ROOTS

Allium (onion) root tip l.s (mono)

Zea mays (corn) root c.s (mono)

Ranunculus young root c.s (dicot) ((buttercup))

Tilia root older c.s (dicot) ((lindens))

Commelina benghalensis root c.s (mono) ((dayflowers))

GENERAL PARTS: o Closely packed parenchyma cells

 Epidermis o Root hairs help absorb water and
o Epidermal tissue (?) nutrients
 o multiseriate (multiple epidermis): only o Center portion of root; stores starch
the outermost layer differentiates as a grains
typical epidermis o Parenchyma cells
 Periderm*  Pericycle
o Ground/fundamental tissue o Produce lateral roots
o Replaces epidermis; protective covering o Surrounds conducting; bet. Endodermis
(stem and roots) and vascular tissue
o Composed of: phellem (outward),  Vascular tissues
phellogen (cork cambium), phelloderm o Xylem tissue: water transport; larger
(inward) o Phloem tissue: food transport; smaller
 Cortex (filters food)
o Ground/fundamental tissue (filler tissue)  Vascular cambium
o Cortical cells photosynthesize in aerial o One strip of cells
roots o For secondary growth: increases girth;
o Bet. Vascular system and epidermis horizontal growth
o Stores food starch and ergastic  Secondary phloem
substances (nonliving by-products of  Secondary xylem
protoplasmic activity) o Unlike primary xylem, occurs in patches
 Endodermis from center of plant
o innermost layer of cortex; prominent and  Xylem rays
conspicuous in roots. o transports and deposits waste materials,
o Endodermal cells can store food materials toxic to living cells, near to the bark and in
(starch grains) the heartwood and the ray cells of
o Gateway for water: Bitch if ur water, pass heartwood eventually die
here o replaces the water lost during the process
 Pith of photosynthesis and
o transpiration

STEM
Coleus shoot tip l.s (dicot) ((mayana))
Cucurbita stem c.s (dicot) ((squash))

Zea mays (corn) stem c.s (mono)

Helianthus stem c.s (dicot) ((mirasol))

Tilia older stem c.s (dicot) ((lindens))

Vascular
cambium
Primary xylem

Secondary xylem
Zea mays (corn) macerated stem
GENERAL PARTS:
 Cambium
o Meristematic tissue
o with products of periclinal divisions
commonly contributed in two directions
and arranged in radial fi les. Term
preferably applied only to the two lateral
meristems, the vascular cambium and the
cork cambium, or phellogen
 Bundle sheath
o Layer/s of cells; encloses vascular bundle
 Cuticle
o Waxy/fatty layer on outer wall of
epidermal cells (cutin and wax)
 Hypodermis
o Beneath epidermis; distinct from
underlying ground/fundamental tissues
 Protoxylem
o Naunang magmature, nawalan na ng wall
o Earliest part ng primary xylem
o differentiates in the parts of the primary
plant body that have not completed their
growth and differentiation
 Protoxylem lacuna
o Space (surrounded by parenchyma cells)
o after the tracheary elements of
protoxylem are stretched and torn
 Metaxylem
o Later nagmature; more complex tissue
than the protoxylem
o overshadows the protoxylem in size;
tracheary elements are wider
o commonly begins to differentiate in the
still growing primary plant body, but
matures largely after the elongation is
completed
 Bundle cap
o Sclerenchyma or collenchymatous
parenchyma
o cap on the xylem and/or phloem side of a
vascular bundle as seen in transverse
section
 Vascular cambium
o Lateral meristem
o forms the secondary vascular tissues
(secondary phloem and secondary xylem)
o stem and root.
o Bet. Xylem and phloem: by periclinal
divisions, gives off cells toward both
tissues (inner, outer)
 Interfascicular cambium
 o BETWEEN Vascular bundles o May or may not have a living protoplast
o parenchyma at maturity
 Fascicular cambium  Internal phloem
o Originates from procambium WITHIN a o Primary phloem located internally from
vascular bundle (fascicle) primary xylem
 Pith o Also: intraxylary phloem
o Ground tissue (parenchyma)  Internal vascular
o In center of stem or root o Near hollow pith
 Primary xylem  External vascular cambium
o Xylem tissue that differentiated from o Far from hollow pith
procambium during primary growth  External phloem
 Protoxylem  metaxylem o Primary phloem located externally to
 Secondary xylem primary xylem
o Spring wood  Leaf primordium
 earlywood o A lateral outgrowth from the apical
 lower density, larger cells meristem that eventually will become a
o Summer wood leaf
 Latewood  Pith-Rib Zone
 Denser, smaller cells o future procambium or cortex
 Bark  Protoderm
o Periderm + secondary phloem o Primary meristem or meristematic tissue
o Actual kahoy na inuupuan giving rise to the epidermis; also
 Annual/growth rings epidermis in meristematic state. May or
o A growth layer of secondary xylem or may not arise from independent initials in
phloem the apical meristem.
 Periderm  Tunica Layer
o Ground/fundamental tissue o Covers the central mother zone;
o Replaces epidermis; protective covering responsible for wider growth
(stem and roots)  Corpus Layer
o Composed of: o Protects the central mother zone;
 phellem (cork): outward; dead responsible for down growth and deep
cells; suberied walls; produced by division
cork cambium  Central Mother Cells Zone
 phellogen (cork cambium): lateral o Large cells that divide in multiple
meristem; produces phellem and directions for the rib meristem
phelloderm  Peripheral Zone
 phelloderm: inward; resembles o typically is the most meristematic of all
cortical parenchyma three zones and has the densest
 Tracheid protoplasts and the smallest cell
o tracheary element of the xylem dimensions
o no perforation  Bud Primordia
o in primary and in secondary xylem o Meristematic tissues that give rise to
o May have any kind of secondary wall lateral buds
thickening found in tracheary elements.  Ground Meristem
 Vessel element o A primary meristem, or meristematic
o Perforations tissue, derived from the apical meristem
 Fiber and giving rise to the ground tissues.
o Elongated, sclerenchyma  Cortex
o Lignified or non-lignified secondary wall o In stem and root
 Epidermis

