next web

b f  16h f  bw
 L/4
S

WITHOUT T-ACTION, Wide Rectangular Beam

 a  a
M n  C  d     0.85 f 'c ab f  d  
 2  2

 a  hf 
M n  C w  d    Cof  d  
 2  2 
C w  0.85 f c' ab Cof  0.85 f c' b f  bw h f
Doubly Reinforced Beam (   max )

600c  d '
Compression steel stess: fs '   f y otherwise use f s '  f y
c
C s  As' f s'
Cc  C s  T
 a
M n  Cc  d    Cs d  d '
 2

DESIGN OF DRRB:
As1  1bd
INITIAL PARTIAL TENSILE AREA,
1   max

0.85 f 'ç ab  As1 f y

INITIAL PARTIAL DESIGN STRENGTH,  a
M n1  As1 f y  d  
 2

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED STRENGTH, M n 2  M u  M n1

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED TENSILE AREA, M n 2  As 2 f y d  d '

COMPRESSION AREA, Cs  T2

SAMPLE PROBLELMS:
SIT A: A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm.
It is reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm2 placed at an effective depth of
375 mm. Specified compressive strength of concrete is 28 MPa and yield strength
of steel reinforcement is 415 MPa. Determine the factored moment capacity of
the beam.
SIT B: A reinforced concrete beam having a cantilevered span of 4 m carries uniform
service dead load of 20 kN/m (including beam weight) and uniform service live
load of 36 kN/m. the beam has a width of 450 mm and effective depth of 730 mm.
Specified compressive strength of concrete is 21 MPa and yield strength of steel
reinforcement is 415 MPa. Determine the required amount of steel reinforcement
for singly reinforced section.
SIT C: A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm.
It carries an ultimate moment of 203 kN·m and has an effective depth of 375 mm.
Specified compressive strength of concrete is 28 MPa and yield strength of steel
reinforcement is 415 MPa. Determine the required steel area.
SIT D: A concrete beam with b = 300 mm and h = 450 mm having a span of 6 m can be
considered fully fixed at left support and supported vertically but with no
rotational restraint (e.g. roller) at the right end. It is reinforced with 2-25 mm
bars at the bottom and 4-25 mm at the top. Use concrete cover from centroid of
reinforcements 70 mm, fy = 415 MPa and f’c = 28 MPa. Calculate the total
factored uniform load that may be applied over the entire span of the beam
without failure in flexure.
SIT E: A simply supported beam has a clear span of 6.5 m and is subject to an external
uniform service dead load wD = 15 kN/m (including beam weight) and live load
wL = 36 kN/m. Preliminary design requires a rectangular section of width b = 275
mm and effective depth, d = 425 mm with f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
Calculate the required amount of steel reinforcement.
SIT F: A rectangular concrete beam 350 mm wide, reinforced for tension by 5-32 mm
bars and for compression by 3-28 mm bars, has the following properties:
Eff. depth of tension bars, d = 550 mm
Concrete cover of compression bars, d’ = 70 mm
Concrete strength, f’c = 21 MPa
Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 415 MPa
Determine the ultimate bending moment of the beam to ensure ductile failure.
SIT G: A reinforced concrete T-beam results from a monolithic floor system with beams
6 m long and spaced 1.2 m on centers supporting slabs 100 mm thick. The width
of the web is 300 mm; effective depth, d = 610 mm; bottom As = 2950 mm2;
concrete compressive strength, f’c= 21 MPa; and steel yield strength, fy = 415
MPa. Calculate the design moment capacity of the section in kN-m for positive
bending.
SIT H: A reinforced concrete T-beam has the following properties: effective flange
width, bf = 1370 mm; flange thickness, tf = 150 mm; stem width, bw = 300 mm;
effective depth, d = 610 mm; bottom As = 11,000 mm2; concrete compressive
strength, f’c= 28 MPa; and steel yield strength, fy = 414 MPa. Calculate the
design moment capacity of the section in kN-m for positive bending.
SIT I: A monolithic floor system consists of 100 mm thick slabs and simply supported
beams with a 6 m span, 1.2 m on centers. The floor carries a superimposed dead
load of 1.15 kPa and live load of 1.9 kPa. Beam dimensions, as determined by
negative moment requirements at supports, are bw = 275 mm and h = 500 mm.
Concrete weights 24 kN/m^3. Determine the required amount of steel
reinforcement at mid-span of the interior beam. Use concrete compressive
strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel strength fy = 275 MPa. Assume 20 mm bar
diameter for flexure and 10 mm for stirrups.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS

