Pushover and Non-Linear Time History

Analysis of Bridges

by

Roberto P. Bernardo

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BRIDGE COMPONENTS

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 Three Global Seismic Design
Strategies for Bridges (DPWH)
1. Type 1 – Ductile Substructure with
Essentially Elastic Superstructure

2. Type 2 – Essentially Elastic Substructure with

a Ductile Superstructure
(Applicable to Steel Superstructure)

3. Type 3 – Elastic Superstructure and

Substructure with a Fusing
Mechanism between the Two
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 DPWH CLASSIFICATION OF
BRIDGES
• Essential Bridge – Bridge that should as a
minimum, be open to emergency vehicles and
for security / defense purposes within a short
period after the Level 2 design earthquake
(1000 year return period)
• Critical Bridge – Bridge that must remain
open to all traffic after the Level 2 design
earthquake
• Other Bridges – (Not Essential / Critical)

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 Regular Bridge Requirements (DPWH)

Parameter Value

Number of Span 2 3 4 5 6

Maximum subtended angle for

90° 90° 90° 90° 90°
a curved bridge

Maximum span length ratio

3 2 2 1.5 1.5
from span to span

Maximum bent/pier stiffness

ratio from span to span - 4 4 3 2
excluding abutment

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 Minimum Analysis Requirements
for Seismic Effects (DPWH)
Multi-Span Bridges

Seismic Single-Span
Zone Bridges Other Bridge Essential Bridge Critical Bridge

Regular Irregular Regular Irregular Regular Irregular

1 * * * * * *

2 As specified in SM/UL SM SM/UL MM MM MM

Article 4.2
3 SM/UL MM MM MM MM MM/TH
4 SM/UL MM MM MM MM/TH MM/TH

• = No seismic analysis required MM = Multimode elastic method

UL = Uniform load elastic method TH = Time history method

SM = Single-mode elastic method

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 ORDINARY STANDARD BRIDGE (Caltrans)
A structure must meet all of the following requirements, as applicable, to be classified as an
Ordinary Standard bridge:

• Each span length is less than 300 feet

• Bridges with single superstructure on either a horizontally curved, vertically curved,
or straight alignment
• Constructed with precast or cast-in-place concrete girder, concrete slab
superstructure on pile extensions, column or pier walls, and structural steel
girders composite with concrete slab superstructure which are supported on
reinforced concrete substructure elements
• Horizontal members either rigidly connected, pin connected, or supported on
conventional bearings
• Bridges with dropped bent caps or integral bent caps
• Columns and pier walls supported on spread footings, pile caps with piles or
shafts
• Bridges supported on soils which may or may not be susceptible to liquefaction
and/or scour
• Spliced precast concrete bridge system emulating a cast-in-place continuous
structure
• Fundamental period of the bridge system is greater than or equal to 0.7 seconds in
the transverse and longitudinal directions of the bridge

Bridges not meeting these requirements or features may be classified as either Ordinary Non-
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standard, or Important Bridges
 ANALYSIS TYPES APPLICABLE TO
CALTRANS BRIDGE
Static Dynamic
Equivalent Incremental Response
Time History Analysis
Static Static Spectrum
Bridge Classification (THA)- Direct Integration
Analysis Analysis Analysis
(RSA)-
(ESA) (Pushover) Linear Linear Non-Linear
Ordinary Standard A R A A A
Ordinary NonStandrad N R A A R
Important N R A A R

N : Not acceptable analysis type

A : Acceptable analysis type
R : Acceptable and strongly recommended analysis type, not necessarily
comprehensive.

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 ADVANTAGES OF NON-LINEAR
ANALYSIS
• More accurate determination of stresses, strains,
deformations, forces and displacements

• Build up confidence in analysis results-compared

with Linear Static and RSA.

• Results can be used for final design or evaluation of

the bridge.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF NON-LINEAR
ANALYSIS
• Lots of computational works

• Results are sensitive to variation in input parameters

• Difficult to interpret results

For modeling the bridge, it is best to use 3D instead of

2D to capture the actual behaviors.

