10 Things to Do After Fresh Installation of FreeBSD

1. Update FreeBSD System

The first thing every system administrator should perform after a fresh installation of an
operating system is to make sure the system is up-to-date with the latest security patches and the
latest versions of the kernel, package manager and software packages.

In order to update FreeBSD, open a console in the system with root privileges and issue the
following commands.

# freebsd-update fetch

# freebsd-update install

To update “Ports” package manager and installed software run the below command.

# pkg update

# pkg upgrade
Update FreeBSD Packages
2. Install Editors and Bash

In order to ease the job managing the system from command line you should install the following
packages:

Nano text editor – ee is the default text editor in FreeBSD.

Bourne Again Shell – if you want to make the transition from Linux to FreeBSD more smooth.
Bash Completion – needed to autocomplete commands typed in console using the [tab] key.
All the presented utilities can be installed by issuing the below command.

# pkg install nano bash bash_completion

Install Editors and Bash on FreeBSD

3. Secure SSH on FreeBSD

By default, FreeBSD SSH service won’t allow the root account to perform remote logins
automatically. Although, disallowing remote root logins via SSH measure is mainly designed to
secure the service and your system, there are cases where sometimes you need to authenticate via
SSH with root.

To change this behavior, open SSH main configuration file and update the
line PermitRootLogin from no to yesas illustrated in the below screenshot.

# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

File excerpt:

PermitRootLogin yes
Secure SSH on FreeBSD
Afterwards, restart SSH daemon to apply changes.

# service sshd restart

To test the configuration you can login from Putty Terminal or from remote Linux maching
using the following syntax.

# root@your.server.IP [FreeBSD Server IP]

4. FreeBSD SSH Passwordless Login

To generate a new SSH key issue the following command. You can copy the public to another
server instance and securely login to the remote server without a password.

# ssh-keygen –t RSA

# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@remote.IP

# ssh root@remote.IP
Generate SSH Key on FreeBSD

FreeBSD SSH Passwordless Login

5. Install and Configure Sudo on FreeBSD

Sudo is a software which is designed to allow a common user to execute commands with the
security privileges of the superuser account. Sudo utility is not installed by default in FreeBSD.
To install sudo in FreeBSD run the following command.

# pkg install sudo

Install Sudo on FreeBSD

In order to allow a regular system account to run command with root privileges,
open sudoers configuration file, located in /usr/local/etc/ directory, for editing by executing
visudo command.

Navigate through the content of the file and add the following line, normally after the root line:

your_user ALL=(ALL) ALL

Enable Sudo Access on User

Always use visudo command in order to edit sudoers file. Visudo utility contains build-in
capabilities to detect any error while editing this file.
Afterwards, save the file by pressing :wq! on your keyboard, login with the user who you’ve
granted root privileges and execute an arbitrary command by appending sudo in front the
command.

# su - yoursuer

$ sudo pkg update

Sudo User Login
Another method that can be used in order to allow a regular account with root powers, would be
to add the regular user to system group called wheel and uncomment the wheel group from
sudoers file by removing the # sign at the beginning of the line.

# pw groupmod wheel -M your_user

# visudo

Add the following line to /usr/local/etc/sudoers file.

%wheel ALL=(ALL=ALL)ALL
Allow Sudo Access on User
6. Managing Users on FreeBSD

The process of adding a new user is pretty straightforward. Just run adduser command and
follow the interactive prompt in order to finalize the process.
In order to modify the personal information of a user account, run the chpass command against
a usernameand update the file. Save the file opened with vi editor by pressing :wq! keys.

# chpass your_user
Change User Info on FreeBSD
To update a user password, run passwd command.

# passwd your_user

To change an account default shell, first list all present shells in your system and then
execute chsh commandas illustrated below.

# cat /etc/shells

# chsh -s /bin/csh your_user

# env #List user environment variables

List FreeBSD Shells

Change FreeBSD Shell

7. Configure FreeBSD Static IP

Regular FreeBSD permanent network settings can be manipulated by editing /etc/rc.conf file. In
order to configure a network interface with static IP address on FreeBSD.
First run ifconfig -a command to display a list of all NICs and identify the name of the interface
you want to edit.
Then, manually edit /etc/rc.conf file, comment the DHCP line and add your NIC’s IP settings as
illustrated below.

