ANSI/AWWA C210-15

(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C210-07)

®
AWWA Standard

Liquid-Epoxy Coatings
and Linings for Steel
Water Pipe and Fittings

Effective date: Oct. 1, 2015.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 18, 1978.
This edition approved June 7, 2015.
Approved by American National Standards Institute June 3, 2015.

SM

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards
describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally
contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the
standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub-
lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify,
or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take
precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards
are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory
service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice
section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month fol-
lowing the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.
An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.
The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap-
proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures
not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned
to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour-
aged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods
are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.

C aution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard
indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at
any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five
years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on
all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New
York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing info@ansi.org.

This AWWA content is the product of thousands of

hours of work by your fellow water professionals.
Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports
ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution,
either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders
AWWA’s mission to support the water community.

ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-109-5 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-345-9

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.C210.15

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of
brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.

Copyright © 2015 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA

ii
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 Committee Personnel
The Steel Water Pipe–Manufacturer’s Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group
on C210, which revised this standard, had the following personnel at the time:

Bob Murphy, Chair

Mitch Conner, Vice Chair

R.M. Buchanan, Canusa-CPS, Toronto, Ont., Canada (AWWA)

M. Buratto, LifeLast, Vancouver, Wash. (AWWA)
M. Conner, Carboline, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA)
A. Fletcher, Tyco Water Pipelines Technologies, Southbank, Victoria, Australia (AWWA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (AWWA)
G. Larsen, Smith-Blair, Texarkana, Texas (AWWA)
D. Libby, Chase Corp., Westwood, Mass. (AWWA)
L. McKinney, Womble Company, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
B. Murphy, Sherwin-Williams Co., Ventura, Calif. (AWWA)
M. Murphy, NOV Ameron, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA)
R. Norsworthy, Polyguard Products Inc., Lancaster, Texas (AWWA)
V. O’Dea, Tnemec, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA)
F. Rampton, Trenton Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich. (AWWA)
R.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
S. Serpe, Arkema, King of Prussia, Penn. (AWWA)
B.P. Simpson, American Spiralweld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
G. Smith, Northwest Pipe Company, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)

The AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had
the following personnel at the time of approval:

John H. Bambei Jr., Chair

Dennis A. Dechant, Vice Chair
John L. Luka, Secretary

General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

R.J Card, Lockwood, Andrew & Newnam, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
R.L. Coffey, HDR Engineering Inc., Omaha, Neb. (AWWA)

iii
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
H.E. Dunham, MWH Inc., Snohomish, Wash. (AWWA)
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif. (AWWA)
R.L. Gibson, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
M.D. Gossett,* HDR, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
M.B. Horsley,* Horsley Engineering LLC, Overland Park, Kan. (AWWA)
R.A. Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services Ltd., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)
R. Ortega,* Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
E.S. Ralph,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, AECOM, Orange, Calif. (AWWA)
J.R. Snow,* MWH Americas Inc., Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
H.R. Stoner, Consultant, North Plainfield, N.J. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
W.R. Whidden, Woolpert, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)

Producer Members

D.W. Angell,† Standards Council Liaison, American Flow Control, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.R. Bardakjian, Consultant, Glendale, Calif. (AWWA)
D.A. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
W.B. Geyer, Steel Plate Fabricators Associates, Lake Zurich, Ill. (AWWA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (AWWA)
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R. Mielke,* Northwest Pipe Company, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)
J. Olmos, Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G.F. Ruchti,* Consultant, Punta Gorda, Fla. (AWWA)
B.P. Simpson,* American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
D. Walker, Avid Protective Products LTD/Tnemec Company, Oakville, Ont., Canada (AWWA)
J.A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)

User Members

G.A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y. (AWWA)
J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

* Alternate
† Liaison, nonvoting

iv
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Bob Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
M.E. Conner, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (USBR)
G. George, Tacoma Public Utilities, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)
T.J. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif. (AWWA)
M. McReynolds,* Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,
Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
N.A. Wigner, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)

* Alternate

v
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 This page intentionally blank.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.4 Epoxy Application.............................. 5