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 SOME OF NON-LINEAR BEHAVIORS

1. Material non-linear properties including presence of

gaps, dampers, non-linear springs

2. Geometric non-linearity or P-Δ effects.

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 COMPONENT MODELING

Component Linear - Elastic Non-linear

Superstructure X
Column–plastic hinge zone X
Column–outside plastic hinge zone X
Cap beam X
Abutment– transverse X
Abutment–longitudinal X
Abutment–overturning X
Abutment– gap X
Expansion joints X
Foundation springs X
Soil-structure interaction X

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 BRIDGE MODELING
1. Bridge Geometry
• Lengths, Sizes, Dimensions, Boundary Conditions
2. Material Properties
• Concrete , Steel , Geotechnical, Bearing Pads
3. Mass Properties

Rotational Mass or
Translation Mass
Mass Moment of Inertia
a. To complete this use a a. Required for beams / columns
minimum of 5 segments per
beam span & column

b. Done automatically by b. Needed for greater accuracy of dynamic

computer response and fundamental modes in
transverse direction

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SUPERSTRUCTURE ROTATIONAL MASS

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ROTATIONAL MASS OF
COLUMN

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 SUPERSTRUCTURE MODELING

• Will remain elastic

• Will be modeled as linear-elastic beam-column elements

• Assumed as cracked reinforced concrete. Use effective section properties

Ieff = 0.5Ig – 0.75Ig for non-prestressed members

and

Ieff = Ig for prestressed members Jeff = 0.20Jg

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 CAP BEAM MODELING

• Will remain elastic

Jeff = Jg x C ( for bridge girders monolithic with cap beam)

C = amplification factor ≈ 100

Jeff = effective torsional resistance of the cap beam

• Jg = Torsional resistance of the cap beam gross cross

section, calculated automatically

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 PIER COLUMN MODELING

• Column Effective Section Properties

• Effective Section Properties

𝑀𝑦
Ieff =
𝐸Ø𝑦

Torsional Stiffness : Jeff = 0.2 Jg

Effective Shear Area : Av,eff = 0.8 Avg

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 Local Displacement Capacity
Cantilever Column with Fixed Base 19
 Local Displacement Capacity
Framed Column, Assumed as Fixed-Fixed
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Stress-Strain for Confined and
Unconfined Conc. (Mander’s)

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 COLUMN NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR IN
SAP 2000

Couple Axial-Moment Degrading Ductility Numeric Low

Nonlinear Option Behavior Interaction Behavior Estimator Stability Computational
M2 -M3 P-M2-M3 Effort

Uncoupled Hinge M2, M3 X X X

Interaction PMM Hinge X X X X X

Fiber PMM Hinge X X X X

NL-link- Plastic Wen X X

NL-link- Multi-Linear
X X X X
Plastic

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 NONLINEAR MODEL FOR COLUMN
PLASTIC HINGE IN SAP2000

2D Pushover 3D Pushover Dynamic 2D Dynamic 3D

Analysis Analysis
Nonlinear Option 1 (THA-
(THA with L,V or Simultaneous L,
(Simultaneous L T,V components) T and V
(L or T directions) components)
and T directions)

Uncoupled Hinge M2, M3 X

Interaction PMM Hinge X X

Fiber PMM Hinge X X X X

NL-link- Plastic WEN X X

NL-link-Multi-Linear
X X
Plastic

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FIBER HINGE MODEL

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 COLUMN SUPPORT

• Dynamic behavior properties will depend

on foundation type (Spread footing,
piles,bored piles/soil type, pile group
action, connection of piles to pile cap,
etc.
• To simplify you can use springs with
properties depending on geotechnical
conditions.

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 Modeling Scheme of Flexible
Foundation with Partial Lateral
Restraint
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ABUTMENT MODELING

a. Roller Abutment
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Effective Abutment Area

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Effective Abutment Stiffness

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General scheme of the simplified abutment model

b. Simplified Abutment 30
Series system for the longitudinal abutment response

b. Simplified Abutment 31
General scheme of spring abutment model

c. Spring Abutment 32
 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
a. Force Pattern
– Uniform
– Mode shape
– User defined
b. Verification of Result
– Look at base shear
– Check Capacity Spectrum curve and the
ADRS curve

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 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
Solution methods in Sap 2000
– Newmark’s Method
– Wilson θ-Method
– Hilber-Hughes-Taylor α Method (HHT)
– Collocation
– Chung and Hulbert

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Sample Problem

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 Parameter Value/Description

Ordinary Standard multi-column bents with

General bridge description
2 spans
Total length of the bridge (LTotal) 286 ft
Number of spans and length of each deck
2 spans : 145 and 141 ft
span
Total deck width (Wdeck) 53.7 ft
Deck depth (dd) 5.74 ft
A= 12816 in2, J = 2.839x107 in 4, Ix =
9.293x106 in4 , Iy=3.937x108 in4, Avx=3099.6
Deck cross-sectional geometry
in2, Avy=7795.6 in2, Sx=Zy=2.698x105 in3,
Sy=Zy=1.2218x106 in3
Number and clear height of each column
2 column: 35.1 ft
bent (Hcol)
Column diameter (Dc) 5.42 ft
Deck centroid (D c.g.) 34.0 in.
Length of cab beam to centroid of column
11.96 ft
bent (Lcap)

