A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Development of Transparent UV Absorber

Polymer Film of 290 to 450nm Range”
Submitted as fulfilment towards the Bachelor Degree in the field of
Plastic Technology

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Submitted by:-

Bhavani Vanit 150520123005

Velani Rajan 150520123055
Prajapati Chirag 150520123009
Prajapati keyur 150520123041
Vadhiyar Ravi 150520123051
Gheraviya Nirav 150520123013
Under Guidance Of

Mr. PRAVEEN KUMAR SHARMA

Asst. Professor,
Plastic Technology

DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY

CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF PLASTICS ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY- AHMEDABAD
2018- 2019
 CONTENTS
Description
Certificate
Acknowledgement......................................................................................... 3
Declaration
Abstract.......................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Objective............................................................................................................ 6
1.3Advantages........................................................................................................... 7
1.4Disadvantage....................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Plan of work........................................................................................................ 8

2. Literature Review...................................................................................... 9
2.1 UV absorbing materials.............................................................................. .... 9
2.2 Requirement of good UV protection........................................................................... 10
2.3 Experiment........................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Design................................................................................................................. 10
2.4.1AEIOU Summary............................................................................................... 11
2.4.2Ideation Canvas.................................................................................................. 12
2.4.3 Product Development Canvas........................................................................... 13
2.4.4 Empathy Mapping Canvas................................................................................ 14

3. Implement............................................................................................. 15
3.1 Methodology........................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Testing Method................................................................................................... 17

4. Conclusion & Reference.......................................................................... 18

4.1 Result.................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Reference............................................................................................................... 18

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank to our guide of this project, Mr Praveen Sharma
for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired us greatly to work in this project. His
willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also would like to
thank him for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project.

We also extend our sincere appreciation to Lab Staff at CIPET Ahmadabad. Who provided
their valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing our project report.

It is our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly Contributed in

the development of this work and who influenced our thinking, behaviour, and acts during the
course study.

We express our thanks to our faculty for providing us extraordinary infrastructure and library
facilities at the college. You have all encouraged and believed in us. You have all helped us
to focus on what has been a hugely rewarding and enriching process.

Lastly, we would like to thank the almighty and our parents for their moral support and out
friends with whom we shared our day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that
improved our quality of work.

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 Abstract

The present invention is directed to a transparent UV absorber polymer Film made out of a
thermoplastic material LDPE and HDPE in ratio of 70:30. For improving UV absorbing
capacity we have added UV Stabilizer (UV770) in ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0% and Optical brightener
0.2%. We have prepared many different batches of the material for processing in Blown Film
plant. Then we have given for testing in our CIPET College testing lab for different tests like
MFI, UV, TENSILE Test.
In day to day life due to pollution on earth our ozone layer is affected and due to which ozone
layer is degrading day by day causing harmful effects of UV rays. UV Rays burns our skin
and damages our immune system. Scientists believe sunburn can change function of disease
fighting white blood cells in humans for up to 24 hours after exposure to sun. We are
preparing such UV absorber film which will absorb UV rays whose range will be 290 nm to
450 nm. We are practicing with different UV absorbers with polymer which absorb
maximum of UV rays. Example like food packaging, industrial use.
The objective of this project is to study on absorber material or polymer films then from both
we will see which material is best and will choose it. We will look how to make minimum
cost and then will make a film which will not be harmful for humans for long term.
Polymer film now plays as essential and growing role in sensors. Recent advances in polymer
science and film preparation have made polymer films useful, practical and economical in a
wide range of sensor designs and application. Further, continuing miniaturization of
microelectronics favour the use of polymer thin films in sensors. This new book is the first
comprehensive presentation of this technology.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1) What is Ultraviolet?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a type of energy produced by the sun and some artificial
sources, such as solariums. The sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main cause of skin
cancer. UV damage also causes sunburn, tanning, premature ageing and eye damage. UV
radiation isn’t like the sun’s light or heat, which we can see and feel. Your senses cannot
detect UV radiation, so you won’t notice the damage until it has been done.

2) Causes of Ultraviolet?

3) Degradation of Ultraviolet?
Many natural and synthetic polymers are attacked by ultraviolet radiation, and products using
these materials may crack or disintegrate if they are not UV-stable. The problem is known
as UV degradation, and is a common problem in products exposed to sunlight. Continuous
exposure is a more serious problem than intermittent exposure, since attack is dependent on
the extent and degree of exposure. Many pigments and dyes can also be affected, and the
problem known as photo- tendering can affect textiles such as curtains or drapes.

