Factores Energéticos (Electrotecnia)

Tarea 1: Ejercicios de repaso y autoestudio

Fecha de entrega: Febrero 25 de 2019

Integrantes:
Carolina Ochoa
María Camila Cárdenas

1.For the circuit of next figure, calculate the voltage vx

R3 R4

R5
R1

R2
R6

R7

R8

Desarrollo punto 1:
Hallamos la resistencia equivalente del circuito
1 1 1 1 1
= + 𝑅2 = 6𝛺 + 9𝛺= 3.6Ω
𝑅9 𝑅1
𝑅9 = 3.6𝛺
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = 1.5Ω
𝑅10 𝑅3 𝑅4 3𝛺 3𝛺
𝑅10 = 1.5𝛺
1 1 1 1 1
= + 𝑅8 = 3𝛺 + 3𝛺= 1.5Ω
𝑅11 𝑅7
𝑅11 = 1.5𝛺
𝑅12 = 𝑅10 + 𝑅5 + 𝑅6 + 𝑅11 =1.5Ω+5Ω+5Ω+1.5Ω=13Ω
1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒= + = 2.819𝛺
3.6𝛺 13𝛺
Tenemos que la corriente es igual a:
𝐼 = 1𝐴
𝑉𝑥 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑥 = 1𝐴(2.819𝛺)
𝑉𝑥 = 2.819𝑣

2. An industrial consumer is operating a 50 kW (67.1 hp) induction motor at a lagging PF of 0.8. The source
voltage is 230 V rms. In order to obtain lower electrical rates, the customer wishes toraise the PF to 0.95
lagging. Specify a suitable solution.

1
Desarrollo punto 2:
Sabiendo que,
𝑃𝐹𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑜=0,95

𝑃(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 )
𝐶=
𝑤(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠)2

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1 = 0.8
𝜃1 = 36,87°

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃2 = 0.95
𝜃1 = 18,19°
𝜙𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑜=18,19°

Por lo tanto tenemos que,

50𝑘𝑊(𝑡𝑎𝑛(36,87°) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏(18,19°))
𝐶=
2𝜋(60)(2302 )
𝐶 = 1,05 𝑢𝐹

3. A large AC electric motor under load can be considered as a parallel combination of resistance and
inductance:

2
Calculate the current necessary to power this motor if the equivalent resistance and inductance is 20 Ω and
238 mH, respectively.

Desarrollo punto 3:
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 120𝜋

Se sabe que,
𝑉 = 240∠0°𝑽

𝐿 = 𝜔 ∗ 238𝑚𝐻∠90°
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 ∗ 238𝑚𝐻∠90°

Teniendo en cuenta,
238mH=0.238H
1mh=0.001h

𝐿 =89,72∠90°H

R=20∠0°Ω

1
𝑅𝐿 = 1 1 =19,52∠12,6°
+
20∠0° 89,72∠90°

𝑉 240∠0°
𝐼 = 𝑅 =19,52∠12,6°
𝐿

𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 = 12,3∠ − 12,6°𝐴

4. Rank these five light bulb assemblies according to their total electrical resistance (in order of least to greatest),
assuming that each of the bulbs is the same type and rating

3
Desarrollo punto 4:
Tomamos el valor de la resistencia como R=3𝛺
A. La resistencia sola únicamente corresponde a 3𝛺
B. La mayor resistencia total
𝑅 = 3 + 3 = 6𝛺
C. La menor resistencia total
1 1 1
= + = 1.5𝛺
𝑅 3 3
D. Calcular la resistencia primero en serie y después en paralelo
Serie:
𝑅 = 3 + 3 = 6𝛺
Paralelo:
1 1 1
= + = 2𝛺
𝑅 6 3
E. Calcular primero la resistencia en paralelo y después en serie:
Paralelo:
1 1 1
= + = 1.5𝛺
𝑅 3 3
Serie:
𝑅 = 1.5 + 3 = 4.5𝛺

5. Considering the following circuit and the Reading of the Wattmeter and ammeter, find the Power factor for this
circuit. draw a power triangle, and from that determine the reactive power of this load. Find a capacitor of
appropriate size, wired in parallel that corrects the power factor to 1.0 Complete the table below

4
Desarrollo punto 5:
S=IE
S=(9.615A)(240V)
S=2307.6 VA
Power Factor=p/s
1500𝑤
Power Factor= 2307.6 𝑉𝐴=0.65
El resultado de PF=0.65 es menos a 0.95 necesita corrección