I Introduction...................................... ix
I.A Background....................................... ix
I.B History.............................................. ix
I.C Acceptance........................................ ix
II Special Issues...................................... x
III Use of This Standard......................... xi
III.A Purchaser Options and
Alternatives................................. xi
III.B Modification to Standard................. xii
IV Major Revisions................................ xii
V Comments...................................... xiii
Standard
1 General
1.1 Scope................................................. 1
1.2 Purpose.............................................. 2
1.3 Application......................................... 2
2 References......................................... 2
3 Definitions........................................ 3
4 Requirements
4.1 Equipment......................................... 4
4.2 Materials and Safety........................... 4
4.3 Epoxy System..................................... 4
4.5 Epoxy Repair..................................... 8
4.6 Welded Field Joints............................ 8
4.7 Coating Special Pipe Connections
and Appurtenances....................... 8
4.8 Field Procedures................................. 9
5 Verification
5.1 Epoxy Materials Prequalification........ 9
5.2 Requirements of Epoxy System........ 10
5.3 Quality Assurance and Records........ 10
5.4 Inspection and Testing by the
Purchaser................................... 11
5.5 Quality Control Requirements of
Applied Epoxy System................ 11
5.6 Rejection.......................................... 12
6 Delivery
6.1 Marking........................................... 13
6.2 Packaging and Storage...................... 13
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance................... 13
Tables
1 Prequalification Requirements of
Epoxy System............................... 5
2 Quality Control Requirements of
Applied Epoxy System.................. 5

vii
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 This page intentionally blank.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA C210.

I. Introduction.
I.A. Background.  This standard was developed to provide information for
the use of liquid-epoxy coatings for the exterior coating and interior lining of steel
water pipe. The standard has been revised periodically to meet increasingly demanding
environmental and health-effects regulations and to modify procedures based on
technological advances.
I.B. History.  The first edition of ANSI/AWWA C210 was approved for issue
in May 1978 under the title “Coal-Tar Epoxy Coating System for the Interior and
Exterior of Steel Water Pipe.” The second and third editions were approved on June 10,
1984, and June 18, 1992, respectively, and published under the title “Liquid-Epoxy
Coating Systems for the Interior and Exterior of Steel Water Pipelines.” The fourth
edition of ANSI/AWWA C210 was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on
June 15, 1997. The fifth edition was approved on Jan. 19, 2003. The sixth edition was
approved on June 24, 2007. This edition was approved on June 7, 2015.
I.C. Acceptance.  In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of
the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF)
and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The
American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking
Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states.† Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.

* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
† Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.

ix
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF*: NSF/ANSI 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex,
Water Chemicals Codex,† and other standards considered appropriate by the state or
local agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor-
dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept
or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditation of certi-
fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not
regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an
unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines
(noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A
procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSI/AWWA C210 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in
order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues.  This standard provides guidance in selecting and evaluating
liquid-epoxy coatings and sets minimum requirements for linings and coatings used
on steel water pipe in the water-supply industry.
Users of this standard are advised to consider additional lining thickness for pipe
that handles water containing higher than normal levels of particulates or that operates
at higher than normal velocities. A penstock carrying stream or lake water with high
particulate levels and high velocities would be a viable example. The required finished
coating thickness shall be specified by the purchaser. The specified thickness should
not exceed the maximum recommended by the coating manufacturer.

* NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

† Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20001.

x
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 Soluble salts and other inorganic contaminants on a prepared steel surface have
been known to influence coating performance. Procedures for determining the pres-
ence of these contaminants as well as the method of quantifying them are currently
being evaluated by technical organizations serving the coating and lining industry.
If an extended period of aboveground storage of the coated pipe is anticipated,
consideration should be given to the ability of the coating to resist degradation by
ultraviolet light and other atmospheric and environmental conditions. The purchaser
should consult the manufacturer for specific conditions and limitations.
This standard does not describe materials and procedures that may be required
for difficult conditions, such as those encountered in construction of some submarine
lines, casing pipe, river crossings, and rocky areas.
III. Use of This Standard.  It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives.  The following items should be
provided by the purchaser:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C210, Liquid-Epoxy Coatings and
Linings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings, of latest revision.
2. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements and regu-
lations (Sec. 4.2).
3. For applications other than potable water, whether compliance with NSF/
ANSI 61 Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects is required (Sec. 4.2.3).
4. Visual comparative standard for surface preparation (Sec. 4.4.2.3).
5. Holdback for field welds (Sec. 4.4.3.2).
6. The minimum and maximum dry film thicknesses (DFT) of the lining or
coating (Sec. 4.4.3.7).
7. Requirements for field joint coating if other than epoxy (Sec. 4.6).
8. Coating requirements for special connections and appurtenances (Sec. 4.7.3).
9. Epoxy materials prequalification (Sec. 5.1).
10. Quality assurance records (Sec. 5.3).
11. Requirements for material inspection and rejection (Sec. 5.4, 5.5, and 5.6).
12. Requirements for adhesion testing of coating (Sec. 5.5.5).
13. Whether adhesion testing is required on fittings, specials, and appurte-
nances (Sec. 5.5.5.1).
14. Affidavit of compliance, if required (Sec. 6.3).