LEAF
Zea mays (corn) leaf c.s
Ixora leaf c.s (dicot) ((santan))

Pinus leaf c.s (gymnosperm) ((pine))

GENERAL PARTS: o Lactifiers
 Sunken stomata  Adaxial epidermis
o protects the escaping water vapor from o Upper
air currents  Abaxial epidermis
o plants in arid environments (adaptations) o Lower
 Mesophyll o Where most stomatas are found
o Palisade mesophyll: adaxial (upper),  Vein
columnar o contain xylem and phloem tissue and
 More chloroplasts; more conduct water and sugars to and from the
photosynthesis mesophyll
o Spongy mesophyll: abaxial (lower),  Bulliform cells
irregularly shaped, large intercellular o Looks like bubbles
spaces o Storage of water; rolling of leaves to
 Inner tissue prevent loss of water through
 Parenchyma cells transpiration during stress conditions
 Resin ducts o Regulate transpiration process
o Specialized cells that secrete resin

ROOT STEM LEAVES

Root cap Tunica-corpus layer Cuticle
Region of cell division Central mother cells zone Adaxial epidermis
Region of cell elongation Peripheral zone Bundle sheath
Region of cell maturation Pith-rib meristem Bundle sheath extension
Protoderm Leaf primordium Phloem
Ground meristem Bud primordium Xylem
Procambium Protoderm Bulliform cells
Stele Ground meristem Stomatal apparatuses
Endodermis Procambium Abaxial epidermis
Pericycle Epidermis Palisade mesophyll
Protoxylem Cortex Spongy mesophyll
Metaxylem Hollow pith Midvein
Phloem Vascular bundle: Epidermis
Cucurbita
external phloem
Xylem
Internal phloem
Vascular cambia
Zea mays
Protoxylem; protoxylem lacuna
Metaxylem
Phloem
bundle sheath
Primary xylem Hypodermis Hypodermis
Secondary xylem Conjunctive tissue Resin ducts
Annual rings Bark Endodermis
-periderm: phellem/cork
phellogen/cork cambium
phelloderm
-secondary phloem
Vascular ray Vascular cambium Transfusion tissue
Primary phloem Secondary xylem
-annual/growth rings
Secondary phloem Pith
protostele Vascular bundle/ring
Helianthus
bundle cap
secondary phloem
vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
Fibers
Tracheids
Vessel elements
Cuticle
Ground tissue
Fascicular cambium
Interfascicular cambium
Bundle cap
Vascular ray
Spring wood
Summer wood

MONOCOT DICOT
COTYLEDON (vein) 1 2
LEAVES  Parallel venation  Netted/reticulate venation
 Sessile – directly attached to base  Stalked leaves
 Leaf sheath
 Mesophyll  Petiole
  Palisade mesophyll and spongy
mesophyll
STEMS  Vascular bundles - surrounded by a  Vascular cambium – ring
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath;
scattered
 No pericycle  Pericycle
 No pith  pith
 No phloem parenchyma
 Stem usually hollow
 No cambium (no secondary growth)
ROOTS  Fibrous  Taproot
 Polyarch xylem poles  Tetrarch xylem poles (definite
number)
 Large pith  No pith
FLOWERS 3 4/5