S
Q

Donde,
Q=?
S=2307.6 𝑉𝐴
P=1500𝑊

𝑄 = √(𝑠)2 − (𝑝)2 = √(2307.6 𝑉𝐴)2 − (1500𝑊)2

𝑄 = 1753.6𝑉𝐴𝑅

Para el capacitor,
𝐸2
𝑄=
𝑋
Donde despejamos x y obtenemos que,
𝐸2 (240)2
𝑋= =1753.6𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 32.85𝛺
𝑄
1
𝑋=
𝑊
1 1
C=𝑊𝑋 = (2𝜋)(60)(32.85𝛺) = 0.000080761𝐹
C=80.76uF

C=80uF con una reactancia capacitvida de 33.157𝛺 dando una corriente de 7.238 A y con una potencia reactiva
de 1.737 kVAR

Total=(Inductiva VAR)-(capacitiva VAR)

Total= 1753.6𝑉𝐴𝑅-1737VAR
TOTAL= 16.519VAR

Aplicando,
𝑄 = √(𝑠)2 − (𝑝)2
𝑄 = √(216.519𝑉𝐴𝑅)2 − (1500𝑊)2 =1515.5VA

5
 Load Capacitor Total(Once Corrected PF)

V 240 240 240

I 7.238 9.615

Z 80,76uF<0

P 1500 1500W

Q 1753.6 VAR 1.737 kVAR

S 2307.6 VA 1515.5 VA

PF 0.65 1.0

6. For the following circuit, complete the table below. Justify how you get this values.

Desarrollo punto 6:

𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑤 = 2 ∗ (𝜋) ∗ (60 𝐻𝑧)
𝑤 = 376.99 𝑟𝑎𝑑

1
𝑍𝑐1 = ∠ − 90°
(376.99 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (4.7𝑥10−6 )
𝑍𝑐1 = 564.38∠ − 90°

𝑍𝐿 = (376.99 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (650𝑥10−3 )∠90°

𝑍𝐿 = 245∠90°

1
𝑍𝑐2 = ∠ − 90°
(376.99 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (1.5𝑥10−6 )
𝑍𝑐2 = 1768∠ − 90°

𝑍𝑅 = 470∠0°

𝑍𝑐2𝐿1 = (245∠90°) + (1768∠ − 90°)

𝑍𝑐2𝐿1 = 1523∠ − 90°

1
𝑍𝑐2 𝐿1 𝑅 =
1 1
( ) + (470∠0°)
1535∠ − 90°

𝑍𝑐2𝐿1 𝑅 = 449.10∠ − 17.15°

𝑍𝑐2 𝐿1𝑅𝑐2 = (449.10∠ − 17.15°) + (564.38∠ − 90°)

6
 𝑍𝑐2 𝐿1 𝑅𝑐2 = 818.34∠ − 58.37°

120∠0°
𝐼𝑇 =
818.34∠ − 58.37°
𝐼𝑇 = 0.146∠58.37°

𝑉𝑐1 = (0.146∠58.37°) ∗ (564.38∠ − 90°)

𝑉𝑐1 = 82.39∠ − 31.6°

𝑉𝐿1𝐶2 𝑅 = (0.146∠58.37°) ∗ (449.10∠ − 17.15°)

𝑉𝐿1 𝐶2𝑅 = 66.5∠41.25°

66.5∠41.25°
𝐼𝑅 =
470∠0°
𝐼𝑅 = 0.14∠41.25°

66.5∠41.25°
𝐼𝐿1𝑐2 =
1523∠ − 90°
𝐼𝐿1 𝑐2 = 0.04∠131.25°

𝑉𝐿1 = (0.04∠131.25°) ∗ (245∠90°)

𝑉𝐿1 = 10.6∠ − 138.75°

𝑉𝐶2 = (0.04∠131.25°) ∗ (1768∠ − 90°)

𝑉𝐶2 = 77.08∠41.25°

𝑹𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟏 Total

E 66.5∠41.25° 10.6∠ − 138.75° 82.39∠ − 31.6° 77.08∠41.25° 120∠0°

I 0.14∠41.25° 0.04∠131.25° 0.146∠58.4° 0.04∠131.25° 0.146∠58.4°

Z 470∠0° 245∠90° 564.38∠ − 90° 1768∠ − 90° 818.34∠ − 58.37°

7. In this circuit, three common AC loads are modeled as resistances, combined with reactive components
in two out of the three cases. Calculate the amount of current registered by each ammeter, and also the
amount of power dissipatedby each of the loads:

𝑍𝑅1 = 240∠0°

7
 𝑍𝐿1 = (376.99 rad) ∗ (0.25)∠90°
𝑍𝐿1 = 94.25∠90°

𝑍𝑅2 = 240∠0°

1
𝑍𝐶1 = ∠ − 90°
(376.99 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (10𝑥10−6 )
𝑍𝐶1 = 265.26∠ − 90°

𝑍𝑅3 = 240∠0°
✓ Circuitos Equivalentes

𝐶𝑍𝐿1𝑅2 = (94.25∠90°) + (240∠0°)

𝐶𝑍𝐿1𝑅2 = 257.84∠21.44°A

120∠0°
𝐼=
257.8∠21.44°
𝐼 = 0.46∠ − 21.44°

120∠0°
𝐼=
240∠0°
𝐼 = 0.5∠0°A

(240∠0°) ∗ (265.26∠ − 90°)

𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
(240∠0°) + (265.26∠ − 90°)
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 178∠ − 42.16°)

120∠0°
𝐼=
178∠ − 42.16°
𝐼 = 0.67∠ − 42.16°A
✓ Potencia

𝑃 = (0.46∠21.44°) ∗ (120∠0°)
𝑃 = 55.2∠ − 21.4°W
𝑃 = (0.5∠0°) ∗ (120∠0°)
𝑃 = 60∠0°𝑊

𝑃 = (0.67∠42.16°) ∗ (120∠0°)
𝑃 = 80.4∠42.16°𝑊

(120∠0°)2
𝑃𝑧𝑐 =
265.26∠ − 90°
𝑃𝑧𝑐 = 54.3∠90°𝑊

(120∠0°)2
𝑃𝑧𝑅 =
240∠0°
𝑃𝑧𝑐 = 60∠0°𝑊

8. An inductive AC load draws 13.4 amps of current at a voltage of 208 volts. The phase shift between line
voltage and line current is measured with an oscilloscope and determined to be 23o. Calculate the following:

Apparent power (S)

𝑆=𝐼∗𝑉
𝑆 = (13.4𝐴) ∗ (208𝑉)
𝑆 = 2787.2 𝑉𝐴
True power (P)

8
 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃 = (2787.2𝑉) ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑠23°)
𝑃 = 2565.6𝑊
Reactive power (Q)
𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2
𝑄 = √(2787.2𝐴)2 − (2565.6𝑊)2
𝑄 = 1089.1𝑉𝐴𝑅
Power factor

𝐹𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐹𝑃 = cos(23°)
𝐹𝑃 = 0.92°

An electrician suggests to you that the lagging power factor may be corrected by connecting a capacitor in
parallel with this load. If the capacitor is sized just right, it will exactly offset the reactive power of the
inductive load, resulting in zero total reactive power and a power factor of unity (1). Calculate the size of
the necessary capacitor in Farads, assuming a line frequency of 60 Hz.

𝑉2
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 =
𝑍𝑐
𝑉2
1089.11 𝑉𝐴𝑅 =
𝑍𝑐
(208)2
1089.11 𝑉𝐴𝑅 =
1
𝜔𝑐 ∠ − 90°
1089.11 1
𝑐=( )∗( )
(208) 2 (2𝜋 ∗ 60)

𝑐 = 6.68𝑥10−5 𝐹

9. Calculate all voltages, currents, and total power in this balanced Delta-Y system:

Desarrollo punto 9:

𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2400𝑉
2400𝑉
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ∗ √3
900𝛺
𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 4,62𝐴

2400𝑉
𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒) =
√3
𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒) =1386V

2400𝑉
𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒) =
900𝛺
𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒) = 2,67𝐴

9
 𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑑) = (2.67*√3)=4,62A
𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑑) =4,62A

𝑃𝑇 = (2400𝑉 ∗ 4,62𝐴 ∗ √3)

𝑃𝑇 = 19205𝑊

10. Complete the table of values for this circuit, representing all quantities in complex-number form:
Show how you obtain the table values

Desarrollo punto 10:

𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑤 = 2 ∗ (𝜋) ∗ (370 𝐻𝑧)
𝑤 = 2324 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑍𝐿1 = (2324 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (100𝑥10−3 )∠90°