xi
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 III.B. Modification to Standard.  Any modification of the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions.  Major changes made to the standard in this revision
include the following:
1. The title of the standard was changed to be consistent with other AWWA
steel pipe coating standards.
2. Sec. III.A, Purchaser Options and Alternatives, was updated to reflect
changes in the standard.
3. Section 2, References, was updated.
4. The definition for potable water was added to Section 3, Definitions.
5. A new Sec. 4.2.3 was added to address certification to NSF/ANSI 61 if the
lining system is in contact with potable water.
6. Old Sec. 4.3, Coating System, was renamed Epoxy System and revised to be
consistent with other AWWA steel pipe coating and lining standards, and the epoxy
thickness information was moved to the new Sec. 4.4.3.7, Epoxy thickness, for better
readability.
7. Old Sec. 4.3.3, Applied, Cured Coating Requirements, was moved to
Sec. 5.5.2, Cure, to reduce redundancy and improve continuity of the standard.
8. Table 1 was revised to reflect prequalification requirements and a minimum
dielectric strength requirement was added.
9. Table 2 was revised to reflect quality control requirements and requirements
for appearance and cure were added and the ASTM D3359 adhesion method A was
deleted to be consistent with industry practice.
10. Old Sec. 4.4, Coating Application, was renamed Epoxy Application and
slightly revised for consistency.
11. A new Sec. 4.4.3.3 on field coating of holdback areas was added.
12. Sec. 4.6.1.1, Preparation, for welded field joints was revised and a surface
profile depth for abrasive blast cleaning was added.
13. Old Sec. 4.6.3, Electrical Inspection, was deleted and combined with Sec.
5.5.4, Electrical continuity inspection, to reduce redundancy and improve continuity.
14. Old Sec. 4.7.3.3, Cure, was deleted and combined with Sec. 5.5.2, Cure, to
reduce redundancy and improve continuity.
15. Old Sec. 4.7.3.4, Electrical Inspection for Continuity, was deleted and com-
bined with Sec. 5.5.4, Electrical continuity inspection, to reduce redundancy and
improve continuity.

xii
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 16. Sec. 4.8 was modified to be consistent with other AWWA steel pipe coating
and lining standards and now references AWWA C604.
17. Section 5, Verification, was revised and the heading titles and format were
updated to be consistent with the new language and format being used in AWWA steel
pipe coating and lining standards.
18. Sec. 5.2.1.2, Cathodic disbondment, was updated with more detail.
19. A new Sec. 5.2.1.3 on dielectric strength was added.
20. A new Sec. 5.3, Quality Assurance and Records, was added.
21. A new quality control requirement for appearance was added (Sec. 5.5.1).
22. The quality control requirements for cure (Sec. 5.5.2), dry film thickness
(Sec. 5.5.3), electrical continuity inspection (Sec. 5.5.4), and adhesion (Sec. 5.5.5) were
updated.
23. Sec. 5.5.5, Adhesion, was revised and new sections on frequency of testing
(Sec. 5.5.5.1) and rejection of pipe (Sec. 5.5.5.2) were added.
24. Sec. 5.6, Rejection, was updated and expanded.
25. Section 6, Delivery, was modified to be consistent with other AWWA steel
pipe coating and lining standards.
26. Sec. 6.3, Affidavit of Compliance, was revised to be consistent with the
AWWA boilerplate language used in other AWWA standards.
V. Comments.  If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at
303.795.7603; write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098; or email at standards@awwa.org.

xiii
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 This page intentionally blank.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 ANSI/AWWA C210-15
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C210-07)

® AWWA Standard

Liquid-Epoxy Coatings and Linings

for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings

SECTION 1: GENERAL

Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard describes the material and application of shop- and field-
applied liquid-epoxy coatings and linings used in the water-supply industry for
steel water pipelines installed underground or underwater, under normal con-
struction conditions.
1.1.1  Conditions not described in this standard.  The coating systems
described in this standard are not intended for use on pipe that will be bent after
the coating or lining system has been applied.
1.1.2  Coating and lining systems.  The coating and lining systems may
consist of any of the following three types: (1) a two-part chemically cured epoxy
primer and one or more coats of a different two-part chemically cured epoxy top-
coat; (2) two or more coats of the same two-part chemically cured epoxy, in which
case the first coat shall be considered as the prime coat; or (3) a single coat of a
two-part chemically cured epoxy.
1.1.2.1  Maximum temperature.  AWWA steel pipe coating and lining
standards are based on the maximum service temperature of potable water. Con-
sult the epoxy manufacturer for conditions and limitations.

1
Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
2 AWWA C210-15

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum requirements for
liquid-epoxy coatings and linings for steel water pipe and fittings, including mate-
rial, application, inspection, testing, performance requirements, packaging, and
storage requirements.

Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard can be referenced in documents for liquid-epoxy coatings and
linings for steel water pipe and fittings. The stipulations of this standard apply
when this document has been referenced and then only to liquid-epoxy coatings
and linings for steel water pipe and fittings.

SECTION 2: REFERENCES

This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,

they form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any
case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/AWWA C203—Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
Water Pipelines—Enamel and Tape—Hot-Applied.
ANSI/AWWA C205—Cement–Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for
Steel Water Pipe—4 In. (100 mm) and Larger—Shop Applied.
ANSI/AWWA C209—Cold-Applied Tape Coatings for Steel Water Pipe,
Special Sections, Connections, and Fittings.
ANSI/AWWA C214—Tape Coating Systems for the Exterior of Steel Water
Pipelines.
ANSI/AWWA C215—Extruded Polyolefin Coatings for the Exterior of Steel
Water Pipelines.
ANSI/AWWA C216—Heat-Shrinkable Cross-Linked Polyolefin Coatings
for the Exterior of Special Sections, Connections, and Fittings for Steel Water
Pipelines.
ANSI/AWWA C604—Installation of Buried Steel Water Pipe—4 In. (100 mm)
and Larger.

* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 3

ASTM* D149—Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage

and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial
Power Frequencies.
ASTM D4417—Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Surface
Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel.
ASTM D4541—Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings
Using Portable Adhesion Testers.
ASTM D5402—Standard Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance of
Organic Coatings Using Solvent Rubs.
ASTM G8—Standard Test Methods for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline
Coatings.
NSF/ANSI 61—Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects.
NACE† SP0188—Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coat-
ings on Conductive Substrates.
SSPC‡-PA 2—Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating
Thickness Requirements.
SSPC-PA 10—Guide to Safety and Health Requirements.
SSPC-SP 1—Solvent Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2—Near-White Metal Blast Cleaning.
SSPC-VIS-1—Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared
by Dry Abrasive Cleaning.

SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS

The following definitions shall apply in this standard:

1.  Constructor:  The party that provides the work and materials for place-
ment or installation.
2.  Manufacturer:  The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
3.  Potable water:  Water that is safe and satisfactory for drinking and
cooking.

* ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

† NACE International, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, TX 77084.
‡ SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings, 40 24th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15222.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4 AWWA C210-15

4.  Purchaser:  The person, company, or organization that purchases any

materials or work to be performed.
5.  Supplier:  The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may
or may not be the manufacturer.

SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 4.1 Equipment

The constructor’s equipment for abrasive blast cleaning and epoxy application
shall be of such design, manufacture, and condition to permit the constructor to
comply with the procedures and obtain the results prescribed in this standard.
Sec. 4.2 Materials and Safety
4.2.1  Materials.  Materials shall comply with the requirements of the Safe
Drinking Water Act and other federal regulations for water systems as applicable.
4.2.2  Safety.  Necessary precautions shall be taken to protect personnel
and property from accidents caused by falls, hazardous materials, fire, explosion,
and other dangers. The methods and practices defined in SSPC-PA 10 shall be fol-
lowed, along with those prescribed by applicable federal, provincial or state, and
local regulations.
4.2.3  Certification.  If the lining system is in contact with potable water,
it shall be certified to NSF/ANSI 61.

Sec. 4.3 Epoxy System

4.3.1  Liquid epoxies.  The liquid epoxies used in this standard shall be
based on liquid chemically cured materials. The curing agent may be an amine,
amine-adduct, phenalkamine, polyamide, or other epoxy curing agents; the epoxy
may be modified with coal tar, phenolic, or other modifiers. Materials used in both
the primer and finish coat(s) shall be products of one manufacturer.
4.3.1.1  Shelf life.  The component parts shall be stored in unopened origi-
nal containers in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. They shall
show no instability or settling beyond a state permitting easy, complete redisper-
sion to a smooth, homogeneous consistency. Component parts shall be properly
mixed and applied to provide acceptable drying and curing. Stored material that
has exceeded the manufacturer’s stated shelf life shall not be used.
4.3.2  Qualification requirements.  Minimum cured film requirements for
laboratory-applied epoxy systems are stated in Table 1.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 5

Table 1 Prequalification requirements of epoxy system

Requirement

Property Minimum Maximum Test Method

Immersion and vapor phase, 30 days Sec. 5.2.1.1
a. Deionized water Pass
b. Sulfuric acid, 1 percent by weight Pass
c. Sodium hydroxide, 1 percent by weight Pass
Cathodic disbondment 10 mm (0.39 in.) Sec. 5.2.1.2
Dielectric strength 250 V/mil Sec. 5.2.1.3

Table 2 Quality control requirements of applied epoxy system

Property Requirement Minimum Maximum Test Method
Appearance Sec. 5.5.1
Cure 25 double rubs Sec. 5.5.2
Dry film thickness 16 mils Sec. 5.5.3
Electrical continuity inspection No holidays Sec. 5.5.4
Adhesion Sec. 5.5.5
ASTM D4541 (Method E) 800 psi (5,515 kPa)

4.3.3  Coated pipe inspection tests.  The inspection test requirements for
shop- or field-applied epoxy systems are stated in Table 2.

