Composite Bridge Design

Design Criteria
Deck Width : 𝑊𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 9.84252 ft

Roadway Width : 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 8.31752 ft

Bridge Length : 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 42.6509 ft

Structural steel
Yield strength : Fy = 50 ksi

Structural steel
Tensile strength: Fu = 65 ksi

Concrete 28-day
Compressive strength : f’c = 4.0 ksi

Reinforcement
Strength: fy = 60 ksi

Steel density : Ws= 0.490 kcf

Concrete density: Wc= 0.150 kcf

𝐾
Parapet wight (each) : 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑟 = 0.53 𝑓𝑡

Future wearing
Surface : 𝑊𝑓𝑤𝑠 = 0.140 kcf

Future wearing
Surface thickness : 𝑡𝑓𝑤𝑠 = 2.5 in (assumed)

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Composite Bridge Design

Deck Properties :

Deck thickness : ts = 7.87 in

Girder spacing : S = 3.61 ft

Number of girders : N= 3

Deck top cover : 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 2.5in

Deck bottom cover : 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏 = 1.0in

Parapet Properties :

Width at base : 𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 1.4375ft

Moment capacity
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
At base : Mco = 28.21
𝑓𝑡

Parapet height : 𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑟 = 3.5ft

Critical length of yield

Line failure pattern : Lc = 12.84 ft

Total transverse
Resistance of the parapet : Rw = 117.40 K

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Composite Bridge Design

Compute Dead Load Effects

Load factors for dead loads :

Slab and parapet : Maximum : ɣpDCmax = 1.25

Minimum : ɣpDCmin = 0.90

Future wearing surface : Maximum : ɣpDWmax = 1.50

Minimum : ɣpDWmin = 0.65

Dynamic load allowance, IM IM = 0.33

Load factor for live load – Strength I ɣLL= 1.75

Multiple presence factor,m :

With one lane loaded, m= 1.20

Resistance factors for flexure :

Strenght limit state : ɸstr = 0.90
Service limit state : ɸserv = 1.00
Extreme event limit state : ɸext = 1.00

Compute Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments

Factored Positive Design Moment

Factored positive live load moment :

The positive, negative, and overhang moment equivalent strip equations are :
Overhang Moment = 45.0 + 10.0X
Positive Moment = 26.0 + 6.6S
Negative Moment = 48.0 + 3.0S

The width of the equivalent strip for positive moment is :

𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 26.0 + 6.6S
For S = 3.61 ft
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 49.83 in or 𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 4.15 ft

Maximum factored positive live load moment :

36.76𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = ɣLL * (1 + IM) * 𝑊
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = 20.6
𝑓𝑡

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Composite Bridge Design

Maximum factored positive dead load moment :

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = ɣpDCmax * (0.38 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDCmax * (0.19 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDWmax (0.09 𝑓𝑡
)
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.85 𝑓𝑡

Total factored positive design moment :

Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 + Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21.45
𝑓𝑡

Factored Negative Design Moment

Factored negative live load moment :

The deck design section for a steel beam for negative moments and shear forces is taken as one quarter
of the top flange width from the centerline of the web.

The width of the equivalent strip for negative moment :

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 48 + 3.0S
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 58.83 in or 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎 = 4.9 ft

Maximum factored negative live load moment :

−29.39𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = ɣLL * (1 + IM) *
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = -13.96 𝑓𝑡

Maximum factored negative dead load moment :

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = ɣpDCmax * (-0.74 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDCmax * (-1.66 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDWmax (-0.06 𝑓𝑡
)
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = -3.09 𝑓𝑡

Total factored negative moment :

Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 + Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = -17.05 𝑓𝑡

Design for Positive Flexure in Deck

Assume #5 bars :
bar_diam = 0.625 in
bar_area = 0.31 𝑖𝑛2

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Composite Bridge Design

Effective depth, 𝑑𝑒 = total slab thickness :

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑠 - 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏 – 2
- 0.5in
𝑑𝑒 = 6.061 in