DESIGN CRITERIA: Vu  Vn

Vu  factored shear force at critical section, located distance “d” from the face of support

Vn  design shear capacity of beam, Vn  Vc  Vs

  Reduction factor, 0.85 (2001), 0.75 (2010)

NSCP 2001 CONCRETE PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR

SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION
1. For members subject to shear and flexure only,
1
Vc  f 'c bwd
6
2. For members subject to axial compression,
1 N 
Vc  1  u  f 'c bw d
6  14 Ag 

Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa

SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vc
1. When Vu  no stirrups are required
2
Vc sbw
2. When  Vu  Vc minimum stirrup required with spacing Av ,min 
2 3 fy
Av f y d
3. When Vc  Vu provide stirrups with spacing S 
Vs
d f' d
Where s  when Vs  c b w d otherwise s 
2 3 4
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
SIT A: A simply supported beam sustains a total dead load of 24 kN/m and live load of 35
kN/m over a clear span of 6 m. The beam is 350 mm wide, 620 mm deep reinforced
with 4-25 mm bars at an effective depth of 550 mm. (a) Calculate the required
spacing of 12 mm stirrups at the critical section for shear using f’c = 21 MPa and fy
= 275 MPa. (b) Locate the section from the left support where stirrups are no longer
required.
SIT B: Calculate the nominal shear strength of the beam given above if the beam is also
subject to a factored axial load of 30 kN due to effects of creep and shrinkage and
that the beam is reinforced with 12 mm stirrups Grade 275 spaced 200 mm center to
center.
SIT C: For the given beams below, calculate the required spacing of 12 mm rectangular
stirrups at the critical section for shear using f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.

SIT C: (MAY 2011) A column section shown is reinforced with 8 – ϕ32 mm bars, with a clear concrete c
mm for the 12 mm ties. Due to reversal of lateral forces, the design axial load due to the reversal effect of
WL changes as follows.
Along the positive x-direction: Along the negative x-direction:
SIT D: A tied column is reinforcedMas u =shown
-420 kN·m Mu = +420
in the detail below. Clear coverkN·m
to the 12 mm
ties is 40 mm. The columnVis designed
u = 370 kN under a minimum factored
Vu = 370 kN load of 350
axial
kN when the wind load is considered
Nu = 1320 kNalong the x-direction Nand 500 kN when the
u = 450 kN
wind load is in the y-direction. Calculate the nominal shear strength of column Nu in Nu
two directions if the ties including the cross ties are spaced 100 mm center Mu to center. Mu
Vu V
y

400 mm x

600 mm
Vu 400 mm Vu
Mu Mu
Nu Nu
1. Determine the concrete shear strength for the positive x-direction using simplified calculation. (261.4
2. Determine the concrete shear strength for the negative x-direction using simplified calculation. (212.
3. Determine the required spacing of shear reinforcement. Apply provisions on spacing limits of reinforc
when applicable. (260 mm)
ONE WAY SLAB DESIGN

DESIGN CRITERIA: per 1-m strip

Minimum thickness to sustain shear, Vu  Vc , no stirrups

Flexure bars, M u  M n  SRRB

Steel area not to be less than shrinkage ant temperature bars, Ast  kbt where k = 0.002 for
Grade 275 and 0.0018 for Grade 415
Spacing of bars not to exceed 3t or 450 mm

 f y 
M u  M n  f y b  1000 d 2 1  0.59 
 f ' c 

0.002 
 f y  275MPa
   min 
0.018 
 f y  415MPa
As  bd
Ab
S  3t or 450mm
d
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
o GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

COLUMN α  CONFINEMENT

16d b
TIED 0.80 0.65 smax  48d ties
min. dim.

