Anthony Martin P.

Navarez
CMSC 11

Abbreviated as HLL, a high-level language is a computer programming language

are designed to be used by the human operator or the programmer. It is used for
specific purposes. As it is not limited by the computer, its syntax is more like the
human rather than machine language, thus it is easier to understand. High-level
languages can send many commands with a single line of code, a program can be
created using powerful operations which will be converted into smaller machine
operations. Variables, objects routines, and loops are some of the important
operations and parts of high-level languages that helps the programmer execute
programs with shorter statements.

Types of High-level Languages:

Procedural Languages

A procedural language is a type of computer programming language that specifies

a series of well-structured steps and procedures within its programming context
to compose a program. It contains a systematic order of statements, functions
and commands to complete a computational task or program.

Examples:

1. Cobol: a programming language particularly suited for writing programs to

process large files of data, using a vocabulary of common English words, phrases,
and sentences.

Sample Cobol Program: Multiplier

2. Pascal: Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which

Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient
language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured
programming and data structuring.
Sample Pascal Program: Adding two numbers

3. BASIC: BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming

languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

BASIC Sample Program: Tax calculator

4. FORTRAN: Fortran is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming

language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific
computing.

Sample FORTRAN Program: Finding the area of a triangle

5. C: C is a high-level and general-purpose programming language that is ideal

for developing firmware or portable applications.

Sample C Program: Finding whether a number has factors or is a prime

Functional Languages

A functional language is a programming language built over and around logical

functions or procedures within its programming structure. It is based on and is
similar to mathematical functions in its program flow. Functional languages derive
their basic structure from the mathematical framework of Lambda calculus and
combinatory logic.

1. Erlang: Erlang is a functional, compiled, dynamically typed, fault-tolerant and

concurrent programming language. Erlang is an exotic language as it addresses
concurrency different than mainstream programming languages.

Sample Erlang Program: String Operations

2. Lisp: Lisp is a family of computer programming languages based on formal

functional calculus. Lisp (for "List Processing Language") stores and manipulates
programs in the same manner as any other data, making it well suited for "meta-
programming" applications.

Sample Lisp Program: Triple a number’s value and negating a number’s sign

3. Haskell: Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose compiled purely functional

programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is
named after logician Haskell Curry.
Sample Haskell Program: Finding if a number is odd or even

4. Scala: Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for

functional programming and a strong static type system. Designed to be concise,
many of Scala's design decisions aimed to address criticisms of Java.

Sample Scala Code: Hello World

5. Clojure: Clojure is a dialect of the Lisp programming language. Clojure is a

general-purpose programming language with an emphasis on functional
programming. It runs on the Java virtual machine and the Common Language
Runtime.

Sample Clojure Program: Finding positive numbers in a list of numbers

Object Oriented Languages

Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages. In object-

oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed
by the program are grouped together into units called objects. Objects are further
grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have.

1. Visual Basic: Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming

language and integrated development environment from Microsoft for its
Component Object Model programming model first released in 1991 and declared
legacy during 2008.
Sample Program for Visual Basic: Pythagorean Theorem

2. C++: C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative,

object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities
for low-level memory manipulation.
Sample Program for C++: Finding if a number is odd or even

3. Java: Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is

concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible.
Sample Java Program: Finding the GCD of two numbers

4. Cobol: a programming language particularly suited for writing programs to

process large files of data, using a vocabulary of common English words, phrases,
and sentences.

Sample Cobol Program: Check if a character is a vowel, consonant, or digit

5. Python: Python is a multiparadigm, general-purpose, interpreted, high-level

programming language. Python allows programmers to use different programming
styles to create simple or complex programs, get quicker results and write code
almost as if speaking in a human language.
Sample Python Program: Finding the factorial of a number