𝜙𝑓 = 0.90
b = 12 in

Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗12 𝑖𝑛 𝐾
Rn = Rn = 0.65
(𝜙𝑓 ∗𝑏∗𝑑𝑒 2 ) 𝑖𝑛2

𝑓′𝑐 (2∗𝑅𝑛)
𝜌 = 0.85 ( 𝑓𝑦 )* [1.0 − √(0.85∗𝑓′𝑐) ]
𝜌 = 0.0144

𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
As = 𝜌 * 𝑓𝑡 *𝑑𝑒 As = 1.05 𝑓𝑡

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
required bar spacing = 𝐴𝑠
= 3.48 in

use #5 bars @ bar_space = 3 in

Checking maximum reinforcement limit

T = bar_area * fy T = 18.6 K
𝑇
a= a= 1.8 in
0.85∗𝑓′ 𝑐∗𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝛽1 = 0.85

𝑎
c=𝛽 c = 2.11 in
1

𝑐 𝑐
𝑑𝑒
= 0.34 where 𝑑𝑒
≤ 0.42

0.34 ≤ 0.42 OK

Check for Positive Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State

𝐾
Z= 130 𝑖𝑛

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑐 = 1in +
2
𝑑𝑐 = 1.31 in < 2 in Thickness of clear cover used to compute 𝑑𝑐 should not be greater than 2 inches
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Composite Bridge Design

Ac = 2* (𝑑𝑐 ) * bar_space
Ac = 7.86 𝑖𝑛2

𝑍
fsa = 1 where fsa≤ 0.6*fy
(𝑑𝑐 ∗𝐴𝑐)3
fsa = 60.18 ksi 0.6*fy = 36.00 ksi

Use fsa = 36.00 ksi

Es = 29000ksi
Ec = 3640ksi

𝐸𝑠
n = 𝐸𝑐 n = 7,9

Use n=8

Service positive live load moment :

ɣLL = 1.0
36.76𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = ɣLL* (1+IM) *
W𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = 6.49
𝑓𝑡

Service positive dead load moment :

ɣpDCserv = 1.0
ɣpDWserv = 1.0
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = ɣpDCserv * (0.38 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDCserv * (0.19 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDWserv (0.09 𝑓𝑡
)
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.66 𝑓𝑡

Total service positive design moment :

Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 + Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7.15
𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛2
𝑑𝑒 = 6.061 in A = 1.05 𝑓𝑡
n=8
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 𝑏 𝜌 = 0.0144
∗𝑑
𝑓𝑡 𝑒

k = √(𝜌 ∗ 𝑛)2 + (2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑛) - 𝜌*n

k = 0.378
k*𝑑𝑒 = 2.29 in Distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of the reinforcement

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1 𝑖𝑛
It = 3 (12 𝑓𝑡 ) *(k ∗ 𝑑𝑒 )3 + n*As * (𝑑𝑒 − k ∗ 𝑑𝑒 )2
𝑖𝑛4
It = 167.5 𝑓𝑡
Transformed moment of inertia

Actual stress in the reinforcement :

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7.15 y = 𝑑𝑒 - k*𝑑𝑒 y = 3.771 in
𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛
𝑛∗(Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗12 ∗𝑦 )
𝑓𝑡
fs = 𝐼𝑡
fs = 15.45 ksi

fsa > fs OK

Design for Negative Flexure in Deck

Assume #5 bars :
bar_diam = 0.625 in
bar_area = 0.31 𝑖𝑛2

Effective depth, 𝑑𝑒 = total slab thickness :

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑠 - 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 – 2
- 0.5in
𝑑𝑒 = 5.063 in

𝜙𝑓 = 0.90
b = 12 in

−Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐴 ∗12 𝑖𝑛 𝐾
Rn = (𝜙𝑓 ∗𝑏∗𝑑𝑒 2 )
Rn = 0.74 𝑖𝑛2

𝑓′𝑐 (2∗𝑅𝑛)
𝜌 = 0.85 ( 𝑓𝑦 )* [1.0 − √(0.85∗𝑓′𝑐) ]
𝜌 = 0.0138

𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
As = 𝜌 * 𝑓𝑡 *𝑑𝑒 As = 0.84 𝑓𝑡