Sec. 4.4 Epoxy Application

4.4.1  General.  The pipe coating and lining processes shall be performed
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.4.2  Pipe preparation.
4.4.2.1  Cleaning.  Prior to abrasive blast cleaning, surfaces shall be
inspected and, if required, cleaned according to SSPC-SP 1 to remove oil, grease,
or other foreign matter. Preheating to remove oil, grease, mill scale, water, and ice
may be used, provided the pipe is preheated in a uniform manner to avoid distort-
ing the pipe.
4.4.2.2  Abrasive blast cleaning.  Pipe surfaces shall be abrasive blast
cleaned in accordance with SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2. The blast anchor pattern or
profile depth shall be 2.0 mils to 4.0 mils (50 µm to 100 µm) measured in accor-
dance with ASTM D4417. When using steel abrasives, a sufficient quality of steel
grit shall be provided to ensure an angular blast profile is achieved.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

6 AWWA C210-15

4.4.2.3  Visual comparative standards.  If required by the purchaser, prior

to abrasive blast cleaning, the constructor shall prepare a representative area of the
abrasive blast-cleaned surface on the actual work surface, as well as a visual com-
parative standard on steel panels that are a minimum of 6 in. × 6 in. × 0.25 in.
(150 mm × 150 mm × 6 mm). On agreement with the purchaser and constructor
that the visual standard meets the requirements of Sec. 4.4.2.2, the panels shall
be wrapped in 4-mil to 6-mil (100-µm to 150-µm) thick plastic, sealed with tape
or otherwise protected from surface contamination or corrosion, and maintained
as visual reference standards throughout the coating operations. Alternatively,
other industry-accepted visual comparative standards, such as SSPC-VIS-1, and as
agreed on by the purchaser and constructor, may be used.
4.4.2.4  Abrasive working mix.  When blasting equipment is employed
using a recycled abrasive working mix, the abrasive working mix shall be main-
tained free of contaminants (oil, water, etc.).
4.4.2.5  Surface inspection.  The cleaned pipe surfaces shall be inspected
for conformance to Sec. 4.4.2.2 and 4.4.2.3. Surface imperfections, such as slivers,
scabs, burrs, weld spatter, and gouges, shall be removed by grinding. Ground areas
shall meet the profile (anchor pattern) requirements of Sec. 4.4.2.2.
4.4.2.6  Interior cleaning.  If abrasive material or other loose foreign mat-
ter has entered the interior of the pipe, clean, dry, oil-free compressed air shall be
used to remove the loose foreign matter in a manner that does not adversely affect
the cleaned surface. Alternatively, vacuum cleaning or other methods may be used
in place of compressed air.
4.4.2.7  Protection from moisture.  Abrasive blast-cleaned pipe surfaces
shall be protected from conditions of high humidity, rainfall, or surface moisture.
Flash rust shall be removed before coating.
4.4.3  Epoxy application.
4.4.3.1  Materials preparation.  Materials preparation shall be in accor-
dance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.4.3.2  Holdback for field welds.  When pipe sections are to be joined
together by field welding, a band that is free of lining and coating shall be left on
the inside and outside surfaces at the ends of the sections. This band shall be of
sufficient width as specified by the purchaser, to permit the making of field joints
without damage to the lining and coating (Sec. 4.6.1).
4.4.3.3  Field coating of holdback areas.  Field joints shall be coated
with the products and by application methods described in ANSI/AWWA C203,

