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‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻳـﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳــﺏ‬


‫ﻛﻠﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳـﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺳـﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳـﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺫﻛـــﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳـﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘـــﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗـﺭﻭﻝ‬
‫‪Petroleum‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ )ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ( ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﺧﺎﺭ )ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎﺕ( ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺧﻔﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻓﻭﺭ ﻭﺻﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺗﻌﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ )ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ(‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻬﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﻭﺗﺑﺧﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﺗﻌﺭﺿﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺣﻣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪-:‬‬


‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ، CO2‬ﻭ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ‪ ،H2S‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻠﻳﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺄﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺭ ‪ : Non Associated Gas‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻣﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ ‪ : Associated Gas‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ؛‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﺑﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺑﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻑ ‪: Dry Gas‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺛﻳﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺗﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺏ ‪: Wet Gas‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺷﺗﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺛﻳﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺛﻳﻑ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬
‫‪. Natural Gasoline‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻭ ‪ : Sweet Gas‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺍ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻧﻘﻳﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺽ ‪ : Sour Gas‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺔ ﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ‪-:Crude Oil‬‬


‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﺎﺕ ‪. Paraffin‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻼﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ، CnH2n+2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭﺓ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪CH4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪C2H6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻳﺛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪C3H8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫‪C4H10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﻥ‬
‫‪C4H10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﻔﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻳﻠﻳﻧﺎﺕ ‪. Olefins and Acetylene’s‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺷﻛﻳﻝ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ‪ .‬ﺻﻳﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﻔﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، CnH2n‬ﻭﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻳﻠﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪. CnH2n-2‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻓﺛﻳﻧﺎﺕ ‪. Naphthenes‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ ، CnH2n‬ﻭﺃﺑﺳﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺑﺎﻥ ‪. C3H6‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭﻳﺎﺕ )ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺯﻳﻥ( ‪. Aromatics‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻳﻐﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪. CnH2n-6‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ( ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﻭﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺗﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻭﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻳﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺑﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﻳﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ﻁﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﻩ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺣﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺃﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺷﻭﺍﺋﺏ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺑﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺣﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪V, An, As, Pb,‬‬ ‫ﺛﻡ ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺑﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺗﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ؛‬
‫‪ Cu, Al, Fe, Si‬ﻭﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻌﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻳﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪ (base component‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﻁ ﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺭﻙ ﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﻣﻌﻳﺔ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﺭﺭ ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺷﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻔﻁ ﻧﻔﺛﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻌﻅﻣﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﺛﻳﻧﻳﺔ )ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﻠﻘﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﺭﺭ ﻳﺧﻠﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺳﻔﻠﺗﻳﺔ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ‪. Specific Gravity‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪ API‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ .( American Petroleum Institute‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﻑ‪ (API) :‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ‪°30‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ (API) :‬ﺑﻳﻥ ‪°22-30‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻝ‪ (API) :‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪°22‬‬
‫)‪°37 =(API‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ،°33.3=(API‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻳﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻁ‪ ،‬ﺟﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺭﻳﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻳﺑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺣﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪. Viscosity‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻟﻼﻧﺳﻛﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺋﺑﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺋﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻳﺯ )‪ (Poise‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺗﻳﺑﻭﻳﺯ )‪.(cp‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ‪.‬‬


‫ﺗﻌﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻟﺳﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻔﺳﺧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺣﻠﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ )ﺃﺻﻔﺭ‪-‬ﺑﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻧﻔﻁ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺯﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺫﻭ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺧﺿﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛﺱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻛﻥ )ﺑﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﻛﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻭﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ‪. Source Rocks‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﺗﻘﻭﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫‪°200‬ﻡ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﺩﻳﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﻌﺯﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﻭﺑﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ )ﻻ ﺗﺗﻌﺩﻯ‬
‫‪ ،Shale‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺿﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﺧﺭ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Oil‬‬ ‫‪ ، Clay‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭﻝ ‪ . Marl‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﻧﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ )‬
‫‪ 4000-1500‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ‬ ‫‪ (Window‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺳﺏ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫‪ °175-75‬ﻣﺅﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻣﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻌﺩﻯ ‪ ° 200‬ﻣﺅﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﺗﺣﺩﺍ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻭ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﻳﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻭﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﻁﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ ‪. Reservoir Rocks‬‬


‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﻳﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺻﺧﺭ ﻋﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺳﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺻﺧﻭﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻪ )ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ( ﻭﻣﻌﻅﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻳﺔ ]ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺳﻳﺔ[ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻳﺔ( ﻭﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺗﺣﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ‪. Porosity‬‬