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
required bar spacing = = 4.32 in
𝐴𝑠

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use #5 bars @ bar_space = 4 in

Checking maximum reinforcement limit

T = bar_area * fy T = 18.6 K
𝑇
a= 0.85∗𝑓′ 𝑐∗𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 a= 1.25 in

𝛽1 = 0.85

𝑎
c=𝛽 c = 1.47 in
1

𝑐 𝑐
𝑑𝑒
= 0.29 where 𝑑𝑒
≤ 0.42

0.29 ≤ 0.42 OK

Check for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State

𝐾
Z= 130 𝑖𝑛

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑐 = 2in + 2
𝑑𝑐 = 2.31 in

Ac = 2* (𝑑𝑐 ) * bar_space
Ac = 18.48 𝑖𝑛2

𝑍
fsa = 1 where fsa≤ 0.6*fy
(𝑑𝑐 ∗𝐴𝑐)3
fsa = 37.14 ksi 0.6*fy = 36.00 ksi

Use fsa = 36.00 ksi

Service negative live load moment :

ɣLL = 1.0
−29.39𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = ɣLL* (1+IM) * W
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 = -7.97 𝑓𝑡

Service negative dead load moment :

ɣpDCserv = 1.0
ɣpDWserv = 1.0

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Composite Bridge Design

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡

Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = ɣpDCserv * (-0.74 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDCserv * (-1.66 𝑓𝑡
) + ɣpDWserv (-0.06 𝑓𝑡
)
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = -2.46 𝑓𝑡

Total service negative design moment :

Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐴 + Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = -10.43
𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛2
𝑑𝑒 = 5.063 in A = 0.84 𝑓𝑡
n=8
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 𝑏 𝜌 = 0.0138
∗𝑑
𝑓𝑡 𝑒

k = √(𝜌 ∗ 𝑛)2 + (2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑛) - 𝜌*n

k = 0.37
k*𝑑𝑒 = 1.87 in

1 𝑖𝑛
It = 3 (12 𝑓𝑡 ) *(k ∗ 𝑑𝑒 )3 + n*As * (𝑑𝑒 − k ∗ 𝑑𝑒 )2
𝑖𝑛4
It = 94.66 𝑓𝑡
Transformed moment of inertia

Actual stress in the reinforcement :

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mu𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐴 = -10.43 𝑓𝑡
y = 𝑑𝑒 - k*𝑑𝑒 y = 3.193 in

𝑖𝑛
𝑛∗(Mu𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗12 ∗𝑦 )
𝑓𝑡
fs = 𝐼𝑡
fs = 33.77 ksi

fsa > fs OK

Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang

Design Overhang for Horizontal Vehicular Collision Force

𝜙ext = 1.0
ɣpDC = 1.25
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mco = 28.21
𝑓𝑡

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Composite Bridge Design

7.87
[( 𝑖𝑛)∗(0.150𝑘𝑐𝑓)∗(1.4357𝑓𝑡)2 ]
12
𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = ɣpDC
2
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 0.10 𝑓𝑡

6.16𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑟 = ɣpDC * Wpar * ( 1.4375ft - 𝑖𝑛 )
12
𝑓𝑡
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑟 = 0.61
𝑓𝑡

𝑀𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Mco + 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 + 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑟

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 28.92
𝑓𝑡

𝑅𝑤
T= Axial tensile force
𝐿𝑐+2𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑟

𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝑡 8∗𝐻∗(𝑀𝑏+𝑀𝑤∗𝐻)
Lc = 2
+ √( 2 )2 + 𝑀𝑐
The critical wall length over which the yield line mechanism occurs

Lt = 4ft
Mb = 0 K*ft
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mc = 16.00 𝑓𝑡
Mw = 18.52 K*ft
H = 3.50 ft

𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝑡 8∗𝐻∗(𝑀𝑏+𝑀𝑤∗𝐻)
Lc = 2
+ √( 2 )2 + 𝑀𝑐
Lc = 12.84 ft