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4) ULTRAVIOLET Absorbent
UV absorber is a light stabilizer, can absorb
sunlight and fluorescent light source in the
ultraviolet part, and itself does not change. It
can protect the plastic from the photo-oxidative
degradation caused by the ultraviolet ray
irradiation, thus prolongs the service life of the
products greatly. Under the sunlight or
fluorescence, plastics and other polymer
materials are oxidized automatically due to the
effect of ultraviolet light that lead to
deterioration of polymer substance thereby damage the appearance and mechanical functions
respectively. The ultraviolet absorber can selectively absorb this high-energy ultraviolet light,
making it harmless energy release or consumption. Depending on the type of the polymer, the
wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is not the same. Different ultraviolet absorbers absorb
ultraviolet light of different wavelengths. When we use it, UV absorbers should be selected
according to the types of polymer.

 Product Name: Light Stabilizer 770

 Molecular Weight: 480.73 g/mol
 Synonyms: Bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-Piperidinyl) sebacate; Hindered Amine Light
Stabilizer 770; HALS 770; Photo-stabilizer 770; Light stability agent 770; UV-770;
Photo-stabilizer HS-770; Sanol LS 700
 Related Categories: Stabilizers; light stabilizer

Items Specifications
Appearance White or pale yellow crystalline powder
Volatiles ≤ 0.2% (105 °C, 2h)
Luminousness 425 nm≥98%, 500 nm≥99%
Purity ≥99%
Melting point 81-85°C
Ash content ≤ 0.1%

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1.4 Advantages
● The ultraviolet (UV) protection of organic and biological materials against
photodestruction is of high practical interest
● Absence of such vital additives in everyday products would result in poor
performance. Besides visible change in their colour, the products would lose their
flexibility and become prone to cracking and chemical transformations.
● UV absorbers soak up the ultraviolet radiation.

1.5Disadvantages

● UV absorbers film absorb ultraviolet radiation and then converted it into energy in
order to prevent it from infiltrating the skin. However, it is said that this chemical
reaction causes grave burden to the skin.
● The effects of UV absorberfilm on materials that require a long service life can be
measured with accelerated exposure tests.
● An important disadvantage of UV absorber is the fact that they need a certain
absorption depth to provide group good protection to a polymer.
● Most Plastic permit some passage of light. Even highly pigmented plastics and those
with UV absorber are light to late certain wave length through.

5) Solution

1. UV absorber converts UV energy into heat energy.

2. The sun’s rays produce harmful free radicals.
3. The HALS (white) attaches them salves to the radicals neutralizing them.
4. The HALS regenerate type radicals are released.

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1.2 Objective
 To increase the UV absorbing capacity of polymer film.
 To Stop or demote the Photo-degradation of Plastic Product with Light rays which
contains Harmful UV radiations.
 This Photo-Degradation might result in Fading of colour and product loses it
Properties, when it is exposed to Sunlight for a long period of time.
 The UV absorber helps preventing the photo degradation of plastic product.
 They absorb the harmful UV radiation and dissipate the non-harmful radiation or heat.

1.3 Plan of work

Testing

Selection of
additives or
absorbent

Study the uv absorber materials

Study of present uv aborber film

Figure 1.3: Plan of work

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
2.1 UV Absorbing Materials
 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-Benzotriazoles (BTZ)
 Hydroxyl -benzophenones Hydroxyphenyl-5-triazines(HPT)
 Oxalanilides
 Tetramethylpiperidiene (UV770)

2.2Requirement of good UV protection

 Absorb the wavelength where the polymer has a maximum sensitivity
 Don’t absorb >400nm –undesired colour
 Filter efficiency – Lambert beer law E= Σ,c,d(concentration, film thickness, extinction
coefficient)
 Dissipate absorbed energy quickly
 Repeatedly run this cycle

