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17.2
12.8
Complication Rates
• The rational for pre-operative preparation is to:
Anticipate difficulties
• History
• Physical examination
• Special investigation
• Informed consent
• Marking the site/side of operation
• Thromboembolic prophylaxis
• Antibiotic prophylaxis
Surgical history
Systemic assessment
Presenting complaint
dictates urgency, it can influence
anesthetic management and any Carefully assess each body system
associated systemic effects of about its function to rule out if any
presenting pathology other system is involved
Past medical & surgical
Hx
Drugs and Allergic Hx
interaction with anesthesia
Many diseases have direct (MAOI)
effect on general and anesthetic
treatment and outcome Related with sudden withdrawal(
steroids)
Drugs for HTN, IHD to be
Any previous operation or continued over perioperative
bleeding tendency period
Anticoagulant drugs (aspirin,
Any previous reaction to warfarin)
anaesthetic agent HRT
Social History
Smoking:
Famliy History
Short term :
Increadesd myocardial oxygen
Malignant Hyperthermia demand and decreased oxygen
Pseudo cholinesterase deficiency delivery
Bleeding disorders Long term:
decreased immune function and
decreased clearance
Physical Examnaton
Exclusion of
alternate Risk to others
diagnosis
• Amylase:
• Perform in all adult emergency admissions with abdominal
pain, prior to consideration of surgery
• Other investigations
APACHE SYSTEM
ASA SYSTEM
APACHE SYSTEM
• “Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation”
• APACHE II
• 12 acute physiological variables
• Patient’s age
• Chronic health points
• APACHE III introduced in 1991 includes 5 more physiological
variables (blood urea nitrogen, urine output, albumin , bilirubin
and glucose) and modified version of GCS
APACHE II Classification
• Score is A+B+C
Minor predictors
Advanced Age
Abnormal ECG( LVH,LBBB,ST changes)
Low functional capacity
h/o of stroke
Uncontrolled systemic hypertension
Surgery Related Risk
Thromboembolic prophylaxis
Esophageal , gastroduadenal Enteric gram negative bacilli, gram High risk only: Cefazolin
positive cocci
Biliary tract Enteric gram negative bacilli, High risk only : Cefazolin
enterococci,clostridia
Colorectal Enteric gram negative bacilli Oral: neomycin+erythromycin or
Anaerobes, enterococci metronidazole
Parenteral : cefazolin +
metronidazole or Ampicillin-
salbactum
Genitourinary Enteric gram negative baciili, enterococci High risk only: ciprofloxacin
No
No
No
No Manage based on
clinical risk factors
Manage based on
clinical risk factors
*Clinical risk factors = known ischemic heart disease, compensated or prior HF, diabetes, renal
insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease
• Surgeon and the consultants
• weigh the benefits vs. risk of the procedure
• whether the perioperative intervention is beneficial
• Patients having PCI with stenting should defer the elective procedure for 4 – 6 weeks (
or less depending on the type of stent)
• Medical therapy with beta blockers have been recommended as per ACC/AHA
guidelines:
AHA/ACC GUDELINES FOR PERIOPERATIVE β BLOCKERS
CLASS RECOMMENDATION
CLASS I β blockers should be continued in patients undergoing surgery who are receiving β blockers for
treatment of condition with ACC class I indication for the drugs
CLASS IIa 1. β blockers titrated to HR and BP are recommended for patients undergoing vascular surgery
who are at high cardiac risk because of CAD or the finding of cardiac ischemia on
preoperative testing
2. β blockers titrated to HR and BP are reasonable for patients in whom preoperative
assessment for vascular surgery identifies high cardiac risk, as defined by presence of more
than one clinical risk factor
3. β blockers titrated to HR and BP are reasonable for patients in whom preoperative
assessment identifies CAD or high cardiac risk, as defined by the presence of more than one
clinical risk factor, who are undergoing intermediate risk surgery
CLASS IIb 1. The usefulness of β blockers is uncertain for the patients who are undergoing intermediate
risk surgery or vascular surgery in whom preop assessment identifies a single clinical risk
factor in the absence of CAD
2. The usefulness of β blockers in uncertain in patients undergoing vascular surgery with no