Total transverse resistance of the railing :

2 𝑀𝑐∗𝐿𝑐 2
Rw = (2∗𝐿𝑐−𝐿𝑡) * (8*Mb + 8Mw*H + 𝐻
)
Rw = 117.36 K

use Rw = 117.40 K

𝑅𝑤
T = 𝐿𝑐+2𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑟
𝐾
T= 5.92
𝑓𝑡

The overhang slab thickness is : 𝑡𝑜 = 7.87 in

For #5 bars : bar_diam = 0.625in

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Composite Bridge Design

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑠 - 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 – 2
- 0.5in
𝑑𝑒 = 5.06in
b = 12 in

𝑀𝑈
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗12𝑖𝑛 𝐾
Rn = (ϕext∗b∗𝑑 2 Rn = 1.13 𝑖𝑛2
𝑒 )

𝑓′𝑐 (2∗𝑅𝑛)
𝜌 = 0.85 ( 𝑓𝑦 )* [1.0 − √(0.85∗𝑓′𝑐) ]
𝜌 = 0.02

𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
As = 𝜌 * *𝑑𝑒 As = 1.21
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛2
use As = 1.24 𝑓𝑡
( 2-#5 bars bundled at 6in )

Depth of the compression block :

𝐾
Ta = As*fy Ta = 74.4 𝑓𝑡
𝐾 𝐾
C = Ta - T C = 68.48 𝑓𝑡 use C = 68.48 𝑓𝑡

𝐶
a= a = 1.68 in
0.85∗𝑓′ 𝑐∗𝑏

𝑎 𝑑 𝑎 𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mn = Ta* (𝑑𝑒 - 2) - T* ( 2𝑒 - 2 ) Mn = 31.4 𝑓𝑡

𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mr = 𝜙ext* Mn Mr = 31.4 𝑓𝑡
Mr > 𝑀𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 OK

𝑎
c=𝛽 c = 1.97 in
1

𝑐 𝑐
𝑑𝑒
= 0.39 where 𝑑𝑒
≤ 0.42

0.39 ≤ 0.42 OK

The negatice flexure reinforcement provided from the design :

#5 bars at 6.0 inches : bar_diam = 0.625 in
bar_area = 0.31 𝑖𝑛2

11
Composite Bridge Design

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 12𝑖𝑛
Asneg = 𝑓𝑡
*( 6𝑖𝑛
)
𝑖𝑛2
Asneg = 0.62 𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑛2
0.62 𝑓𝑡
< 1.24 𝑓𝑡
Since the are of reinforcing steel required in the overhang is greater then area of
reinforcing steel required in the negative moment regions, reinforcement must be
added in the overhang area to satisfy the design requiremnts.

Bundle one #5 bar to each negative flexure reinforcing bar in the overhang area.
𝑖𝑛2 12𝑖𝑛
The new area of reinforcing steel is now : As = 2* (0.31* )*( )
𝑓𝑡 6𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛2
As = 1.24 𝑓𝑡

The depth of the compression block :

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡𝑠 - 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 – 2
𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.065in

𝐾
Ta = As*fy Ta = 74.4
𝑓𝑡
𝑇
a=0.85∗𝑓′ 𝑐∗𝑏 a = 1.82 in

𝑎
c=𝛽 c = 2.15 in
1

𝑐 𝑐
= 0.42 where ≤ 0.42
𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒

0.42 ≤ 0.42 OK

Compute Overhang Cut - off Length Requirement

Nominal negative moment resistance based on #5 bars at 6inch spacing :

bar_diam = 0.625 in
bar_area = 0.31 𝑖𝑛2

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 12𝑖𝑛
Asneg = *( )
𝑓𝑡 6𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛2
Asneg = 0.62 𝑓𝑡

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑠 - 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 – 2
𝑑𝑒 = 5.065 in