‫‪ .(% 40-0‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺻﺧﺭ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻝ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻣﻕ ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻝﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺧﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺟﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺷﻘﻭﻕ ﻧﺗﺟﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪. Permeability‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ )ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ ‪. Cap Rocks‬‬


‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻛﺎﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺑﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻳﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺧﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻷﻧﻬﻳﺩﺭﻳﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺣﺎﺑﺱ ﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ‪.Oil Traps‬‬


‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ‪. Structural Traps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻟﻕ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪-:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺭﺿﺕ ﻟﻠﻛﺳﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻟﻕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻟﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻳﺛﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ( ‪.Lithological Traps‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻳﺛﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ )ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ( ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺭﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ )ﻋﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻷﺭﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ‪. Composite Traps‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ‬


‫ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺳﺣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (D‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (A‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ‬
‫)‪ (E‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (B‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (G‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (C‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺭﺿﺕ ﻟﺻﺩﻉ ﺩﺳﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (F‬ﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ )ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ(‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻣﺻﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻳﺔ‬


‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬


‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺿﺎﺭ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺭﻭﺧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﻁﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺟﺩﺍ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ )ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻧﺟﻠﻭﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺯ(‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻻﻛﻥ ﺭﺩﻳﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻥ‬

‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺱ‬

‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻳﺩﺭﺍﻳﺕ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻫﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ‪Oil Migration‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻫﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺷﺄﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺟﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺟﺭﺓ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻬﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﺧﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﻔﺫﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻳﺧﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻬﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺧﺭﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻣﻬﻳﺄﺓ ﻟﺣﺑﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺟﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﺣﺎﺑﺱ ﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻳﺩﺓ ﻭﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻲ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺿﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﻣﻡ ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺟﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻫﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺿﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺏ ﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻭﺿﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﺛﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻳﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺷﺩ ﻋﻠﯩﺎﻷﺟﺯﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ)ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻠﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ )ﺃﻗﻝ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺏ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻣﻡ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺿﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺣﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺣﻭﺽ ﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻲ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺿﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭﻝ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺻﺧﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﺎ )ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺻﻳﺩﺓ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ )ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺣﻭﻝ ‪ Metamorphism‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺏ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻑ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑﻝ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ‪.Geologic Explorations‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﻭﺍء‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻰ ﺑﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻁﻼﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻋﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺗﺻﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺗﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻁﺢ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ‪.Geophysical Explorations‬‬


‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﺔ )‪ (geophysical methods‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺈﺟﺭﺍء ﻗﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻣﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺣﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﺋﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻭﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﻳﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺕ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺛﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺗﺑﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺟﺩﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺫﻛﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1969‬ﻗﺩ ﺃﺗﻣﺕ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻳﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺗﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻳﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺑﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻳﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺭ ﺗﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻛﻭّ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ % 90‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻳﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻝ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺫﺑﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺳﻣﻌﻳﺔ ﻻﻗﻁﺔ ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺿﺎﻏﻁﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﻳﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻣﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﺗﻌﺭﺿﺔ ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻳﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺗﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﻋﻧﺩﺍ ﻳﻠﺗﻘﻲ ﺑﺟﺳﻡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻧﻛﺳﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺛﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪.Geochemical Studies‬‬

‫ﺗﺧﺗﺹ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻧﺿﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﺟﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺿﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬


‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺑﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺄﺧﻭﺫﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﺿﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺑﻳﺔ ‪.Three Dimentional Maps‬‬


‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻣﺟﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻣﻥ ﻓﻲ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺑﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻻﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺭﺳﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺯﻣﻳﺔ )ﺟﻳﻭﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻳﺔ( ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬


‫ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻕ ‪.Percussion Method‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛﺳﻳﺭ ﻭﺗﻔﺗﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺻﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ( ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﻗﺎﻕ )ﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ(‬
‫‪ ،Bit‬ﻭﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻝ ‪ ،Drilling String‬ﻭﺳﻠﻙ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ‪ Wire Rope‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ‪.Rotary Drilling‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺿﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻳﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ (Drilling String‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ ،(Derick‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (Rotary Table‬ﺗﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ )‪ (Drilling Bit‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺯﻭﺩﺍ ﺑﻌﺩﺓ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﻭﺍﻑ ﻣﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (The Drill‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺯﻝ )‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺭﺑﻳﻧﻲ‪.‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺗﻅﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺣﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺭﺑﻳﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪-: Drilling Fluids‬‬


‫ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭﻩ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺻﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻭﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻣﻛﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺳﺭﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺧﺭﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻁ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﻧﻊ ﺛﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻭﻁ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻝ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺣﻲ ﻳﻠﺟﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﻭﻥ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﺈﻣﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﻓﺗﺢ ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺿﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺿﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺳﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻭﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺟﺭﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﺣﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻓﻳﺧﺗﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻭﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺽ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺗﻪ ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺟﺗﻪ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬


