Coronary heart disease is a heart disease caused by accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the blood

vessel walls. Heart is a vital organ which function is to drain blood throughout the body to bring
nutrients and oxygen needed by organs in the human body. A normal and healthy heart can work well in
pumping blood. The heart that beats continuously can send 14,000 liters of blood per day. But
sometimes the human lifestyle in today's world has made the heart no longer function properly resulting
in coronary heart disease.

The main cause of coronary heart disease is the fat and cholesterol in the walls of
blood vessels where nutrients and oxygen are sent to all organs in the body. The
cause of fat and cholesterol is usually due to an unhealthy lifestyle. Poor diet,
obesity, and lack of exercise are the ones that trigger coronary heart disease.

Heart disease according to the WHO [1] (World Health Organization) occupies the
number one cause of death globally with 17.9 million people dying each year in 2016.
In Indonesia, heart disease ranks second to deadly disease by 12.9% [2]. The
Indonesian health department stated that the costs for people with heart disease are
very large and there is a continuous increase of 7.4 million rupiah in 2016.

With the problem of coronary heart disease that can cause death, early examination
methods that can be done by humans to determine whether someone has coronary heart
disease or not, is needed. The Iridology method can be applied in making a coronary
heart disease identification system with the help of the iris. Iridology is a science
developed by Dr. Bernard Jensen who made research on the detection of disease in
organs through the iris. Iris can be mapped as an organ in humans. Iris on the right
side of the eye will reflect the condition of the right side of the organ. Likewise
vice versa that the left iris will reflect the conditions experienced in the left
side of the organ. The organs in the human body will be seen in the human iris.
Fibrous slivers, black spots, and dim colors tend to reflect unhealthy organ
conditions. The iris with a bright color and does not have black spots is the
condition of the iris that reflects normal organs.

Research on the detection of disease by utilizing the iridology method has been
started for a long time to assist in diagnosing abnormalities in a human organ. The
study was conducted by Dyah Ceni A [1], who conducted a study on diabetes by
utilizing the iridology method with a success rate of 81.35% using extraction of the
features of GLCM (Gray Level Co-Matrix). Aisyah Kumala D [1], uses the iridology
method to detect abdominal abnormalities with PCA (principal component analysis) and
obtain a success rate of 87.5%.

The identification system designed utilizes Circle Hough Transform (CHT) as a method
to determine the iris part so that the system can automatically determine the iris
portion of the entire object. This process is needed to make it easier for the system
to run automatically during the identification process. The GLCM method as feature
extraction and SVM as a classification was chosen as a method to determine the
results of identification on iris which were divided into two categories, namely
normal iris and abnormal iris.

II

The purpose of designing this identification system is:

1. Creating a system for identifying heart conditions as an alternative method of
early examination using iridology, digital image processing, GLCM as extraction of
features and SVM as a classification of heart conditions in two conditions namely
normal or abnormal conditions. And able to analyze the examination with a good level
of accuracy and precision.

2. The system designed using CHT is used for automation in the process of processing
iris images before entering into the extraction of features and classification.

III

Iridology

Iridology is the diagnosis of pre-disease medical conditions through pigmentation

abnormalities in the iris. Iridology can determine the condition of organs in the
system in the body through the characteristics or signs that exist in the iris [3]
and as an alternative medical examination to detect diseases or disorders of certain
organs through color observation [4].

Fig. [5].

Iridology is also commonly referred to as a diagnosis of iris which in the medical

world states that every part of the body can be represented by the area contained in
the iris [1]. Abnormalities in the right side of the body will show signs on the
right side of the iris and abnormalities on the left side will appear on the left
iris. Iridology has an iris map where each iris is divided into 60 sectors (such as
hours) and each segment is related to internal organs or bodily functions [6].
Iridology can help in the detection of heart disease with the help of iris imagery
and color analysis.

The Iridology diagram documents the left eye and right eye according to the iris zone
associated with tissues and organs in the body developed by Dr. Bernard Jensen [7].
In the graph Dr. Bernadr Jensen jatung is only found on the left eye iris. The
position of the heart organ is on the left which is shown in the iris zone 02.10 -
03.10.

Iris

The iris is the part that determines the color of the human eye. The iris is in
charge of regulating the light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil.
Iris can function as a basis for biometric systems. Each iris has a very detailed
texture, unique to everyone, has remained stable for decades. The eye cannot be
altered through surgery without causing visual damage [8]. The anatomy of the eye and
examples of human iris can be shown in Figure 2.2.

Fig. [8].

The advantage of using iris as an identification system is as [9], [8]:

1. Iris is isolated and protected from outside the environment.

2. Iris is not likely to perform several surgeries without causing eye defects.
3. Iris has a physiological response to light that allows testing of natural use from
possible fraud and false eye lenses.