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 7

ANSI/AWWA C209, ANSI/AWWA C210, or ANSI/AWWA C216. The applica-

tion methods are also described in ANSI/AWWA C604, but the joint coating
system selected is limited to the systems listed above.
4.4.3.4  Pipe ends for nonwelded field joints.  When specified by the pur-
chaser and when rubber-gasketed joints or mechanical couplings are used, the epoxy
coating shall extend to the ends of the pipe. Otherwise a holdback of sufficient
distance that will not interfere with gasket sealing surfaces shall be supplied. The
epoxy thickness on the pipe surfaces that receive rubber sealing gaskets shall not
exceed what is recommended by the manufacturer of the coupling. If the purchaser
specifies steel pipe with rubber-gasketed joints, a lining of liquid epoxy meeting the
requirements of this standard, and a pipe coating of another material, such as those
described in ANSI/AWWA C203, ANSI/AWWA C205, ANSI/AWWA C214, or
ANSI/AWWA C215, the liquid-epoxy system may be extended around the pipe end
and may cover the exterior pipe surface from the end to a point past the sealing point
of the rubber gasket.
4.4.3.5  Application temperature.  Application shall be performed when the
metal temperature is 5°F (3°C) or more above the dew point. The temperature of the
mixed epoxy material shall not be lower than 50°F (10°C). The temperature of the pipe
during application shall conform to the recommendations of the epoxy manufacturer.
Preheating of the epoxy, the use of in-line heaters to heat the epoxy, or heating of the
pipe, fittings, or pipe connections or appurtenances and dehumidification equipment
may be used to facilitate the application. Heating shall conform to the recommenda-
tions of the epoxy manufacturer.
4.4.3.6  Application of epoxy system.  The epoxy system shall be applied
as recommended by the epoxy manufacturer. Epoxy application by airless spray
or centrifugal spinner applicator is preferred. Epoxy application by brush or roller
may be used if allowed by the purchaser. If more than one coat is applied, the
second coat shall be applied within the time limits, surface conditions, and tem-
perature recommended by the epoxy manufacturer. If the period between coats is
exceeded, a repair procedure shall be obtained from the epoxy manufacturer and
its recommendations followed.
4.4.3.7  Epoxy thickness.  The minimum dry film thickness (DFT) pro-
vided shall be 16 mils (406 µm), as shown in Table 2. The maximum DFT of the
coating and lining shall conform to the manufacturer’s recommendation unless
otherwise specified by the purchaser.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

8 AWWA C210-15

4.4.3.8  Cure.  The epoxy manufacturer shall be consulted to ascertain the

proper cure time and methods. After application, the epoxy shall be tested for cure
in accordance with Sec. 5.5.2.

Sec. 4.5 Epoxy Repair

4.5.1  Defective epoxy.  Coating or lining shall be repaired in accordance
with the following subsections.
4.5.1.1  Surface preparation.  Accessible areas of pipe requiring epoxy repairs
shall be cleaned to remove debris and damaged epoxy using surface grinders or other
means acceptable to the purchaser. The adjacent epoxy shall be feathered by sanding,
grinding, or other methods approved by the purchaser. Accumulated debris shall be
removed by vacuum, blowing with contaminant-free air, or wiping with clean rags.
4.5.1.2  Access.  Areas not accessible for coating repair, such as interior
surfaces of small-diameter pipe, shall be reprocessed and recoated as described in
Sec. 4.4.2 and Sec. 4.4.3.
4.5.1.3  Epoxy application.  The epoxy system shall be applied to the pre-
pared areas in accordance with the procedures stated in Sec. 4.4.3.
4.5.1.4  Repair inspection.  Repairs shall be inspected in accordance with
Sec. 5.5. Epoxy coated and lined pipe shipped from the plant shall be holiday-free.
Sec. 4.6 Welded Field Joints
4.6.1  Epoxy application.  When specified by the purchaser for field joint
coating, the epoxy system shall be applied to the weld joint as recommended by
the epoxy manufacturer.
4.6.1.1  Preparation.  The weld joint shall be cleaned so that all surfaces
are free of mud, oil, grease, welding flux, weld splatter, and other foreign con-
taminants. The cleaned metal surfaces of the weld joint shall then be abrasive blast
cleaned, to provide a surface that complies with SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2, as
defined in Sec. 4.4.2, with a surface profile depth of 2.0 mils to 4.0 mils (50 µm to
100 µm) measured in accordance with ASTM D4417. The adjacent liquid epoxy
shall be feathered by abrading the epoxy surface for a distance of 1 in. (25 mm)
minimum.
Sec. 4.7 Coating Special Pipe Connections and Appurtenances
4.7.1  General.  This section describes the application of liquid epoxy to
mechanical couplings, flanges, and similar appurtenances for steel pipe fittings, as
well as to nuts, bolts, and other items used in conjunction with connections and
attachments.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 9