‫ﺑﺋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺩ ﺍﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺋﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻥ ﻣﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺩ ﺍﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻥ ﻣﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ‬


‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻓﺗﺢ ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻛﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻳﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺣﺎﺳﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻥ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻛﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺯﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺧﺩﻡ ﻏﺭﺿﺎ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻛﻳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻧﻘﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻛﺭﺭ ﻭﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺭﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﺷﺗﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺣﺩﺛﺕ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺫﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻛﺣﻭﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﺎﻟﺩﻫﺎﻳﺩ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻡ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻧﺗﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻠﻭﻟﻭﺯ ﻭﻗﺻﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻳﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻳﺗﺟﻬﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﺭﺗﺏ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﺇﻥ ﻧﺷﺄﺕ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﺷﻌﺑﺔ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻡ )ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﻳﺯﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻳﻘﺗﺻﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﺩﺍﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺗﻛﻥ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﻝ ﻣﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ )ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻭﻧﻭﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ( ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻣﺛﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﻱء‬
‫ﺿﺧﻡ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ‪ 100-50‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﺟﺯﺉ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﻣﺭﺓ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﻭﻋﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻭﻓﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻁﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎﺓ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺧﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻣﻳﻡ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻧﻭﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺑﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻭﺳﻳﻁ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺭﻭﺑﻠﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬


‫ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻛﻳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬


‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﺗﻠﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﺗﺻﻠﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻳﻧﻳﻝ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﺃﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ‬
‫ﺳﺗﻳﺭﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺭﻭﺑﻠﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻳﻧﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﻳﻭﺭﻳﺛﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻧﺭﻏﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻧﺩ ﺗﺳﺧﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺑﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺷﻛﻼ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺭ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺧﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺗﻠﻭﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺭﺟﻊ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﺋﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﻛﻳﺎﺱ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻫﻳﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻳﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﻔﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺣﺫﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﺗﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻔﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺿﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻝ ﻣﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺑﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻛﺭﻳﻠﻳﻙ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻳﻠﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺑﺱ ﻭﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﺎﺩ ﻭﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺳﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ﻭﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﺻﻭﻑ ﻗﺩ ﻓﺎﻕ ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻟﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻛﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻳﻠﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻟﻳﻥ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺗﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺳﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻷﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻝ ﻣﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻭﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺿﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬


‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺳﺗﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﺩﻳﻳﻥ ‪ :‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ -‬ﻣﺷﻐﻭﻻﺕ ﻣﻁﺎﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺣﺫﻳﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺎﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﺩﻳﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺭﻯ ﺧﻠﻁﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻛﻣﻝ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺎ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻭﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺳﺗﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﻳﻭﺗﺎﺩﻳﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺯﻭﺑﺭﻳﻥ ‪ :‬ﻳﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻗﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻳﺛﻠﻳﻥ ﺑﺭﻭﺑﻠﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﺫﻭ ﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﺗﻳﻝ‪ :‬ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺷﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻭﺑﺭﻳﻥ )ﺍﻟﻧﻳﻭﺑﺭﻳﻥ (‪ :‬ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺯﻳﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺫﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﺗﺭﻳﻝ‪ :‬ﻳﻣﺗﺎﺯ ﺑﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺯﻳﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺫﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﺭﺍﻁﻳﻡ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺣﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺯﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﻣﺎﺩ ﻧﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻣﺎﺩ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﺫﻛﺭﺓ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻳﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺟﻪ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺣﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻭﻕ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺍﻕ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺣﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻧﺎﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﺧﻠﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺯﻳﻥ ﺳﻠﻔﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻠﻔﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺯﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﺗﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ ﻛﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﻟﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﺑﻠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻳﻠﻳﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ ) ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﻟﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺂﻛﻝ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﺑﻳﻳﺽ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺿﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ ﻣﻳﺛﻳﻝ ﺳﻳﻠﻭﻟﻭﺯ(‬

‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪-:‬‬


‫ﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺗﻧﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻛﺗﻳﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺗﻧﻣﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻁ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺗﺎﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺣﺎﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﻭﺭﻳﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ﺑﻧﺳﺏ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ 35-25‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺅﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻧﻣﻭﻫﺎ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﻓﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻘﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺟﻔﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻝ‪-:‬‬


‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ %80‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﻙ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻧﻘــﺎﻭﻱ‬

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