Image Processing

This process aims to separate the iris from the pupils and sclera which then
normalizes the iris to a standard dimension that can be adjusted to the iris graph.
This process needs to have feature extraction capabilities and classification
mechanisms to conclude the right diagnosis. In realizing the processing needed to
detect the center of the iris and the center of the pupil. Then the image is needed
to change color to a grayscale image and it will be transformed into polar
coordinates [10].

Circle Hough Transform

This study uses the iris image as a test image in the testing process. So that the
boundaries of the input image are needed before entering the testing process. In the
process of detecting iris images using the circle hough transform (CHT) method. CHT
is one of the loop detection algorithms in image processing [11]. CHT recognizes
circular patterns in processed images. This system allows the introduction of perfect
circle patterns or circular curves. Within each feature there are parameters in
circle search. If there are parameters or a value that matches a circle pattern, CHT
will detect what is defined by Equation 2.1 and for example an illustration of CHT
can be shown in Figure 2.3.

Where and are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and are radius.

Fig. Illustration of CHT [11].

There are several edge points in Figure 2.3 represented by dark blue circles. The
radius circle is added to the 3 dimensions of the accumulator space for each of the
edges. This circle is represented by a light blue circle. The 3-dimensional space
parameter is and coordinates the center of the circle and its webs. The peak value in
the accumulator occurs at the point where the overlapping circle is the center of the
original circle.

Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix

Gray level Co-occurrence Matrix is a method of extraction of features to determine

the color or texture of an object. The GLCM method can analyze textures that have a
relationship between different gray levels and explore the texture properties of
objects. GLCM presents a statistical combination of two parameters, namely the
relative distance and orientation between pixels, which are measured in the number of
pixels and in four directions (horizontal-, diagonal-, vertical-, and anti-
diagonal-). Values on GLCM can be generated at distances and directions as follows
[12]:
Where the argument is correct and to declare an argument that is incorrect. There are
four characteristics of texture that can represent the features of an image object,
namely:

Of the four characteristics [13] used to know the characteristics of an image object
to distinguish the characteristics of an image object with other objects. Contrast,
has the rate of spread of pixels into the color intensity. Energy, has a function to
express the measure of concentration of a pair next to it with a certain gray
intensity on the matrix. Homogeneity, describing the more homogeneous area, the
greater the pixel depth of the features of homogeneity and vice versa. Correlation,
shows a measure of linear dependence on the degree of grayness of the image so that
it can provide clues to the existence of a linear structure in the image object.

Support Vector Machine

Support Vector Machine (SVM) [14] was developed by Boser, Guyon, Vapnik, and was
first presented in 1992. SVM is a classification method that can be used to separate
data from two classes according to the optimal hyper-plane. SVM method has kernel
function that can map data from input space to higher dimensional feature space and
can try to find a hyperplane as a separator between classes so that SVM tries to find
the best hyperplane in input space.

Fig. [14].

In the figure (...) showing an illustration for the SVM method find the best
hyperplane to find separators between classes between class -1 and class +1. The
separator hyperplane of the two classes can be found by measuring the hyperplane
margin and looking for the maximum point. Where margin is the distance used by the
hyperplane with the closest pattern to each class.

IV

System that identifies heart abnormalities designed using 70 iris image data. The
data is divided into 35 normal iris image data and 35 abnormal iris images. Normal
iris image is the image of a person who does not have coronary heart disease, while
the abnormal iris image is the iris image of a person who has coronary heart disease.

In this study the data is divided into two which are divided into training data and
test data. Training data is data that is used to process image data into a database
that uses 30 iris image data which is divided into 15 normal iris image data and 15
abnormal iris images. While the test data is the test image data tested directly on
the system that has been designed using 40 iris image data which is divided into 20
normal iris image data and 20 abnormal iris image data.
Pre-Processing

Pre-processing aims to prepare iris images before being processed in feature

extraction and classification. This process can be used for image restoration, image
quality improvement, and cropping in the most important part of the image [15]. In
the pre-image processing the iris will be processed with the aim of separating the
iris from the sclera and pupil.

The Pre-Processing stage has four stages in the process, namely, conversion of RGB
images to grayscale images, image localization, image normalization and contrast
enhancement with the CLAHE function [13]. Figure 3.4 shows a flow diagram for the
pre-processing process.

Circle Hough Transform Implementation

Circle Hough Transform (CHT) is used to determine the circle of iris. By using this
method the system can detect the iris part directly without having to manually crop.
This study designed a system that can detect the outer circle of iris and circle the
inside of the iris automatically to separate the iris from other objects that are not
used.

Feature Extraction

Feature extraction feature is the process of determining the characteristics of an

iris image object. Output from pre-processing results will be processed in the
extraction feature. In this study using GLCM extraction as a method of determining 4
characteristic characteristics that describe the region of interenst (ROI) of the
heart.

Classification

The classification process serves to separate between a series of features that have
different class memberships. SVM has advantages in learning with a good level of
accuracy on high dimensions. The process of calcification using SVM involves
classification in training and testing.

. . "

Conclusion

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