2.3 Experiment
● Preparation of Intermediate 2-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxypropyl-6-(4-chloro-2'-
nitrophenylazo) phenol 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline (72 g, 0.42mol) was diazo tized in the
usual manner such as described in the literature H. E. FierzDavid and L Blangley
"Fundamental Processes of Dye Chemistry” p. 247 (Interscience, New York 1949). The
Diaz onium salt solution was added dropwise to a stirred mixture of 3-(3'-tert-butyl-4'-
hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol (88.5g, 0.42mol), concentrated hydrochloric acid (108 g)
water (920 ml) and sodium lauryl sulphate (10 g) at 40 C. The mixture was stirred at 40
C. for sixteen hours, then allowed to stand. After the azo dye settled, the supernatant
liquid was decanted.
● 0.1 g of the Benzotriazoles product of 2-(2-Hydroxy-5'-methyacrylyloxypropyl-3'-tert-
butyl phenyl)-5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole, 2.0 g 35 of ethyl acrylate, 22.9 g of methyl
methacrylate, 89 ul of 1-dodecanethiol, 0.12 g of stearic acid and 20.3 mg of
azobisisobutyronitrile were placed in a Pyrex tube. The tube was flushed with argon and
then sealed. The mixture was polymerized at 70° C. for six hours. The result ing
polymer containing 0.4% of the Benzotriazoles was hot pressed into 1 mm thickfilm.
GPC showed that the UV absorbing group was chemically bonded in the polymer
matrix. The film showed transmittance of 7.2% at 400 nm and 0% at 388 nm.

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2.4 DESIGN

AEIOU SUMMERY

✓ ACTIVITIES
● Interaction with guide
● Industrial visit
● Planning and designing
● Selecting topic

✓ ENVIRONMENT
● Improve processing condition
● UV light
● Control surface tension.

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 ✓ USER
● Medical equipment
● Coating
● Agriculture use
● Industrial use

✓ OBJECT
● Automobile industries
● Coating
● Film

✓ INTERACTION
● Group member
● Faculties guide
● Internal guide

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 IDEATION CANVAS

✓ PEOPLE
● Automobile industries
● Coating
● Medical equipment’s

✓ ACTIVITIES
● Collecting some literature
● Industrial visit
● Planning and designing
● Selecting topic
● Interaction with guide

✓ SITUATION/CONTEXT/LOCATION
● CIPET Ahmedabad
● Industrial use
● Testing lab

✓ PROPS/POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
● UV resistant
● Good breathability
● Optical transparency

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 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

✓ Purpose
● Ultraviolet Degradation
● Photo tendering
● Photo Degradation

✓ People
● Sunglasses
● Lens
● Greenhouse plastic film

✓ Product Experience
● UV light

✓ Product Functions
● Catalytic Degradation
● Polymer Ageing
● Photo oxidation Weathering

✓ Product Features
● Absorb UV light

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 EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS

✓ User
● Industrial use
● Coating
● Laminating

✓ Stakeholders
● Automobile
● Medical use
● Literature survey

✓ ACTIVITIES
● Interaction with guide
● Selecting Topic
● Planning and designing

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CHAPTER 3
IMPLETATION
3.1 Methodology
● Screw size :32mm
● Rotating die side : 75mm for LD/LL &
40mm
● Total heating zone: 7 Nos.
● Max screw speed : 1425 rpm
● Production rate : 20kg/hr
[Blown film plant]
3.2 Testing method
The UV weather stability test chamber can
provide reliable aging test data to make the exact
prediction of products weathering fastness
(ageing resistance) which is conducive to sift and
optimize the formula. It is used in many
industries, such as: paint, inks, resin, plastics,
printing and packaging, adhesives, auto and
motorcycle industry, cosmetics, metal, electronic,
electroplating, medicine etc.

[Rigol UV Tester]

COMPOUNDING

S.NO METHOD MACHINE PRE-DRYING PROCESS RPM

TEMP TEMP

1 Blow Moulding Blow film 185° c 210° c 30

plant

Machine Details=Model-KBF/32 HM/LD, Diameter Of Screw=32mm,

L/D Ratio = 75mm, Manufactured By M/S Konarl Plastomech Pvt Ltd

Table 1
Compunding

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 Blown Film plant UV Stabilizer 770 LDPE-HDPE 70:30
[Fig 1.0] [Fig 1.1] [Fig 1.2]

Universal Tensile Machine Transparent Film Blown Film

[Fig 1.3] [Fig 1.4] Fig[1.5]

Final Film Testing Specimen MFI Tester

[Fig 1.6] [Fig 1.7] [Fig 1.8]

Basic Process of Manufacturing & Testing

1. In the process of blown film extrusion the common resins that are used LDPE and
HDPE material ratio of 70:30
2. Then we have added UV stabilizer 0.6,0.8,1.0 % and optical brightener 0.2 %
3. We prepared three different batches of the material for processing in blown film plant.
4. Blown film extrusion is an established process which is used to manufacture a wide
range of commodity and specialized plastic film for the packaging industries, which is
also known as film blowing process.

