CHAPTER 8

IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS CARACTERISTICS

 Inverting Amplifier
Since G is a virtual ground

𝑉1
𝐼1 =
𝑅1
and 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼2 𝑅2

Applying KCL at node point G

𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0 since, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = ∞ Op-amp as an inverting amplifier

𝑉1
and 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 =
𝑅1
𝑉1
Therefore, 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼2 𝑅2 = − 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑉0 𝑅2
So, the voltage gain, 𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑉1 𝑅1
Ex.1: A voltage source 𝑉𝑆 with source resistance 𝑅𝑆 = 1.5 𝑘Ω is connected to the input of
an op-amp inverting amplifier circuit as shown in Figure.

(a) If the 𝑅1 = 1.0 𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 15.0 𝑘Ω then calculate the voltage gain of the
amplifier with respect to the source.
(b) Determine the output voltage 𝑉𝑜 for the source voltage 𝑉𝑆 = 45 mV
 Non-inverting Amplifier
Applying KVL in loop 1
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛 +( 𝐼𝑖𝑛 +𝐼2 ) 𝑅1
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0 since, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = ∞
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 + 𝐼2 𝑅1
Again, open loop gain of an op-amp, 𝐴𝑣 = ∞
𝑉𝑜
𝐴𝑣 = =∞
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Or, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 therefore, 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼2 𝑅1

𝑉𝑜
But, 𝐼2 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑉𝑜 Non-inverting amplifier
Or, 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 1

So the voltage gain with respect to source

𝑉𝑜 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣𝑠 = = =1+
𝑉𝑆 𝑅1 𝑅1
A voltage follower or
Buffer amplifier
 Summing Amplifier/ Adder Circuit
Due to presence of virtual ground in an inverting amplifier, it can be rearranged to use as
a summing amplifier/adder circuit as shown in Figure.

Applying KCL at node point G in the Figure

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼𝑖𝑛 − 𝐼4 = 0
Or, 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 𝐼4
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0 since, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = ∞
Again G is a virtual ground
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝐼1 = , 𝐼2 = , 𝐼3 =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑉𝑜
and 𝐼4 = −
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑜 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
Therefore, − = + +
𝑅𝐹 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 A summing amplifier/adder Circuit
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑅𝐹 + +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
When, 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝐹 = 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
EXAMPLE 1: Design a summing amplifier as shown in Figure at the previous slide to produce a
specific output signal, such that 𝑣0 = 1.25 − 2.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 volt. Assume the input signals are
𝑉1 = −1.0 V, 𝑣2 = 0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 volt and 𝑉3 = 0 V. Also assume the feedback resistance RF = 10 kΩ.

Solution: The output voltage

𝑣𝐼1 𝑣𝐼2 𝑣𝐼3 −1 0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑣0 = −𝑅𝐹 + + = −𝑅𝐹 +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡
Or, 1.25 − 2.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝐹 −
𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
Or, 1.25 − 2.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 = − 0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑅1 𝑅2

So, the DC input line contains the resistance 𝑅1 can be calculated as

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 10
= 1.25 Or, 𝑅1 = = = 8 kΩ
𝑅1 1.25 1.25

Similarly, the time varying signal input line contains the resistance 𝑅2 as

𝑅𝐹 0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 0.5

0.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 2.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 Or, 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝐹 × = 10 × = 2 kΩ
𝑅2 2.5 cos 𝜔𝑡 2.5
 Op-Amp Integrator Circuit
When the feedback resistor of an inverter circuit is replaced by a capacitor the circuit is worked as an
integrator circuit as shown in Figure.

Integrator circuit
EXAMPLE 2: The integrator circuit as shown in figure has an initial voltage 𝑉𝑥 = −1.4 V across the
capacitor at time 𝑡 = 0. A step input voltage 𝑉𝑆 = −2V is applied at time 𝑡 = 0. Determine the RC
time constant necessary such that the output voltage reaches +10.2 V at time 𝑡 = 5.0 msec.

Solution: The output voltage

1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑥 − න 𝑉𝑆 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶
5
1 Integrator circuit
= 𝑉𝑥 − න 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶 0 𝑆
−2 5 2
Or, 10.2 = −1.4 − න 𝑑𝑡 = −1.2 + 5
𝑅1 𝐶 0 𝑅1 𝐶

Or, 𝑅1 𝐶 = 0.862 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐

 Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
When the inverting input terminal resistor of an op-amp inverter circuit is replaced by a capacitor the
circuit is worked as a Differentiator circuit as shown in Figure.
Applying KCL at node point G
𝐼𝑆 − 𝐼𝑖𝑛 − 𝐼2 = 0
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0 since, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = ∞
Therefore, 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑆
Since G point is a virtual ground
Voltage across the capacitor,

𝑄 Differentiator circuit
𝑉𝐶 = = 𝑉𝑆
𝐶
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉𝑆
Or, 𝐼𝑆 = =C
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Again, the output voltage,
𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼2 𝑅2 = −𝐼𝑆 𝑅2
𝑑𝑉𝑆
Therefore, 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐶𝑅2
𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 3: Determine the output voltage of a differentiator circuit as shown in Figure.
Assume that the input voltage 𝑣𝑆 = 3.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 100𝜋𝑡 volt and the time
constant 𝑅2 𝐶 = 1.5 msec.

Solution:
The output voltage

𝑑𝑣𝑆
𝑣𝑂 = −𝑅2 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Differentiator circuit
𝑑 3.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 100𝜋𝑡
= − 1.5 × 10−3
𝑑𝑡
Or, 𝑣𝑂 = − 1.5 × 10−3 −3.5 × 100𝜋 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 100𝜋𝑡
Or, 𝑣𝑂 = 1.56 𝑠𝑖𝑛 100𝜋𝑡 volt