Mapping of paddy field with time series algorithm using

sentinel-1A time series data

Rokhmatuloh1, Ardiansyah1, F D Teramahi1, I Made Parsa2
1
Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University
of Indonesia. Depok, West Jawa
2
Remote Sensing Application Center, 8 Kalisari Road, Pekayon, Pasar Rebo, Jakarta

E-mail: rokhmatuloh.ssi@sci.ui.ac.id

Abstract. One of the basic food source needs for humans is rice. Nearly 70% of the
world's population makes rice as their main food. Rice production is largely
determined by the availability of agricultural land, especially rice fields. However, this
is influenced by the growth in population that continues to increase and requires land
as a place of settlement, one of which is the transition of agricultural land. One of the
problems requires handling, one of which is the right and accurate alignment of paddy
fields, so as to provide information about the quantity and quality of paddy rice area.
Remote sensing is an effective method for mapping paddy fields, especially remote
sensing using radar image data. Radar image data is not affected by cloud conditions
when compared to optical image data. In this study a mapping of wetland rice in
Subang Regency was carried out using SAR Sentinel-1A data with a time series
algorithm. SAR Data Sentinel-1A temporal is collected and analyzed using the mean
backscattering values (σ0) heading date and sowing date with dual polarization VV
and VH. The index is ∆NDSHVHVV with mapping accuracy of 75%. However, there is
still noise or because the radar image processing phase does not use methods such as
terrain flattening and Gaussian smoothing. This research might be a further study
material, as well as providing benefits for planning and managing wetland rice for the
government and the people of Subang Regency.

1. Introduction
Rice is one of the main sources for some people in the world. Every year the need for rice in the world
increases and is predicted to reach 70% in 2025 [2]. In 2002, FAO explained that more than 50% of
the population in the world made rice as a staple food [1]. This phenomenon is certainly inversely
proportional to the increase in population and economic growth which has reduced the area of wetland
rice. As such, rapid, precise and accurate monitoring of the development of wetland area needs to be
carried out so that it can reduce the impact of land use changes on the rice paddy landscape [6].
Information about changes in paddy fields every year is important information that is economically
related to the management of agricultural industries, the environment, the water cycle, the
sustainability of agriculture and the contribution to greenhouse gases [7]. The importance of
monitoring paddy fields to develop a regional food security strategy [3]. Intensification of agriculture,
especially rice paddy fields, not only benefits farmers, but also influences environmental degradation
and depletion of soil layers [3].
Identification of the current paddy rice area can be done using remote sensing technology
applications. Remote sensing data used is optical sensor data and radar sensors. In tropical regions, for
example in Indonesia, the use of optical images is ineffective and inaccurate because it is influenced
by the high presentation of cloud cover. Radar remote sensing data with active sensors can be used to
solve the problem, because it penetrates clouds and provides surface information clearly. Thus, the use
of radar data is an alternative solution to replace the availability and problems of optical remote
sensing data [5]. Various studies using SAR data on agricultural areas have been widely carried out,
among monitoring the growth of lowland rice [2, 4, 9, 10-13], mapping of paddy rice area [3, 8, 9].
SAR data used include among them are TERRASAR-X, ENVISAT ASAR, RADARSAT SAR,
Sentinel-1.
This study aims to map rice fields using multi-recording SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) remote
sensing data. The multi-recording SAR data used for mapping paddy fields is Sentinel-1A. Sentinel-
1A SAR data has high spatial resolution (10 x 10 m) and temporal (every 12 days) and uses Band-C
with a frequency of 5.405 GHz (ESA, 2013). Wave C has a high sensitivity to land surface, water and
geometry of wetland rice [10]. The data is also freely downloadable through the Copernicus program.

2. Research area
The research area of this study is Subang Regency (figure 1), West Java Province, with an area of
2172.27 Km2. The Subang Regency area, 77% is dominated by paddy rice fields. Overall, Subang
Regency has 92.17% of paddy fields with irrigated rice fields and 7.83% non-irrigated rice fields, or
45.10% of paddy fields in West Java Province [6]. This area is a strategic area of the national rice
production center.

Figure 1. Research area.