#ifconfig_em0="DHCP"

ifconfig_em0="inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"

#Default Gateway

defaultrouter="192.168.1.1"

Set FreeBSD Static IP Address

To apply the new network settings issue the following commands.

# service netif restart

# service routing restart

8. Configure FreeBSD DNS Network

DNS nameserver resolvers can be manipulated via editing /etc/resolv.conf file as presented in the
below example.

nameserver your_first_DNS_server_IP

nameserver your_second_DNS_server_IP

search your_local_domain

Set DNS in FreeBSD

To change your machine name update the hostname variable from /etc/rc.conf file.

hostname=”freebsdhost”

To add multiple IP address for a network interface on FreeBSD add the below line
in /etc/rc.conf file.

ifconfig_em0_alias0="192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255"

Multiple IP Addresses on FreeBSD
Afterwards, restart the network service to reflect changes.

# service netif restart

9. Manage FreeBSD Services

Services can be managed in FreeBSD via service command. To list all system-wide enabled
services issue the following command.

# service -e
List FreeBSD Services
To list all services scripts located in /etc/rc.d/ system path run the below command.

# service -l
List FreeBSD Service Scripts
To enable or disable a FreeBSD daemon during boot initialization process, use sysrc command.
Assuming that you want to enable SSH service, open /etc/rc.conf file and append the following
line.

sshd_enable=”YES”

Or use sysrc command which does the same thing.

# sysrc sshd_enable=”YES”
Enable and Disable Service on FreeBSD
To disable a service system-wide, append the NO flag for the disabled daemon as presented
below. The daemons flags are case insensitive.

# sysrc apache24_enable=no
Disable Service in FreeBSD
Is worth mentioning that some services on FreeBSD require special attention. For example, if
you want to only disable Syslog daemon network socket, issue the following command.

# sysrc syslogd_flags="-ss"

Restart Syslog service to apply changes.

# service syslogd restart

Disable Syslog on FreeBSD
To completely disable Sendmail service at system startup, execute the following commands or
add them to /etc/rc.conf file:

sysrc sendmail_enable="NO"

sysrc sendmail_submint_enable="NO"

sysrc sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"

sysrc sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"

10. List Network Sockets

In order to display a list of open ports in FreeBSD use the sockstat command.
List all IPv4 network sockets on FreeBSD.

# sockstat -4
List Ipv4 Ports on FreeBSD
Display all IPv6 network sockets on FreeBSD.

# sockstat -6

List Ipv6 Ports on FreeBSD

You can combine the two flags to display all network sockets as illustrated in the below
screenshot.

# sockstat -4 -6
List FreeBSD Open Ports
List all connected sockets on FreeBSD.

# sockstat -c

List Connected Sockets on FreeBSD

Display all network sockets in listening state and Unix domain sockets.

# sockstat -l

List Listening Sockets on FreeBSD

Other than sockstat utility, you can run netstat or lsof command to display system and network
sockets as well.
lsof utility is not installed in FreeBSD by default. To install it from FreeBSD ports repositories
issue the following command.

# pkg install lsof

To display all IPv4 and IPv6 network sockets with lsof command, append the following flags.

# lsof -i4 -i6

List Sockets Using lsof Command
In order to display all network sockets in listening state on FreeBSD with netstat utility, issue the
following command.

# netstat -an |egrep 'Proto|LISTEN'

Or run the command without -n flag in order to display the name of the opened sockets in
listening state.

# netstat -a |egrep 'Proto|LISTEN'

List Listening Sockets Using Netstat
These are just a few basic utilities and commands you need to know in order to manage a
FreeBSD system on daily basis.

Reference:

Cezar M. “10 Things to Do After Fresh Installation of FreeBSD”, 2017, retrived from
https://www.tecmint.com/things-to-do-after-installing-freebsd/