Tourism Impacts

Tourism Destinations Management – 319LON

Unit: 2 K2
 Fundamentals of
TDM
The future of Tourism Impacts
TDM

Tourism
Development The Tourism
Planning Industry I
Structure of the Module
Issues in
Tourism
Development The Tourism
Industry II

Marketing for
Tourism Tourism
Measuring
Tourism Demand
Demand
Week/Unit Session 1 Session 2
1. Fundamentals of TDM Introduction to Tourism Destinations and the Role of
the Public Policy
2. Tourism Impacts Economic and Environmental Socio-cultural Impacts &
Impacts Sustainability
3. The Tourism Industry I Accommodation Attractions

4. The Tourism Industry II Intermediaries Transportation

Week 5 – Submission of Course Work 1 – Individual Report

5. Tourism Demand Tourism Demand Tourism Consumer Behaviour

6. Measuring Tourism Measuring Tourism Demand Demand determinations and

Demand Forecasting
7. Marketing for Tourism Marketing Planning Tourism Marketing Mix

8. Issues in Tourism Information Technologies in Managing Tourism under

Development Tourism crises
9. Tourism Development Development Planning: national The Strategic Planning
Planning and local level Process: corporate level
10. The Future of TDM Planning and Issues of The Future of Tourism
Sustainability and Power
Week 11 – Submission of Course Work 2 – Individual Report
 Module Learning Outcomes

On completion of this module you should be able to:

• Evaluate the internationalisation in tourism from a managerial

perspective.
• Synthesise selected business theories within the context of the
various sectors of the tourism industry.
• Evaluate the tourism research process in assisting decision making,
planning and marketing in the industry.
• Undertake a strategic audit of a tourism business or destination to
develop strategy proposals and direction.
• Critically evaluate the concept of a tourism master or
comprehensive plan or strategy and its value for tourism business
development.
Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism
 Approaches to the study of
socio-cultural impacts

• Tourism impact studies

• Host-guest interaction
• Tourism systems
• Tourists and their behaviour
The tourist:
responsible for change in the host society
by ‘demonstrating their difference in terms
of language, culture and affluence.
Note that the travel experience changes
both the tourist and their society.
 The typology of tourists

Smith (1989) – Typology of tourism based on the frequency of types of

tourist and their adaptations to local norms

• Explorer
• Elite
• Off-beat
• Unusual
• Incipient mass
• Mass
• Charter
The Hosts:
deliver the tourism experience at the
destination and are exposed to the tourists
through working and living in the
destination. (Cooper 2012:99)
 The demonstration effect of tourism
Cooper 2012

The ‘demonstration effect’ occurs when:

• Tourists ‘demonstrate’ to the host that they are different by their
dress, behaviour, manner and language,
and
• The hosts copy behaviours, thus transferring values from one
culture to another, often in terms of economic aspirations.

Conditions: the ‘social distance’ between hosts and guests has to be

sufficiently different and the transfer of behaviour has to be
sustainable over a long period of time.

Most affected: the young generation

The encounter
The consequences will depend on:
• the type of tourist,
• the characteristics of the hosts community, and
• the level of development of the destination
 A model of the ‘encounter’
Doxey’s Irridex

Cooper 2012: 103

Pulling everything together

Source: Cooper et.al 2008: 195

 Direct socio-cultural impact

The magnitude of the direct socio-cultural impact

depends on the differences in socio-cultural
characteristics between hosts and guests:

• Basic value and logic system

• Traditions and customs
• Lifestyles
• Behavioural patterns
• Dress codes
• Sense of time budgeting
• Attitudes towards strangers

Source: Inskeep 1991

 Socio-cultural impacts

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts

Economic factors Local pride

Labour factors Awareness of place

Behavioural and demonstration factors Shared infrastructure

Sex Direct socio-cultural support

Crime

Commodification

Staged authenticity

Standardisation
Sustainability
 Definition of sustainability

• Sustainable Tourism Development meets the needs of

the present tourists and host regions while protecting
and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged
as leading to management of all resources in such a
way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be
fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential
ecological processes, and biological diversity, and life
support systems. World Tourism Organisation
 Pillars of Sustainability

• Economic sustainability
– Supporting jobs and delivering income to communities in the
long term; ‘greening’ of the economy

• Social sustainability
– Sharing benefits fairly and equitably; respecting the quality of
life of communities and of human rights

• Environmental sustainability
– Stewardship of resources, managing and conserving the
environment.
 Sustainability and Capital Stocks

Cooper et.al 2008: 218

Stakeholder Mapping for Sustainability

Cooper et.al 2012

Sustainability indicators

Cooper et.al 2012

Questions ?
 Seminar

In preparation for Seminar 2 you are required to read Tourists behaving

badly in Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert D. And Wanhill S.
(2013) Tourism: Principles and Practice, pages 220-223.

Prepare to answer the questions following the case study.

As usual, in the first 15 minutes of the session you will discuss your
individual views in your groups and will come up with a ‘group
view’. Then you will present the group view using visual aids.

Discuss in the light of your own experience as a tourist and/or as a

provider of tourist services.
 Group Activity

This Group Activity session will examine the issue of sustainability and
its application into the context of tourism.

Read the case study, A sustainable tourism investment model, in

Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert D. And Wanhill S. (2013)
Tourism: Principles and Practice, pages 255-256.

Prepare to answer the questions at the end of the case study and
discuss your views in your groups and with your seminar tutor.