𝑍𝐿1 = 232.5∠90°

1
𝑍𝑐1 = ∠ − 90°
(2324 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (1𝑥10−6 )
𝑍𝑐1 = 430.29∠ − 90°

1
𝑍𝑐2 = ∠ − 90°
(2324 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ∗ (2.22𝑥10−6 )
𝑍𝑐2 = 195.58∠ − 90°

𝑍𝑅 = 1200∠0°
✓ Circuitos Equivalentes
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑍𝐿1𝑐1 = (232.5∠90°) + (430.29∠ − 90°)
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑍𝐿1𝑐1 = 197.89∠ − 90°

1
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑍𝐿1𝑐1𝑅 =
1 1
( )+( )
197.89∠ − 90° 1200∠0°

𝑍𝑐2𝐿1 𝑅 = 195.25∠ − 80.6°

𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑇 = (195.25∠ − 80.6°) + (197.89∠ − 90°)

𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑇 = 389.53∠ − 85.33°
✓ Corriente

5∠0°
𝐼𝑇 =
389.53∠ − 85.33°
𝐼𝑇 = 0.0128∠85.33°
✓ Voltaje

10
 𝑉𝑐2 = (0.0128∠85.33°) ∗ (5195.58∠ − 90°)
𝑉𝑐2 = 2.51∠ − 4.67°

𝑉𝐿1𝐶1 𝑅 = (0.0128∠85.33°) ∗ (195.25∠ − 80.6°)

𝑉𝐿1 𝐶2𝑅 = 2.49∠4.73°

2.49∠4.73°
𝐼𝑅 =
1200∠0°
𝐼𝑅 = 0.002∠4.73°

2.49∠4.73°
𝐼𝐿1𝑐1 =
197.89∠ − 90°
𝐼𝐿1 𝑐1 = 0.012∠94.73°

𝑉𝐿1 = (0.012∠94.73°) ∗ (232.5∠90°)

𝑉𝐿1 = 2.79∠ − 175.27°

𝑉𝐶1 = (0.012∠94.73°) ∗ (430.29∠ − 90°)

𝑉𝐶1 = 5.16∠4.73°

R1 L1 C1 C2 Total

V 2.49∠4.73° 2.79∠ − 175.27° 5.16∠4.73° 2.51∠ − 4.67° 5∠0°

I 0.002∠4.73° 0.012∠94.73° 0.012∠94.73° 0.0128∠85.33° 0.0128∠85.33°

Z 1200∠0° 232.5∠90° 430.29∠ − 90° 195.58∠ − 90° 389.53∠ − 85.33°

11. The electric power company is concerned with the loading of its transformers. Since it is responsible for
a large number of customers, it must be certain that it can supply the demands of all customers. The power
company’s transformers will deliver rated kVA to the secondary load. However, if the demand increased to
a point where greater than rated current were required, the secondary voltage would have to drop below rated
value. Also, the current would increase, and with it the I 2R losses (due to winding resistance), possibly
causing the transformer to overheat. Unreasonable current demand could be caused, for example, by
excessively low power factors at the load.The customer, on the other hand, is not greatly concerned with an
inefficient power factor, provided that sufficient power reaches the load. To make the customer more aware
of power factor considerations, the power company may install a penalty on the customer’s bill. A typical
penalty–power factor chart is shown in Table Below. Power factors below 0.7 are not permitted. A 25 percent
penalty will be applied to any billing after two consecutive months in which the customer’s power factor has
remained below 0.7.

11
The wye-wye (Y-Y) circuit shown in Figure Below is representative of a three-phase motor load. Assumerms
values.Find:a.Find the total power supplied to the motor.b.Find the power converted to mechanical energy
if the motor is 80 percent efficient.c.Find the power factor. d. Does the company risk facinga power factor
penalty on its next bill if all the motors in the factory are similar to this one?e.What capacitance put in parallel
to each branch, isnecessary to achieve a unity power factor if the line frequency is 60 Hz.f.What capacitance
is necessary to achieve the 0.85 (lagging) power factor.

Desarrollo punto 11:

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (5∠0°) + (6∠90°)

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 7.81∠50.19

120∠0°
𝐼=( ) ∗ √3
781∠50.19°
𝐼 = 26.62∠ − 50.19°
𝐼 = 26.61 𝐴
a.

