Advanced Implicit Numerical Methods

Not only PAM-STAMP

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 Precision

Final precision
reached

Precision in forces
reached for the first
iteration Precision in
displacement increment
Source: [46]
Converged for the nth iteration
step n-1

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 Initial Newton Method – No Update
of the Initial Tangent Matrix
F The initial tangent matrix is
Iterations used and not modified

   n
Fn

Maximum Residual Force

Maximum Residual Force term, 3rd iteration
term, 1st iteration

Fn-1
Maximum Delta Displacement,
4th iteration

Maximum Delta Displacement, u

1st iteration
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 Modified Newton Method (Update
after n – here 4 - Iterations)
F A new tangent matrix is
Iterations computed at each nth iteration

   
Fn

Maximum Residual Force

Maximum Residual Force term, 3rd iteration
term, 1st iteration

Fn-1
Maximum Delta Displacement,
4th iteration

Maximum Delta Displacement, u

1st iteration
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 Full Newton Method – Update at
Each Iteration
F A new tangent matrix is
Iterations computed at each iteration
  
Fn

Maximum Residual Force

Maximum Residual Force term, 3rd iteration
term, 1st iteration

Fn-1
Maximum Delta Displacement,
3rd iteration

Maximum Delta Displacement, u

1st iteration
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 BFGS (Secant) Method
The tangent matrix is updated at each iteration
F through a multiplication by a vector. All vectors need to
Iterations be kept in the memory until the solution is found
  
Fn

Maximum Residual Force

Maximum Residual Force term, 10th iteration
term, 1st iteration

Fn-1
Maximum Delta Displacement,
10th iteration

Maximum Delta Displacement, u

1st iteration
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 Picard Method
F The initial tangent matrix is multiplied at each
Iterations iteration with a vector. One vector needs to be
kept in the memory
    
Fn

Maximum Residual Force

Maximum Residual Force term, 10th iteration
term, 1st iteration

Fn-1
Maximum Delta Displacement,
10th iteration

Maximum Delta Displacement, u

1st iteration
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 This is Difficult in Terms of
Displacement Increment
Convergence

A small change in force can cause

a large displacement increment

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 Buckling Distortions

Buckling distortions differs

from bending distortions in
that
• There is more then one stable
deformed shape
• The amount of deformation in
buckling distortion is much greater
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 Buckling Distortion

Source: [1]

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 Buckling – This does not Work with
Newton Raphson Schemes
The displacement increases with decreasing load (snap through
example)
Here, the RICKS method is needed.

Source: [46]

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Roof Snap Through Case - Loads

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Roof-Constraints

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 Roof-Instability

Begin of Snap-Through

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 Roof - Force-Displacement Curve for
a Snap Through

FORCE

DISP

No additional force needed

to change the displacement

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 PAM-STAMP Default Options – Full
Newton

Illustrative – Means convergence is

safe, part is not flimsy

Automatic
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 PAM-STAMP Extended Advanced Options –
Difficult Displacement Increment Convergence -
Full Newton

Illustrative – Means convergence is

tough to achieve, part is flimsy

You should not produce such a part.

Check output file for displacement increment precision
reached in oscillation mode and adjust the displacement
increment convergence parameter to get a solution.
Solution is reached by having both convergence: in
displacement and in force.
To get convergence in displacement, the maximum
observed delta displacement must be < 0.01 * reference
delta displacement (obtained usually in the 1st iteration)
To get convergence in force: the maximum observed
residual force must be < 0.005 * reference residual force
(obtained usually in the 1st iteration) User Driven
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 PAM-STAMP Extended Advanced
Options – Ricks Method

Buckling – You should not

produce such a part

Illustrative

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 Why are Models of Large-Strain
Cyclic Plasticity so Important for
Springback Analysis?

Prof. Yoshida

Source: Fusahito Yoshida, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, JAPAN
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 Y-U Model Improves Accuracy for
Springback Prediction – Many Good
Results Reported by Customers

MAZDA – Euro Pam 2006 Mitsuike Corporation – PUCA2009

Ytec– Success story

Ohitec Co.,Ltd – PUCA2009

TOA Industry – Success story

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 Y-U model is One Kind of Kinematic
Hardening Model

Can be combined with any kind of orthotropic yield

function
f = φ(σ-α) – Y = 0 , α: back stress
Can describe 2 important plasticity phenomena
Bauschinger effect (Fig.1)
Pre strain depended Young’s modulus in appearance (Fig.2)

Fig.1 Bauschinger effect Fig.2 Pre strain depended Young’s modulus

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 Parameters to Set – for Plasticity

Lecture MatPara PAM-STAMP Description

Y Y σ0 Size of yield surface (not yield stress)
Initial size of bounding surface
B a0 Xsati+Y
(mostly 0.1Y ≤ Xsati ≤ 0.5Y )
Max. kinematic/isotropic hardening stress of bounding
Rsat Rsat Rsatx
surface
Kinematic/isotropic hardening of bounding surface
k k m
(2 ≤ AM ≤ 30)
Kinematic/isotropic hardening of bounding surface
b b Bsat
(mostly 0.1Y ≤ Bsat ≤ 0.5Y )
Control parameter of transient Bauschinger effect after
C C1 Cx1
initial yielding (200 ≤ Cx1 ≤ 2000)
Control parameter of transient Bauschinger effect at
- C2 Cx2
subsequent yielding (100 ≤ Cx2 ≤ 800)
- - EpRef Threshold value of plastic strain from C1 to C2
Parameter which limits non-hardening region
h Hnih
(0 ≤ Hnih ≤ 1.0, mostly Hnih = 0.5)
Parameter which controls pause of Isotropic Hardening
r0 Rnih0
after initial yielding (default＝0.002GPa)
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 Parameters to Set – for Elasticity

Lecture MatPara PAM-STAMP Description

Eo E0 E Young’s modulus

Ea Ea Younga Saturation value of Young’s modulus

S ξ Xi Changing velocity of Young’s modulus

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 How to Get the Parameters

Material Test Mat Para

Inverse analysis of σ-ε
by optimization theory
Results

Tensile Test

Material DB

Cyclic Tension-Compression Mild Steel ~ AHSS

Aluminum, Stainless Steel

Thanks to Material DB in MatPara, Yoshida parameters can be evaluated only from tensile test
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 At the End

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 Validated Accuracy in Wrinkles with
PAM-STAMP – L-Shaped Beam - 1

Source: Fusahito Yoshida, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, JAPAN

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Accuracy in Springback – Highest
Precision in Material

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