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 Parameter
Cap beam dimension (Bcap x dd)
Location and size of expansion joints
Support details for boundary conditions
Concrete materials properties for concrete
Elastic deck: f’c=5 ksi, Ec=4030.5 ksi
of superstructure (f’c,Ec)
Concrete and reinforcing steel material
properties of column bents
Reinforcement details of column bent
cross section
Foundation soil geotechnical properties
Abutment general geometry
Number and properties of abutment
bearing pads
Value/Description
7.55 x 5.74 ft
No expansion joints specified
Pinned foundation (reduction of column
cross section)
Concrete: 5 ksi
Steel : ASTM A706
Longitudinal reinforcement: 42#14 (bundle
of 2), ρs=2.848% , Transverse reinforcement:
Spiral, #7@4.9,ρs=0.803%
Rigid soil condition assumed
Simplified abutment model
2 bearing pads considered, kv=1358.5K/in
(vertical stiffness)
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Material Property 1/2

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Material Property 2/2

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Frame Section 1/2

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Frame Section 2/2

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Link Support Property 1/4

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Link Support Property 2/4

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Link Support Property 3/4

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Link Support Property 4/4

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Column Fiber

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Column Fiber Properties

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Hinge Property 1/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Property Modifier 1/2

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Property Modifier 2/2

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Load Pattern (DL, SDL,Tran.,Longit.) 1/2

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Load Pattern (DL, SDL,Tran.,Longit.) 2/2

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Eigen Vector, Modal Analysis 1/2

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Eigen Vector, Modal Analysis 2/2

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Response Spectrum Curve

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Pushover Load Case 1/3

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Pushover Load Case 2/3

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Pushover Load Case 3/3

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PO Deformation, EQ Along X

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Pushover Curve EQ Along X

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PO Deformation, EQ Along Y

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Pushover Curve EQ Along Y

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Time History Function 1/2

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Time History Function 2/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 2/2

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TH Deformation, EQ Along X, 4s

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TH Deformation, EQ Along X, 8s

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 List of References
• Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis of Bridge Structures in California
by A. Aviram, K. Machic & B. Stojadinovic, PEER, 2008

• LRFD Bridge Seismic Design Specifications (DPWH Guide

Specifications) , 2013, Ist Ed.

• Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria, 2013

• Seismic Behaviour of Pile Supported Bridges by W. Kornkasem, D.

Foutch & J. Long, 2001

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Material Property 1/2

BACK
Material Property 2/2

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Material Property 2/2

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Material Property 2/2

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Material Property 2/2

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Frame Section 1/2

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Frame Section 1/2

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Frame Section 2/2

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Frame Section 2/2

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Frame Section 2/2

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Frame Section 2/2

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Link Support Property 1/4

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Link Support Property 1/4

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Link Support Property 2/4

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Link Support Property 2/4

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Link Support Property 2/4

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Link Support Property 3/4

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Link Support Property 3/4

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Link Support Property 3/4

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Link Support Property 4/4

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Link Support Property 4/4

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Link Support Property 4/4

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Hinge Property 1/2

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Hinge Property 1/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Hinge Property 2/2

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Property Modifier 1/2

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Property Modifier 2/2

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Load Pattern (DL, SDL,Tran.,Longit.) 1/2

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Load Pattern (DL, SDL,Tran.,Longit.) 2/2

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Eigen Vector, Modal Analysis 1/2

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Eigen Vector, Modal Analysis 2/2

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Eigen Vector, Modal Analysis 2/2

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Response Spectrum Curve

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Pushover Load Case 1/3

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Pushover Load Case 2/3

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Pushover Load Case 2/3

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Pushover Load Case 2/3

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Pushover Load Case 3/3

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Pushover Load Case 3/3

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Pushover Load Case 3/3

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Pushover Curve EQ Along X

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Pushover Curve EQ Along Y

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Time History Function 1/2

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Time History Function 2/2

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Time History Function 2/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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Time History Loading 1/2

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MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATION

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IDEALIZED MOMENT CURVATURE
RELATION FOR
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

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 FIBER HINGE MODEL

K1 - Axial K2,K3 - Translation K4- Torsion K5,K6 - Flexure

(U1) (U2,U3) (R1) (R2,R3)

EA/L 12EI/L GJ/L EI/L

Stiffness Coefficients define in analysis

manual of SAP2000

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