TITLE: Distillation and Hardness of Water

ABSTRACT:

The purposes of this experiment are to prepare hydrochloric acid solution, to standardize the acid
against sodium hydroxide and to determine neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid
tablet. In this experiment, we had to prepare 250ml of 0.5M HCl from 6M of HCl but the volume
we used was only 20.8ml after did the calculation by using formula M1V1=M2V2. Then, this
experiment also required us to standardize the acid which is hydrochloric acid against secondary
standard sodium hydroxide (from previous experiment). To standardize the acid, titration
method was used by titrating the solution in conical flask that contain 10.0mL HCl. 20.0mL
distilled water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein with NaOH in the burette to the end-point. From
the result, the average of concentration HCl was 0.6775M after doing some calculation. From the
last purpose of this experiment, it has to dissolve the tablet in an excess amount of acid of known
concentration.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To purify water sample by distillation.

2. To standardize EDTA solution.
3. To analyze hardness of water samples by titration with EDTA.

INTRODUCTION:

Complexometric titrations are titrations that can be used to discover the hardness of water or
todiscover metal ions in a solution. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, also known as EDTA,
iscommonly used in complex metric titrations. This is because it makes six bonds with metal
ions to form one to one complex (“Complex Titrations”). In a complex metric titration, an ion is
transformedinto a complex ion. The equivalence point is determined by a metal indicator.
Erichrome black T is anindicator that can be used to determine calcium content in a solution. The
complex that is initiallyformed is red. After all the calcium ions have reacted, the complex then
turns blue. This indicates theendpoint of the titration. In the experiment, EDTA will first be made
and then standardized. This willbe done by preparing a calcium chloride solution. In the reaction
with the EDTA, calcium carbonateis converted to calcium chloride. Ammonia-ammonium
chloride will also be prepared to be used as abuffer in the solution. The professor prepared the
Erichrome black T to be used as an indicator. Thisindicator will be cause the solution to be red at
the before the titration and then at the endpoint, thesolution will turn blue. Make sure it is blue
and not purple. After the standardization of EDTA, thecalcium content in an unknown water
sample will be found. This will be done with same way as thefirst titration occurred. The
hardness will then be calculated in parts per million. Water hardness isreported as the
concentration of carbonates in parts per million (ppm), using calcium carbonate as ageneralized
concentration that encompasses all divalent cations in the sample.
In this experiment, we will carry out about distillation process. The home tap water has been
distilled and then the hardness of the non-distilled tap water are compared to that of the distilled
tap water to determine the effectiveness of the distillation process, which is been used the
titration to determine the hardness of water sample. Water containing high concentration of Ca 2+,
Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ ion are called hard water. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are the most common sources of
hardness in water. Calcium ion and magnesium ions react with soap to form a precipitate when
sticks to stinks, bathtubs, and fabrics. The can form large amounts of insoluble calcium
carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and iron (III) carbonate when heated and form scale inside
pipes, tea kettles and water heaters. 5cale build up can impede water flow. Water softening using
ion exchangers can remove the hard water ions to produce soft water. Soft water produced by ion
exchangers contains sodium ion instead.
About distillation process, it is the most used technique for the purification of liquids. The liquid
is placed in a distilling flask and is heated to its boiling point. The vapor those, leaving behind
higher boiling impurities still in the flask; are passed along a condenser which condenses the
vapor back to liquid form and is collected in a different flask. Low boiling impurities can also be
separated similarly. Boiling will happen when the vapor pressure of a substance equals the
confining pressure. Normal boiling point occurs when the confining pressure equals the
atmospheric pressure. Hard water can be softened by other methods such as by ion exchange.
When hard water is passed through a home water softener, the calcium and magnesium ions in
the water are replaced by sodium ions. On other cation exchange resins, the cations in the sample
are replaced by the hydrogen ions while the anion exchange resins, replace the anions in the
sample with hydroxide or chloride ions. if both hydrogen and hydroxide resins are used, the
yielded hydrogen and hydroxide ions reacts with each other to produce water i.e. deionized
water. Deionized water is more superior to distilled water.
In this experiment, the total amount of calcium and magnesium in water is determined by
titrating with a standard solution of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Hardness is more
commonly expressed in units of ppm rather than molarity because of the low concentration value
of these ions.
PROCEDURE:
A. Distillation of the home tap water.
1. distillation apparatus was set up.
2. 150 mL round bottom flasks used for the distilling flask and a 250 mL conical flask for
the receiver to collect the distillate.
3. Every apparatus was clamp adequately.
4. Two per third home tap water was filled in the distilling flask. A couple of boiling chips
was added.
5. Water was flows uphill in the condenser and the mercury bulb of the thermometer was
checked.
6. First 20 drops of the distilled water collected was discarded.
7. Temperature start and stop was recorded.

B. Standardisation of the EDTA solution.

1. 50 mL burette was clean with distilled water then EDTA solution.
2. The EDTA solution was pour in the burette beyond the zero mark.
3. 25.0 mL of the prepared standard CaCO3 was pipette to 250 mL conical flask and the
concentration of the CaCO3 was recorded.
4. 8 mL of 10 pH ammonia-ammonium chloride, 15 mL of distilled water and 3 drops of
Eriochrome Black T indicator was added to the flask.
 5. The volume of the burette at the endpoint was recorded and the whole process was
repeated for two more samples.

C. Hardness of water .
1. Burette filled with EDTA solution.
2. 25 mL pipette was rinsed and 25.0 mL of lab tap water was pipette into a 250 mL conical
flask.
3. 8 mL of the ammonia-ammonium chloride and 3 drops of Eriochrome Black T was added
to the flask. The initial burette reading was recorded.
4. The solution turned blue and the final reading was recorded.
5. The titration was repeated with another water samples.

REFERENCE:

1. https://studylib.net/doc/6627507/acid-neutralizing-capacity-of-an-antacid

2. https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/893/why-first-water-and-then-acid

3. https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/ucscgencheml1/lab_4/manual.html

4. https://www.scribd.com/document/287043112/Neutralisation-Capacity-of-Commercial-
Antacid-Tablet

QUESTION:
1. Acid is always added to water and never reversed. Why?
A large amount of heat is released when strong acids are mixed with water, so adding
more acid releases more heat. If water is added to acid, an extremely concentrated
solution of acid is formed initially. So much heat will be released and that the solution
may boil very violently, resulting in splashing the concentrated acid out of the container.
2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of the antacid with HCl if the antacid contains
hydroxide ion.
Al(OH)3 (s)+ 3 HCl (aq)→AlCl3 (aq)+ 3 H2O (l)
3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if the antacid contains carbonate ion.
MgCO3 (s)+ 2 HCl (aq)→MgCl2 (aq)+ H2O (l)+ CO2