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 5. The extrusion of plastic melt is done via an annular slit die, generally vertically, for
the formation of thin walled tube. The introduction of air takes place through a hole
present in die’s centre for blowing up the tube just like a balloon. The cooling of the
hot film is done by the high-speed air ring that blows onto it. The air ring is mounted
on the top to die.

S. NO MATERIAL USED IN PROJECT WORK

1 MATERIAL SUPPLIER GRADE DENSITY TG (°C)
LDPE Reliance 19010 0.91 115-135°

LDPE Content 70 % for all batches

2 MATERIAL SUPPLIER GRADE DENSITY TG (°C)

HDPE Reliance 46003 0.96 120-180°
HDPE Content 30 % for all batches

3 MATERIAL SUPPLIER GRADE BULK TG (°C)

DENSITY
UV Stabilizer Vadhiyar 770 470-510 gm./l 110°
770 Enterprise

Stabilizer in different percentage (0.6,0.8,1.0%)

4 MATERIAL SUPPLIER GRADE DENSITY TG (°C)

Optical Vadhiyar Doubletex 1.2gm/ml 160°
Brightener Enterprise 127

It is used to increase transparency of plastic film

[Table1.1 Material used in project work]

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS
 An UV absorber film in more UV rays absorb than normal LDPE or HDPE film.
 Normal film absorbing 40% UV rays and UV stabilizer added film
Absorb 80% UV rays.
 A normal film is absorbing 180nm or Here LDPE-HDPE ration is respective 70:30
 A 0.6 UV absorber film is absorbing 180nm or Here LDPE-HDPE ration is respective
70:30.
 A 0.8 UV absorber film is absorbing 180nm or Here LDPE-HDPE ration is respective
70:30.
 A 1.0 UV absorber film is absorbing 180nm or Here LDPE-HDPE ration is respective
70:30.

TESTS RESULT 1 RESULT 2 RESULT 3 RESULT 4

Result Normal 0.6% 0.8% 1.0%
(Film) Film Stabilizer Stabilizer Stabilizer

UV 180nm 240nm 290nm 320nm

TENSILE 5.56N/mm2 6.23N/mm2 6.55N/mm2 7.97N/mm2

MFI 0.9gm/10min 0.8gm/10min 0.6gm/10min 0.4gm/10min

[Table1.2]

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REFERANCE

1. Beard, Charles D., Akira Yamada, and Namassivaya Doddi. "Ultraviolet absorbing
polymers comprising 2-hydroxy-5-acrylyloxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazoles." U.S.
Patent No. 4,528,311. 9 Jul. 1985.
2. Fechine, G. J. M., et al. "Surface characterization of photodegraded poly (ethylene
terephthalate). The effect of ultraviolet absorbers." Polymer 45.7 (2004): 2303-
2308.
3. Cumpston, Brian H., et al. "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-
dimensional optical data storage and micro fabrication." Nature 398.6722 (1999):
51.
4. Van Antwerp, William P., and John J. Mastrototaro. "Sensor including UV-
absorbing polymer and method of manufacture." U.S. Patent No. 6,413,393. 2 Jul.
2002.
5. Srinivasan, R., and Bodil Braren. "Ultraviolet laser ablation of organic
polymers." Chemical Reviews 89.6 (1989): 1303-1316.
6. Hansen, S. G., and T. E. Robitaille. "Formation of polymer films by pulsed laser
evaporation." Applied physics letters 52.1 (1988): 81-83.
7. Dunks, Gary B., et al. "Ultraviolet absorbing polymers comprising 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-
acryloyloxyalkoxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole." U.S. Patent No. 4,716,234. 29 Dec.
1987.
8. Dunks, Gary B., et al. "Ultraviolet absorbing polymers comprising 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-
acryloyloxyalkoxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole." U.S. Patent No. 4,716,234. 29 Dec.
1987.
9. Yoshida, Toru. "Ultraviolet-absorbing polymer film." U.S. Patent No. 5,806,834. 15
Sep. 1998.
10. Gilbert, Laurence R., et al. "Multilayer polymer film with additional coatings or
layers." U.S. Patent No. 6,368,699. 9 Apr. 2002.

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