3. Data Collection
SAR Sentinel-1A data was acquired from ESA (European Space Agency) for April-December 2017.
The radar image was collected in 18 images for 12 daily spatial resolutions. Sentinel-1A
characteristics used are using the C-band, frequency 5,405 GHz and two polarizations (VV and VH),
Incidence Angel Range 30,560-45,910, Descending phase in orbit 149. Other data needed is a 1: 5000
Paddy Rice Field Standard Map from the Geospatial Information Agency of Republic of Indonesia,
Google Earth Imagery in 2017, used for interpretation of land cover and land use classes, as well as
field survey data.
Field survey data is used to validate the results of mapping using time series algorithms. The
algorithm is derived from extraction of VV and VH polarization backscattering values based on 100
sample points made with the help of Google Earth imagery. The paddy rice field 1: 5000 standard map
was made in 2017 using high-resolution imagery and then used to test the accuracy of the map
calculation results using the time series algorithm.

4. Methodology
Mapping paddy rice fields using Sentinel-1A consists of 4 steps (figure 2). (1) The initial processing
of SAR Sentinel-1A data, the process produces a radar image that is in accordance with the geometry
of the earth and is not affected by noise. In this process, radar imagery has been cut according to the
research area in subset X = 4064 and Y = 1957. (2) Stacking and composite process of 18 radar
images, this process is a process of combining 18 radar images which are then analyzed based on the
rice plant phenology, thus facilitating the reduction of time series algorithms. Detection of multi
temporal lowland rice plant phenology was carried out on each pixel identified as paddy fields based
on rice field boundaries obtained from a standard map of 1: 5000 paddy rice fields. To find out the
phenology of rice paddy plants, field survey data was used as the basis for determining image
composites based on planting dates and harvest dates. The stage of growing paddy rice in Subang
Regency based on the results of a field survey was 120 days for all types of rice. (3) Statistical
analysis, in this process a statistical analysis was performed based on the extraction of backscattering
values (σ0) from the sample points of the polarization of VV and VH.
The time series algorithms used are sourced from Chen's research [3] which uses data Sowing Date
and Heading Date in the NDSH index (Normalized Difference Sowing and Heading). In this study, the
NDSH was modified using the average NDSH value (mean NDSH) multi temporal VV and VH
polarization (∆NDSHVHVV). The mean NDSH polarization of VV (∆NDSHVV) and mean NDSH
polarization of VH (∆NDSHVH) used are the maximum (HD) and minimum (SD) values during the
rice growth phase. The algorithm that is built based on statistical analysis can be described in the
following equation:
(1)

(2)

(3)

where:
HD = Heading Date (Maximum σ0 paddy rice)
SD = Sowing Date (Minimum σ0 paddy rice)
∆NDSHVH = Mean NDSH polarization VH
∆NDSHVV = Mean NDSH polarization VV
∆NDSHVHVV = Mean NDSH polarization VHVV
The assumption made is that the Heading Date value is the maximum value of σ 0 at the stage of
growing rice, and the value of Sowing Date is the minimum value of σ 0 at the stage of growing rice.
Composite 18 radar imagery based on information on field surveys of planting time and harvest time
used for interpretation of HD and SD values for each polarization. The entire process uses the SNAP
6.0 application, ArcGIS 10.3, QGIS 2 and MS. Excel 2013. Determination of maximum and minimum
threshold values σ0 is largely determined by the accuracy of the placement of sample points for each
land cover class and land use. The land classes used in this study were 5, there is bare land, paddy rice,
settlements, water bodies and other vegetation. The fourth step (4) is the process of making paddy rice
field maps using the algorithms in equations 1, 2 and 3. Furthermore, the rice paddy land map based
on the algorithm in equation 3 is validated with a 1: 5000 paddy field map to find the Kappa
coefficient.

Figure 2. Research workflow.

5. Results and discussion

The results of identifying values σ0 for each land class show different and very dynamic values (tables
1 and 2). The use of mean statistics is very useful to separate the dynamics of the value of σ 0 so that
there is no overlap between the σ0 values of one class and the other classes. Values ∆σ0 VH paddy rice
has little in common with the value of ∆σ0 VH in the bare land class. This is also the same as the value
∆σ0 VV. There is a similarity in the value of ∆σ 0 between paddy rice area and bare land, caused by
physical conditions or topography of the area. At the beginning of the SAR data processing, it does not
use Gaussian smoothing and topographic correction techniques to produce sensitive images. The entire
initial process still uses the standard SAR data processing process. In certain regions, it can be seen
that the value of ∆σ0 paddy rice interpreted as bare land, and vice versa. As for the other classes, the
value of ∆σ0 is well separated using mean statistics.
 Table 1. The value of ∆σ0 VV for each class of land

∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV Bare ∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV Other

