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Site Analysis.
GROUP MEMBERS :
1. SHANKAR SHEGADE
2. DINESH PATIL
3. RAVEEN RAMANAN
4. MAHESH YENNAM
5. ASHISH SINGH
Contents
Introduction-Hydrology.
Hydrological Cycle.
Literature Review
Runoff (Definition, Needs & Factors).
Runoff Measurement Methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for Site Analysis of Hydro-Electric
power plants.
Case Study.
Introduction
• The science of hydrology deals with the occurrence and distribution
of water over and above the earth’s surface.
• Hydrology is that branch of physical science, which deals with the
origin, distribution, and properties of water of the earth.
• It deals with the transportation of water through the air, over the
ground surface and through the earth strata.
• The knowledge of hydrology is of basic importance in all walks of life
that involve the use and supply of water for any purpose what so
ever.
• Therefore the knowledge of hydrology is not only useful in the field
of engineering, but also in agriculture, forestry and other branches
of natural sciences.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
A hydrological cycle involves the following processes :-
• The water available after hydrological process in the form of stream flows,
rivers, lakes, etc is known as Runoff.
Mathematical form,
1. Weirs
2. Pre shall flumes
3. Orifices
4. Meter gates.
1. Weirs:
Weirs are used to measure the flow of runoff; an irrigation channel or discharged
of a well or channel outlet at the source.
Discharge can be Summarised as:
Q = CLHn
where Q = flow rate of fluid
C = constant for structure
L = width of the crest
H = height of head of water over
the crest
n = varies with structure.
Types of weirs :-
1. Sharp Crested:
A. Rectangular weir
(comparatively large discharge).
B. Cipolletti weir (medium discharge).
2. Broad crested.
Broad crested weirs are robust structures that are generally constructed from
reinforced concrete and which usually span the full width of the channel.
2. Pre shall flumes
3. Orifices
Factors considered for Site Analysis of
Hydro-Electric power plants
1. Availability of water
– All other designs are based on it.
– Estimate should be made about the average quantity of water available throughout the year and
also about maximum and minimum quantity of water available during the year.
– These details are necessary to decide the capacity of the hydropower plant, and
– It also provide adequate spillways or gate relief during flood period.
2. Water storage
– Since there a is wide variation in rainfall during the year, therefore it is necessary to store the water
for continuous generation of power. The storage capacity can be calculated with the help of mass
curve.
– The two types of storages in use are
1. The storage is so constructed that it can make water available for power generation for one
year only.
2. Water is available in sufficient quantity even during the worst dry periods.
3. Water head
– In order to generate a requisite quantity of power it is necessary that a large quantity of water at
sufficient head should be available.
– An increase in effective head for a given output, reduces the quantity of water required to be
supplied to the turbines.
4. Accessibility of site
– The site where hydro-electric plant is to be constructed should be easy accessible. This is important
if the electric power generated is to be utilized at or near the plant site.
– The site selected should have transportation facilities of rail and road.
UBeTube Instrument
1) It is a pipe with slots machined in its side that is installed vertically at the base of the
runoff.
2) Flow is measured by deducing the water height within the pipe.
3) Measurements both depends on the geometry of slot and accuracy of water level
measurements.
4) It is similar in function to V notch weir, instrument is self empting, no moving parts.
UBeTube Diagram
Construction and working
1) Consists of vertical 10cm diameter pipe, with slot machine at one end.
2) Material Used :- schedule 40 aluminum pipe (relatively low cost and
rigidity ,strength , resistance to corrosion.
3) The tube is attached to the bottom of the runoff plot.
4) Runoff system piping can be buried below grade which secures the system.
5) Instrument can have variation in slots.
6) By finding the water height , inside pipe , flow rate is measured.