12
Composite Bridge Design

𝐾
Ta = As*fy Ta = 37.20 𝑓𝑡
𝑇
a= a = 0.91 in\
0.85∗𝑓′ 𝑐∗𝑏

𝑎
Mn = As * fy* (𝑑𝑒 - 2 )
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mn = 16.22 𝑓𝑡
𝐾∗𝑓𝑡
Mr = 𝜙f* Mn Mr = 14.6 𝑓𝑡

The effective depth of the member : 𝑑𝑒 = 5.065 in

15 times the nominal bar diameter : 15*0.625in = 9.38 in
1 𝑖𝑛
1/20 of the clear span : 20
*(3.61 ft *12 𝑓𝑡 ) = 2.166in

Use cut_off = 5.5 in

The total required length past the centerline of the fascia girder into the first bay is :

cut_ 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.31 * 12 + cut_off cut_ 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21.22 in

Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement

Se = 3,61 ft
220
𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = where 𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ≤ 67%
√𝑆𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 115.8 %

Use 𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 67%

#5 bars at 3 inches for primary positive moment

bar_diam = 0.625 in
bar_area = 0.31 𝑖𝑛2
12𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠_𝑓𝑡 = bar_area *( 3𝑖𝑛
)
𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠_𝑓𝑡 = 1.24
𝑓𝑡

𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 * 𝐴𝑠_𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 0.83 𝑓𝑡

Required spacing using #5 bars :

𝑏𝑎𝑟_𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
spacing = 𝐴
𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
spacing = 0.37 ft or spacing = 4.44 in

13
Composite Bridge Design

Use spacing = 4 in

Use #5 bars at 4 inch spacing for the bottom longitudinal reinforcement

Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement

The top longitudinal temperature and shrinkage reinforcement must satisfy :

𝐴𝑔
As ≥ 0.11 𝑓𝑦
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛2
Ag = 7.87 in * ( 12 𝑓𝑡 ) Ag = 95.00 𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑔 𝑖𝑛2
0.11 = 0.19
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑡

The amount of steel required for the top longitudinal reinforcement :

𝑖𝑛2
0.19 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 2
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.10 𝑓𝑡

Use #4 bars at 10 inch spacing for the top longitudinal temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.

Check #4 bars at 10 inch spacing :

𝑖𝑛2 12𝑖𝑛 in2
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.20 * 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.24
𝑓𝑡 10𝑖𝑛 ft

in2 in2
0.24 ft > 0.10 ft
OK

Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers

Deck cross section :

7.87𝑖𝑛∗12𝑖𝑛 in2
𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 95.00 ft

in2
𝐴𝑠_1_𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.01 * 𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠_1_𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.95 ft

Two - thirds of the required longitudinal reinforcement should be placed uniformly in the top layer of
the deck, and the remaining portion should be placed uniformly in the bottom layer. For both rows, the
spacing should not exceed 6 inches.

2 in2 1 in2
(3) * 𝐴𝑠_1_𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.63 ft
(3) * 𝐴𝑠_1_𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.32 ft

Use #5 bars at 5 inch spacing in the top layer.

in2 12𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 0.31 ft * ( 5𝑖𝑛 )

14
Composite Bridge Design

in2 in2
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 0.74 ft > 0.63 ft
OK

Use #5 bars at 5 inch spacing in the bottom layer to satisfy the maximum spacing requirements of 6
inches.
in2 12𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 0.31 ft * ( 5𝑖𝑛 )
in2 in2
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 0.74 > 0.32 OK
ft ft

Schematic of Final Concrete Deck Design

 Superstructure Positive Moment Deck Reinforcement

 Superstrucute Negative Moment Deck Reinforcement

15
Composite Bridge Design

Steel Girder Design

Design criteria :