No Date
settlements Land Paddy Rice Water Body Vegetation
1 14-Apr-17 -7.27 -12.79 -10.68 -19.58 -4.18
2 8-May-17 -6.95 -12.14 -12.43 -19.47 -3.00
3 20-May-17 -6.95 -12.14 -11.75 -20.21 -3.31
4 1-Jun-17 -7.05 -12.00 -11.75 -19.58 -2.87
5 13-Jun-17 -7.55 -12.50 -10.89 -19.05 -3.69
6 25-Jun-17 -6.73 -11.93 -11.29 -19.32 -3.36
7 7-Jul-17 -7.29 -11.57 -10.71 -19.74 -4.15
8 31-Jul-17 -7.32 -11.93 -11.11 -19.79 -3.47
9 12-Aug-17 -7.41 -12.14 -11.54 -19.79 -4.23
10 24-Aug-17 -7.50 -12.00 -11.96 -20.26 -3.71
11 5-Sep-17 -7.82 -11.64 -11.39 -19.89 -3.71
12 29-Sep-17 -7.41 -12.29 -10.54 -19.95 -3.43
13 11-Oct-17 -7.18 -12.36 -11.36 -19.74 -4.00
14 23-Oct-17 -6.82 -12.36 -9.86 -19.68 -3.71
15 16-Nov-17 -7.18 -11.43 -10.57 -19.68 -4.08
16 28-Nov-17 -7.50 -11.79 -11.36 -19.26 -3.57
17 22-Dec-17 -6.86 -11.79 -13.25 -19.42 -4.83

Table 2. The value of ∆σ0 VH for each class of land

∆σ0 VH ∆σ0 VH Bare ∆σ0 VH ∆σ0 VH ∆σ0 VH Other

No Date
settlements Land Paddy Rice Water Body Vegetation
1 14-Apr-17 -14.00 -18.14 -17.86 -25.00 -9.12
2 8-May-17 -14.23 -17.93 -19.82 -24.63 -8.82
3 20-May-17 -13.95 -17.79 -20.07 -24.89 -9.59
4 1-Jun-17 -14.18 -18.14 -20.21 -24.74 -8.65
5 13-Jun-17 -13.86 -17.14 -19.25 -25.05 -9.35
6 25-Jun-17 -14.05 -18.00 -18.54 -24.47 -8.65
7 7-Jul-17 -14.18 -17.93 -17.93 -24.89 -8.59
8 31-Jul-17 -14.50 -17.50 -17.39 -24.89 -9.35
9 12-Aug-17 -14.50 -17.93 -17.46 -24.84 -9.12
10 24-Aug-17 -14.32 -17.86 -18.07 -24.79 -10.12
11 5-Sep-17 -14.09 -17.64 -17.96 -24.79 -10.53
12 29-Sep-17 -14.27 -17.57 -17.32 -25.00 -8.71
13 11-Oct-17 -14.14 -17.71 -17.32 -24.95 -9.53
14 23-Oct-17 -14.23 -17.71 -16.07 -24.32 -8.76
15 16-Nov-17 -13.55 -18.14 -17.14 -24.58 -8.71
16 28-Nov-17 -13.73 -18.29 -18.57 -24.89 -9.12
17 22-Dec-17 -14.45 -17.93 -21.29 -24.89 -8.76
 The statistical processing based on table 1 and 2 next is to calculate the maximum and minimum
values σ0 as the threshold values for each land class (table 3 and 4).
Table 3. Maximum and maximum values ∆σ0 VV for each class of land

∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV ∆σ0 VV Other

No Description
settlements Bare Land Paddy Rice Water Body Vegetation

1 HD (Max σ0) -6.73 -11.43 -9.86 -19.05 -2.87

0
2 SD (Min σ ) -7.82 -12.79 -13.25 -20.26 -4.83

Table 4. Maximum and maximum values ∆σ0 VH for each class of land

∆σ0VH ∆σ0VH Bare ∆σ0VH ∆σ0VH ∆σ0VH Other

No Description
Settlements Land Paddy Rice Water Body Vegetation

1 HD (Max σ0) -13.55 -17.14 -16.07 -24.32 -8.59

0
2 SD (Min σ ) -14.50 -18.29 -21.29 -25.05 -10.53

Table 3 and 4, show that the values of ∆σ0 maximum and minimum classes of bare land are in the
range of maximum and minimum grades of paddy rice. It has been explained previously that for this
case, the physical condition or topography of the land greatly gives varying dynamics. For processing
SAR data in this study, at the geometry correction stage, using SRTM 3sec data with a resolution of
90m. The correction does not use the terrain flattening formula, so with a small SRTM resolution, it
will produce noise. In the stocking phase (sowing date), the minimum value of ∆σ0 for paddy rice is
smaller than the minimum value of ∆σ0 bare land, but in the generative vegetative phase, the values of
∆σ0 between the bare land and paddy rice tend to be relatively the same (figures 3 and 4). But during
the generative period (heading date) before harvest, the maximum value of ∆σ 0 for the class of paddy
rice was greater than the class of bare land. The high size of wetland rice during the growth stage is
divided into 3 stages as described in table 5 [13].
Table 5. Descriptions of rice height at each stage of growth
Class Height Growth Stage
1 < 21 Early Vegetative
2 21 – 38 Middle Vegetative
3 39 – 60 Late Vegetative
4 61 – 78 Reproductive
5 > 78 Ripening

Table 5 explains that there is a relationship between the height of rice and the stage of growth. In
addition, rice height is also related to the maximum and minimum ∆σ0 values. In areas that have a flat
topography, it is very easy to determine the threshold value of ∆σ 0 paddy rice without being affected
by the value of ∆σ0 other land classes. This certainly does not apply to regions with varied topographic
conditions. SAR data processing techniques are more accurate by using several formulas to maximize
the interpretation results, for example in areas that have a distribution of paddy fields on flat
topography and hilly topography. Figures 4 and 5 show time series ∆σ0 for each class of land extracted
from the sample points in the study area.
 Figure 3. The temporal of ∆σ0 VV for each class of land.

Figure 4. The temporal of ∆σ0 VH for each class of land.

During the growth period of paddy rice, the value of ∆σ0 VV Heading Date (HD) is -9.86 dB, while
the value of the Sowing Date (SD) is 13.25 dB. Furthermore, the value of ∆σ0 VH Heading Date (HD)
is -16.07 dB, while the value of the Sowing Date (SD) is -21.29 dB. In tables 3, 4 and figure 4, 5, the
value of SD VV during the planting period in May 2017 is between -11 dB and -12 dB. While the
value of SD VH is between -19 dB and -20 dB. Based on the results of the field survey, it was found
that the stocking period began at the end of April and the age of rice ranged from 90 to 120 days. With
these assumptions, the HD value is in mid-July 2017 before the harvest period. According to [13], the
value of σ0 tends to decrease from the generative period to the harvest period, meaning that the value
of ∆σ0 occurs at the ripening stage and tends to decrease until the harvest period. For rice with 120
days planting period, the maximum value of rice height (HD) was calculated 60 days after the planting
period, while the minimum value of rice height (SD) was calculated from 56 to 72 days before HD [6].
While the harvest period is calculated 104-120 days after SD.
Thus, looking at figure 4 and 5, the minimum SD temporal values are in May, August and
December in the range of -12 dB and -13 dB for ∆σ0 VV and -20 dB and -21 dB for ∆σ0 VH. While
the maximum value of HD is in July and October in the range of -9 dB and -10 dB for ∆σ0 VV and -16
dB and -17 dB for ∆σ0 VH. The process of processing Sentinel-1A SAR data up to the calculation of
HD and SD values into equations 1, 2 and 3 to produce values of ∆NDSHVV and ∆NDSHVH and the
value of ∆NDSHVHVV, can be seen in figure 5-10.
 8 May (Red)-VV 31 Juli (Green)-VV 28 Nov (Blue)-VV Composit RGB-VV

8 May (Red)-VH 31 Juli (Green)-VH 28 Nov (Blue)-VH Composit RGB-VH

0
Figure 5. Composition of ∆σ VV/VH with false colour composite.

Based on Figure 5, masking was made for the study area using the Subang regency administrative
boundary on 1: 25000 scale map sourced from the Republic of Indonesia Geospatial Information
Agency, as shown in figure 6.

a. Masking image polarization VV b. Masking image polarization VH

Figure 6. Masking Sentinel-1A imagery according to the research area.
 The value of σ0 VV / VH time series after going through the stacking process, find the value ∆σ 0
VV/VH using ArcGIS 10.3. 18 Sentinel-1A SAR data are combined and then using the Cell Statistic
tool can be determined the value of ∆σ0 VV/VH, as shown in figure 7.

a. Stacking SAR data b. ∆VV image c. ∆VH image

Figure 7. Value of ∆VV and ∆VH.