4as Dc  d s 
s  2
sDc
SPIRAL 0.85 0.75
 Ag  f'
  s min  0.45  1 c
 Ac  fy

o AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS

o DESIGN AXIAL STRENGTH,
o PLASTIC CENTROID,

o ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS

 ANALYSIS BY STATIC EQUATIONS
h
e

b PC +
As As’

d d’
c
0.003

0.85f’c
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS:

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
SIT A: A square tied column carries a factored load of 2500 KN. It will be designed using
material strengths f’c = 27 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Assume  = 0.02
1. Determine the minimum required dimension of the column.
2. Determine the number of 20 mm vertical bars required.
3. Determine the spacing of lateral ties.
SIT B: A short rectangular reinforced concrete column 350 mm by 550 mm is to be a part
of a long-span rigid frame and will be subjected to high bending moments combined
with relatively low axial loads, causing bending about the strong axis. Because of
high eccentricity, steel is placed unsymmetrically, with three 43 mm bars near the
tension face and two 36 mm bars near the compression face. Material strengths f’c =
41 MPa, fy = 517 MPa. Bar centriods are 75 mm from concrete edges. Neglect the
area of concrete displaced by steel.
4. Calculate the location of the plastic
centroid of the column from the
compression face.
5. Calculate the nominal axial load
capacity of the column at balanced
failure if εc = 0.003.
6. Calculate the balanced eccentricity.
FOOTINGS ON SOIL
DESIGN CRITERIA:
 SIZE – adequate size must produce net soil bearing stress not to exceed net effective
capacity of soil
o qnet  qeff  qa   s hs   c t  qsur
 THICKNESS – adequate thickness for concrete to sustain one-way shear and two-
way shear stresses at critical sections
f 'c
beam shear
o f vn  f c  6
f 'c
punching
3
 FLEXURE BARS – adequate amount of bars to sustain tension to prevent failure in
bending at critical sections
 f 
M u  M n  f y bd 2 1  0.59 y 
 f 'c 
o
0.002   f y  275MPa
   min 
0.018   f y  415MPa
WALL FOOTING
PER 1-m-STRIP: b = 1000 mm, x = cantilever span, (B-c)/2

WD  WL
qnet 
 B
W
qun  u
B
 Vu  qu  x  d ,
Vu
f vn 
bd
qu x 2
 Mu 
2
ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
o Maximum bending at face of column
o Critical one-way shear at distance d from face of column
o Critical two-way shear at distance d/2 from all faces of column
FOR ENTIRE SLAB: b = B, x = cantilever span, (B-c)/2

PD  PL
qnet 
 B2
P
qun  u2
B
 Vu  qu  x  d B,
Vu
f vn 
Bd
qu x 2
 Mu  B
2

FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENT :

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

SIT A: Design a reinforced concrete wall footing to support a 300-mm-wide reinforced

concrete wall with a dead load D = 300 kN/m and a live load L = 200 kN/m. The bottom of
the footing is to be 1 m below the final grade, the soil weight is 16 kN/m3, the concrete
weight is 24 kN/m3, the gross allowable soil pressure, qa, is 190 MPa/m2, fy =415 MPa, and
f’c = 28 MPa. If thickness is 450 mm, check the adequacy of this given thickness.
SIT B: A square footing is designed to support a 300-mm x 300-mm concrete column that
sustains an axial dead load of 130 kN and an axial live load of 200-kN. The base of the
footing is 1.50 m below the final grade line, the soil weight is 16 kN/m3, the concrete weight
is 24 kN/m3, the gross allowable soil pressure, qa, is 210 MPa/m2, fy =415 MPa, and f’c = 28
MPa. Determine (a) the minimum size of the footing, (b) the shear stresses at critical
sections if B = 1.5 m, t = 500 mm and flexure bars are 16 mm in diameter, (c)