Number of spans : Nspans = 1

Span length : Lspan = 39.37 ft
Skew angle : Skew = 0deg
Number of girders : 𝑁𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 3
Girder spacing : S = 3.61 ft
Deck overhang : 𝑆𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 1.31 ft
Cross-frame spacing : Lb = 9.84 ft
Web yield strength : Fyw = 40 ksi
Flange yield strength : Fyf = 40 ksi
Concrete 28-day
compressive strength : f'c = 4.0 ksi
Reinforcement strength : fy = 60 ksi
Total deck thickness : 𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 7.87 in
Effective deck thickness : 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 7.33 in
Steel density : Ws = 0.499 kcf
Concrete density : Wc = 0.159 kcf
Additional miscellaneous
𝐾
dead load (per girder ) : 𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 0.015 𝑓𝑡
Stay in place deck
form weight : 𝑊𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = 0.53 𝑘𝑐𝑓
𝐾
Parapet weight (each) : 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑟 = 0.53 𝑓𝑡
Future wearing surface : 𝑊𝑓𝑤𝑠 = 0.140 kcf

16
Composite Bridge Design

Future wearing
surface thickness : 𝑡𝑓𝑤𝑠 = 2.5 in
Deck width : 𝑤𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 9.84 ft
Roadway width : 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 6.88 ft
Average Daily Truck
Traffic ( Single - Lane ) : 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑆𝐿 = 4

Load factors :

DC DW LL IM
STRENGTH I 1.25 1.5 1.75 1.75

STRENGTH II 1 1 1.30 1.30

FATIGUE 0.75 0.75

Resistance factors :

Type of resistance Resistance factor,Φ

For flexure ϕ𝑓 =1
For shear ϕ𝑣 =1
For axial compression ϕ𝑐 =0.90

Modular ratio :
𝐸
n = 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 29000 ksi
𝑐

𝐸𝑐 = 9500 * 3√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 8

n=6

Use IPE300 h = 11.81 in A = 8.34 𝑖𝑛2

b = 5.91 in W= 33.99 𝑖𝑛3
I = 200.75 𝑖𝑛4

17
Composite Bridge Design

Effective flange width :

𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = min (𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓1 , 𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓2 , 𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓3 )

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 4
= 9.84 ft
0.49𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 12 * 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 + 2
= 8.12 ft
𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓3 = S = 3.61 ft

𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 3.61 ft = 43.32 in

Ac = 3.61 ft * 0.61 ft = 2.20 𝑓𝑡 2

Composite section :

2.20
A = 8.34 + 2
= 9.44 𝑓𝑡 2
2.20
8.34∗0.49𝑓𝑡+ ∗1.31𝑓𝑡
2
y= 9.44𝑓𝑡 2
y = 1.2 ft or y = 14.4 in

Dead load effects :

𝐾
DL = 𝑊𝑐 * S * 𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 4.0565 𝑓𝑡
𝐾
𝐷𝐿𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = 𝑊𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 * (S - 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) = 0.1106 𝑓𝑡
𝐾
𝐷𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 0.1475 𝑓𝑡
2 𝐾
𝐷𝐿𝑝𝑎𝑟 = 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑟 * = 0.34665
𝑁𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑓𝑤𝑠 ∗𝑡𝑓𝑤𝑠 ∗𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝐾
𝐷𝐿𝑓𝑤𝑠 = = 0.6815
𝑁𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑡

𝐾
𝛴𝐷𝐶 = 4.65925 𝑓𝑡 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 83.8665 K*ft 𝑀𝐷𝑊 = 12.33 K*ft
𝐾
𝛴𝐷𝑊 = 0.6815 𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 8.524 K 𝑉𝐷𝑊 = 1.254 K

Combine load effects :

𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 1.25 * 83.8665 = 104.833 K*ft

𝑀𝐷𝑊 = 1.5 * 12.33 = 18.495 K*ft
𝑀𝐿𝐿 = 1.75 * 50.891 = 89.059 K*ft

18
Composite Bridge Design

𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 1.25 * 8.524 = 10.655 K

𝑉𝐷𝑊 = 1.5 * 1.254 = 1.881 K
𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 1.75 * 4 = 7 K

Plastic Moment Capacity

z = 12.897 in
Pt = A * fy = 332.67 K
Pc = S*ts*tc = 1483.74 K
y = 1.764 in

Mp = Pt *z = 357.56 K*ft > 231.853 K*ft OK

19