The mean values of VV and VH were obtained from statistical calculations, and then extracted
using sample points so that the values of ∆σ0 VV/VH were obtained for each class of land.
Specifically for paddy rice classes, the maximum and minimum threshold values (HD and SD) are
sought, so that they can be used as the algorithm of ∆NDSHVV and ∆NDSHVH as well as ∆NDSHVHVV.
Table 6, describes the use of HD and SD threshold values as parameters in equations of 1, 2 and 3.
Table 6. SD / HD algorithms use a threshold value ∆σ 0 VV/VH in the paddy field
No Parameters Algorithm Information
1 HD VV Mean VV ≤ -9,4171 Threshold HD ∆σ0 VV
2 SD VV (Mean VV ≥ -13,9978) & (Mean Threshold SD ∆σ0 VV
VV ≤ -12,4386)
3 HD VH Mean VH ≤ -16,6674 Threshold HD ∆σ0 VH
4 SD VH (Mean VH ≥ -20,3886) & (Mean Threshold SD ∆σ0 VH
VH ≤ -19,8214)

a. SD ∆σ0 VV b. HD ∆σ0 VV c. SD ∆σ0 VV d. HD ∆σ0 VH

Figure 8. SD and HD threshold value of ∆σ0 generated from image of ∆VV and ∆VH polarization.
 a. ∆NDSHVV b. ∆NDSHVH
Figure 9. Image interpretation generated from equations 1 and 2.

Figure 9 is a description of equations 1 and 2 which are normalization of SD and HD values for
each mean ∆σ0 VV and ∆σ0 VH. The description of equation 3 is ∆NDSHVHVV, is normalization
between ∆NDSHVH and ∆NDSHVV, is shown in Figure 10.

a. Paddy Rice Map using ∆NDSHVHVV index. b. Standard map of 1: 5000 paddy rice fields
Figure 10. Mapping Paddy Rice using ∆NDSHVHVV index from equation 1 (a) and standard map
of 1: 5000 paddy rice fields (b) for accuracy estimate.
 The value of ∆σ0 shown in figure 10a is specifically the threshold value of the ∆σ0 VV and ∆σ0 VH
which is applied to the SAR Sentinel-1A data to map paddy rice in Subang Regency. The
classification results show that spatially, paddy fields are concentrated in the northern region of
Subang Regency. In addition, field data shows that there are ponds on the north coast that are
identified as paddy paddy fields. The use of SRTM 3 sec data causes noise in the northern coast to
reduce noise and accuracy. Accuracy test results using Kappa coefficient, showing a value of 0.75 or
75%. The reference map used is a 1: 5000 scale paddy field map that is sourced from the Geospatial
Information Agency of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017 (figure 10b). The Kappa coefficient is
influenced by the number of sample points used and the accuracy of the sample points on each class of
land. The results of the interpretation of paddy fields using SAR Sentinel-1A data are classified into 2
classes namely non-paddy rice classes and lowland rice classes.

6. Conclusions
This study aims to map paddy rice fields using multi-temporal SAR Sentinel-1A data. SAR data has
advantages compared to optical data, because it is not influenced by clouds, thus facilitating
interpretation. The mapping results are composite of SAR Sentinel-1A data, sample points for paddy
rice and the results of field surveys. The compilation produced a map of paddy rice in Subang
Regency with a Kappa coefficient of 75%. The algorithm used is ∆NDSH σ 0 combining the
polarization of VV and VH. The values of σ0 VV and VH used are the Heading Date and Sowing Date
threshold values. In this study, there is still noise that reduces the accuracy of mapping caused by
processing Sentinel-1A SAR data and the number of sample points used (100 sample points). To
improve the accuracy of paddy field mapping, especially in the Subang area, a Gaussian smoothing
process is needed to produce a minimal noise image. In addition, a terrain correction echo correction
process is also needed, because the topography in the Subang region tends to be uneven and the
utilization of other polarization combinations is HH, HV. The benefits of this research are to provide
spatial information about the area of paddy rice and also help in the development and planning and
monitoring of paddy rice production, especially in Subang Regency.

Acknowledgement
This research is collaboration between the Institute of Aeronautics and Space of the Republic of
Indonesia and the University of Indonesia in the National Research System Research Incentive
Program in 2018. SAR data used is sourced from ESA (scihub.copernicus.eu) and data on 1: 5000
scale rice fields from the Agency Geospatial Information of the Republic of Indonesia. The attributes
and colors on the map presented is not part of the legal status of the research area or not to be accepted
as a legal section of the research area. The author would like to thanks for the support of all parties
directly and indirectly for the entire process of research and writing of this paper.

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