clinical risk factor who are not currently taking β blockers
CLASS III 1. β blockers should not be given to patients undergoing surgery who have absolute
contraindication to β blockade
2. Routing administration of high dose β blockers in the absence of dose titration is not useful
and may be harmful to patients not currently taking β blockers who are undergoing noncadiac
surgery
PULMONARY SYSTEM
• Assessment of pulmonary function should be done in:
• History:
Congenital abnormality, Obstructive uropathy, PCKD, Recurrent UTI
Presence of underlying systemic disease
Known renal sufficiency
• Physical examination:
Intravascular volume overload ( pulmonary oedema, jugular venous
distension, peripheral odema)
Evidence of coagulopsthy( petechie or ecchymosis)
Lethargy or altered mental status
Pericardial and pleural rub
LAB INVESTIGATIONS
• Serum electrolytes
• BUN
• Serum creatinine levels
• Hematocrit
• Urine analysis
• Fractional excretion of sodium
• Chest radiograph
• ECG
Complication assciated with renal disease
• Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is altered
Hypertension
Peripheral edema
Salt retention
Electrolyte imbalance( hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic
acidosis)
• Hematological dysfunction
Anemia
Coagulation defects
Altered platelet adhesion and aggregation
Altered calcium and parathyroid hormone metabolism
• Nutritional status:
Proteinuria as high as 25 g/day
Decreased body stores of nitrogen
Decreased dietary intake
• Immune function:
Increased UTIs
Impaired mucosal barriers
Increased pulmonary infections
Impaired phagocytosis
Impaired elimination of certain viruses
PREOPERATIVE OPTIMISATION
• Anemia is treated with erythropoietin or darbepoietin
• Manipulation of hyperkalemia
• Replacement of calcium for symptomatic hypocalcaemia
• Use of phosphate binding antacids for hyperphosphatemia
• Correction of metabolic acidosis ( sod bicarbonate is given
i/v if levels fall below 15meq/l
• Hyponatremia is treated by fluid restriction
• Avoid nephrotoxic drugs
• Dialysis
• Improves many of the uremic symptoms and abnormality
and electrolyte abnormalities
• Preoperative dialysis should be done 24 hrs before elective
surgery to minimize the effect of iv heparin and allow the
patient to stabilize.
• HISTORY:
Prior h/o jaudice, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, parasitic
infection, biliary stone disease, pancreattits, enzyme deficiency,
prior malignanacy
h/o drug or alcohol abuse and possible exposure to infectious
agents( tattoos, blood transfusion), environmenmtal or other
hepatotoxins
h/o prior hepatotoxicity after imhaled anaesthesia
• PHYSCICAL EXAMINATION:
Jaundice
Ascitis
Peripheral edema
Muscle wasting
Testicular atrophy
Palmar erythema
Spider angioma
Gynecomastia
Stigmata of portal hypertension( caput medusa, splenomegaly)
Evidence of bleeding disorder
Liver size
LAB INVESTIGATION:
• Liver function tests
• CBC
• Serum electrolytes
• Coagulogram
• Hepatitis serology
CHILD-PUGH SCORING SYSTEM
• Stratification of operative risk in patient with cirrhosis
Parameter 1 2 3
Encephalopathy None Stage I or II Stage III or IV
Chronic
hepatitis
Coagulopathy Encephalopathy
Target PT- no more than 2 sec above 1. Treat with lactulose
normal 2. Prevent by treating
1. Vit K- 10 mg SQ ppt. condition like GI
2. FFP if no improvement Vit K bleed, uremia,
3. Cryoprecipitate as needed alkalosis
Ascites
1. Fluid restriction
2. Diuretics- furosemide or
spironolactone
3. Paracentesis –
diagnostic/therapeutic with
administration of albumin
Endocrine System
• Diabetes mellitus:
• History and examination:
• To assess adequacy of glycemic control
• To access evidence of diabetic complication
• Investigation :
• Fasting and postprandial blood glucose
• HbA1c
• Serum electolytes
• BUN to identify metabolic disturbances and renal involvement
• Serum creatnine
• Urine analysis
• ECG
• `Preoperative optimization:
• Hypothyroidism:
Severe hypothyroidism can cause MI, coagulation defects
and electrolyte imbalance
Elective surgery to be deferred until euthyroid state achieved
• Patients with h/o steroid use/ Suppression of HPAA:
• ANAEMIA:
• Management of Advanced
Breast Cancer
• Dr Javaid Ahmad Bhat
• Moderator: Dr Natasha Thakur