4.7.2  Surface preparation.  Surfaces of pipe connections and appurte-

nances to be coated or lined shall be prepared in accordance with Sec. 4.4.2. Abra-
sive blasting of bolts shall only be performed if requested by the purchaser.
4.7.3  Epoxy application.
4.7.3.1  Application.  Epoxies shall be applied in accordance with Sec. 4.4.
4.7.3.2  Application to threaded connections.  Before shipping, threaded
connections and appurtenances that must be assembled and operated in the field
shall be left uncoated and shipped with rust-preventing compounds or strippable
protective coatings applied to the threads only. After final field assembly, the com-
pound shall be completely removed. The exposed threads shall be coated as pro-
vided in Sec. 4.4.3.
4.7.3.3  Epoxy repair.  Epoxy repair shall be performed in accordance
with Sec. 4.5.
Sec. 4.8 Field Procedures
4.8.1  General.  The methods and practices found in AWWA C604 shall
be followed for the handling, shipping, storage, and installation of pipe coated or
lined with this material. Special requirements associated with the field procedures
of pipe coated or lined with this material can be found in Sec. 4.8.2.
4.8.2  Special requirements.  No metal tools or heavy objects shall be per-
mitted to come into contact with the finished coating or lining. Workers shall be
permitted to walk on the coating or lining only when necessary, in which case only
shoes with rubber soles and heels shall be permitted. Coating or lining damaged
during installation shall be repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.5.
4.8.3  Protection during welding.  A heat-resistant material of sufficient
width to prevent damage to the coating shall be placed on each side of the coating
holdback during welding to avoid damage to the coating by hot weld spatter. No
welding ground shall be made on the coated part of the article. Any coating or lin-
ing damage from welding, including burns from weld spatter, shall be repaired in
accordance with Sec. 4.5.

SECTION 5: VERIFICATION

Sec. 5.1 Epoxy Materials Prequalification

Prequalification of the epoxy materials shall be the manufacturer’s certified
test reports or one of the following as specified by the purchaser: (1) the testing

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

10 AWWA C210-15

of samples of the epoxy materials submitted by the constructor with testing con-
ducted at an independent laboratory or (2) acceptance on another specified basis.

Sec. 5.2 Requirements of Epoxy System

5.2.1  Prequalification requirements of epoxy system.
5.2.1.1  Immersion.  Steel panels of dimensions 2 in. × 6 in. × ¼ in. (50 mm
× 150 mm × 6 mm) shall be prepared, coated, and cured in accordance with
Sec. 4.4.3. The uncoated side and edges shall be sealed with hot wax or other resis-
tant material. Suitable containers shall be filled to a depth of 4 in. (100 mm)—one
with deionized water, one with 1 percent by weight solution sulfuric acid, and
one with 1 percent by weight solution of sodium hydroxide. The panels shall be
placed in the containers to allow exposure to both the liquid and vapor phases of
the fluids. If multiple panels are placed in the same container, a distance of 1 in.
(25 mm) shall be maintained between panels. The containers shall be covered but
not sealed, and allowed to stand at 75°F ± 2°F (24°C ± 1°C) for 30 days, maintain-
ing liquid levels as required. The panels shall be removed, rinsed, and allowed to
dry for 24  hr. Blistering, peeling, or disbondment of the epoxy shall constitute
failure to pass the test.
5.2.1.2  Cathodic disbondment.  The cathodic disbondment of the coat-
ing system shall be determined in accordance with ASTM G8. The test shall run
for 30 days. Each specimen shall be a laboratory-coated steel panel with minimum
dimensions of 4 in. × 6 in. × 0.25 in. (100 mm × 150 mm × 6 mm) prepared in
accordance with Sec. 4.4. A single intentional holiday 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) in diam-
eter shall be made in each specimen. The disbondment shall be measured from
the edge of the initial holiday along each radial cut. The average of these measure-
ments shall be the result for each specimen. Three specimens shall be tested and
the results averaged.
5.2.1.3  Dielectric strength.  The dielectric strength of the epoxy shall be
tested in accordance with ASTM D149 (at 16 mils). An average value below the limit
in Table 1 shall constitute a failure to meet the dielectric strength requirement.
Sec. 5.3 Quality Assurance and Records
The constructor shall use a quality assurance program or system to ensure
that the quality controls in this section are followed. Completed records of inspec-
tion work shall be made available upon the purchaser’s request.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 11

Sec. 5.4 Inspection and Testing by the Purchaser

5.4.1  Inspection.  The entire procedure of applying the epoxy materials as
described in this standard may be inspected by the purchaser from surface prepara-
tion to completion of application. Such inspection shall not relieve the constructor
of responsibility to provide materials and perform work in accordance with this
standard.
5.4.2  Access of purchaser.  The purchaser shall have access to all areas used
to perform the work according to the provisions of this standard.
5.4.3  Facilities for purchaser.  In accordance with conditions agreed to by
the purchaser and the constructor, the purchaser shall be provided with facilities
and space for inspection, testing, and information-gathering purposes.