𝑃 =𝐼∗𝑉
𝑃 = (26.62∠ − 50.19°) − 120∠0° ∗ √3
𝑃 = 5531.4∠ − 50.19°
b.
𝑃 = 0.8 ∗ (5531.4∠ − 50.19°)
𝑃 = 4425∠ − 50.19°

c.
𝐹𝑃 = cos(50.19°)
𝐹𝑃 = 0.64

d. No hay riesgo, pues el FP<0.7

e.
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔 = 120𝜋

𝑆=𝐼∗𝑉
𝑆 = 4425 𝑉𝐴

𝑄 = 𝑆 ∗ sin 𝜃
𝑄 = (4425∠ − 50.19°) ∗ (sin(50.19 °)
𝑄 = 3399 𝑉𝐴𝑅

12. NOTE: FOR THIS EXERCISE DO YOU NEED YOU ID CARD NUMBER (CÉDULA):Please distribute
your ID number in a format of 123-45-678-90or (abc)-(de)-(fgh)-(ij). This groups are the data requested for
your specific problem. Please, replace the values in yellow on the problem statement.An industrial
installation that is powered by a three-phase network (380 VL / 220 VF) operating at 60 Hz, has the following
loads

12
109-91-395-34

a) 3, three-phase motors of (abc)CV 380V with efficiency η= 92 % y cos φ= 0,8

b) 25, three-phasemotors (de)CV 380V with efficiency η= 80 % y cos φ= 0,75
c) 90 heater 380 V,(fgh)W (resistive) each heater. (balanced connection)
d) 600 lighting bulbs 220 V, (ij)W each bulb, cos φ= 0,85

Note= Motor active power is

a. 3, three-phase motors of (109)CV 380V with efficiency η= 92 % y cos φ= 0,8

3.3 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 (109)

𝑃𝐶 = (3 ∗ 109)
𝑃𝐶 = 327
𝜂 = 92
cos 𝜃 = 0.8

735.39 ∗ 𝑃𝐶(𝑉)
𝑊𝑀 =
𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

735.39 ∗ 327𝐶𝑉
𝑊𝑀 =
0.92

𝑊𝑀 = 261383.18 𝑊

𝑊𝑀
𝑆=
𝐹𝑃
261383.18 𝑊
𝑆=
0.8
𝑆 = 326728.981 𝑉𝐴

𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃 2
𝑄 = √(326728.981)2 − (262383.18)2
𝑄 = 196037.39 𝑉𝐴𝑅

b) 25, three-phasemotors (91) CV 380V with efficiency η= 80 % y cos φ= 0,75

25 ∗ (91𝑐𝑣) = 2.275 𝐶𝑉
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑝
375.39 ∗ 2275𝑐𝑣 = 2091265.31𝑤
2091265.31𝑤
𝑆= = 2788353.75 𝑉𝐴
0.75
𝑄 = 𝑉(𝑠 ) − (𝑝2 )
2

𝑄 = (2788353.752 ) − (2091265.312 )
𝑄 = 1844322.65 𝑉𝐴𝑅

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 c) 90 heater 380 V,( 395)W (resistive) each heater. (balanced connection)

𝑃 = 395𝑤
𝑆 = 395 𝑉𝐴

d) 600 lighting bulbs 220 V, (34)W each bulb, cos φ= 0,85

Note= Motor active power is (P): 𝑊𝑀 = 735.39∗𝑃𝐶.𝑉/ 𝜂 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)

𝑃 = 600 ∗ (34) = 20400𝑊

20400𝑊
𝑆= = 24000 𝑉𝐴
0,85
1
𝑄 = (24002 𝑉𝐴 − 204002 𝑊)2 = 12342.78 𝑉𝐴𝑅
_____________________________________________________________________________________

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 261383,18𝑊 + 2091265,31𝑊 + 395𝑊 + 2040𝑊

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2377443.49𝑊
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 326728,98 + 2788353,75 + 395 + 24000
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3139477.73 𝑉𝐴
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 196037,39 + 1844322,65 + 12642,78
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2053002.82 𝑉𝐴𝑅

VF
Carga VL (V) P (W) Q (Var) S (VA) cos θ I (A) Ze θE REΩ XEΩ
(V)
Motros 109 CV 261383.18 196037.39 326728.981 0.8
Motros 91 CV 2091265.31 1844322.65 2788353.75 0.75
90 heatest 395
395 0 395
W
600 Lighting
bulbs 34W 20400 12342.78 24000 0.85
Total Empresa

Capacitor
Total Corregido

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