Sec. 5.5 Quality Control Requirements of Applied Epoxy System

5.5.1  Appearance.  All coated or lined pipe shall be visually inspected. The
epoxy shall be generally smooth and free of sharp protrusions. A minor amount
of sags, dimpling, scuffing, and curtaining that does not exceed 10 percent of the
surface shall not be considered cause for rejection. The epoxy shall have no blis-
ters, cracks, bubbles, delaminations, or any other visible defects. There shall be no
wet or sticky areas in the epoxy. All imperfections shall be identified and repaired
according to Sec. 4.5.
5.5.2  Cure.  The epoxy manufacturer shall be consulted to ascertain the
proper cure time and methods. The cure test shall be performed in accordance with
the solvent rub procedures as outlined in ASTM D5402. An epoxy system that
has not cured in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions shall be rejected.
After curing but before burial, the epoxy shall be a continuous film, free of thin
spots and other imperfections as defined in Sec. 5.5.1, and shall pass electrical
inspection for continuity defined in Sec. 5.5.4.
5.5.3  Dry film thickness.  Dry film thickness shall be tested in accordance
with SSPC-PA 2, Level 1. Epoxy thickness below that stated in Table 2 shall con-
stitute failure of the coating or lining to meet the requirements. Dry film thickness
on the inside diameter (ID) of small-diameter pipe shall be tested as reasonably
accessible.
5.5.4  Electrical continuity inspection.  Electrical continuity inspection
shall be conducted in accordance with NACE SP0188 any time after the epoxy
has reached a “cure to handle” state as recommended by the epoxy manufacturer
but prior to installation. The voltage setting shall be in accordance with the manu-
facturer’s recommendation except the minimum shall be 100 V/mil based on the

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

12 AWWA C210-15

minimum specified epoxy thickness. Any holidays indicated by the detector shall
be marked to identify the area to be repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.5.
5.5.5  Adhesion.  The adhesion or bond of the epoxy to the steel and the
intercoat adhesion of the succeeding coats after curing shall be determined in accor-
dance with ASTM D4541, Method E (tensile adhesion). Tensile adhesion shall be
considered satisfactory if an average of three replications within a 1-ft2 sample area
results in a tensile adhesion rating of 800 psi (5,515 kPa) or greater using dolly sizes
as listed in ASTM D4541 and a pull speed of 100 psi/sec. Glue failures at 800 psi
or greater can be included in the average. In the shop, the adhesion test may be
conducted on the coated or lined pipe or on the epoxy applied at the same time to
test panels of the same substrate and surface preparation as the pipe.
5.5.5.1  Frequency of testing.  Adhesion tests shall be performed on the
first pipe, every tenth pipe, and the last pipe of each production shift or as stated
in the purchaser’s documents. Adhesion testing on fittings, specials, and appurte-
nances is optional and shall be specified by the purchaser.
5.5.5.2  Rejection.  An adhesion value below the requirement shall be con-
sidered a nonsatisfactory result. In this situation, two additional tests shall be made
at two different locations on the same pipe. If either of the additional two tests fails
to meet the requirement, the epoxy shall be rejected or repaired.
If the epoxy fails an adhesion test, the test shall be repeated for the pipe joint
completed before and after the failed pipe. This process shall be repeated until sat-
isfactory results are obtained. All finished pipe where the requirement is not met
shall be rejected or repaired.
Sec. 5.6 Rejection
5.6.1  Surface preparation.  The purchaser may reject any pipe or fitting if
the surface condition does not comply with the requirements of Sec. 4.4.2. Pipe or
fittings rejected because of inadequate cleaning shall be recleaned.
5.6.2  Epoxy materials.  If any sample of epoxy material does not comply
with this standard, the epoxy materials represented by the sample shall be rejected.
5.6.3  Application work.  The application work shall be performed by per-
sonnel trained in the epoxy application process. If, at any time, it is determined
that the procedure of applying the epoxy material is not according to this standard,
the epoxy shall be rejected on the affected pipe and fittings.
5.6.4  Finished work.  Finished work not meeting the minimum require-
ments of this standard shall be repaired or rejected.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 LIQUID-EPOXY COATINGS AND LININGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE AND FITTINGS 13

SECTION 6: DELIVERY

Sec. 6.1 Marking

Containers shall be plainly marked with the name of the manufacturer, type
of material, batch or lot number, date of manufacture, storage conditions, and
information as required by federal, state, or provincial laws.

Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Storage

6.2.1  Packaging.  Epoxy materials shall be supplied to the job site in the
manufacturer’s original unopened containers.
6.2.2  Storage of materials.  Materials shall be stored and protected from
the elements as required by current applicable federal, state or provincial, and local
regulations. Temperature ranges in the storage area shall be maintained within the
limits recommended by the manufacturer.
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance
The purchaser may require an affidavit from the manufacturer or constructor
that the materials and work furnished comply with the applicable requirements of
this standard.

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098
T 800.926.7337
www.awwa.org

Dedicated to the world’s most important resource, AWWA sets the

standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy.
AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the
environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life.

1P–2M 43210-2015 (10/15) IW Printed on Recycled Paper

Copyright © 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.