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Safety Manual
Provided by:
University of California, Office of the President
Risk Services
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L i
UC Field Operations Manual
This manual provides guidelines and resources to lead safe, successful field courses and research trips. The
content focuses on risk management issues that are relevant for California-based field courses and research,
international trips, research expeditions, and other outdoor excursions. Field sites may include field stations,
natural reserves, public lands or parks, wilderness areas, coastline or waterways, or more controlled sites such as
construction areas, excavations, or mines. The Field Operations Manual was developed to serve as a reference
document and teaching tool as well as to highlight applicable UC policies and State/Federal laws. The manual
is organized into key sections on planning, training, incident response, best practices for trip leaders, and
appendices on common field hazards and local campus resources.
Integration of field safety planning into routine instruction and training will meet key objectives and regulatory
requirements of your Campus or Department’s Injury and Illness Prevention Plan (IIPP). The IIPP is a written
safety program to protect employees from illnesses and injuries per the California Code of Regulations Title 8,
Section 3203, by establishing a safety management framework for identifying and correcting workplace hazards,
ensuring employee training and compliance, and communicating information related to safety and health issues.
Faculty, staff and students, including student employees and volunteers, are accountable for health and safety
rules and following safe work practices, including:
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L 1
Introduction
Risk, and recognizing the possibility of loss or injury, is integral to experiential learning and is inherent in field
environments where we teach and conduct research. A field instructor or researcher must also be an effective
risk manager who understands and anticipates risks and acts appropriately to reduce the likelihood of negative
consequences. Accidents often result from a combination of challenging conditions, inadequate preparation and
poor communication. For this reason, an effective trip leader must incorporate many attributes of leadership
including preparation, competency, effective communication, appropriate judgment, self and group awareness,
and tolerance for adversity and uncertainty (adapted from the National Outdoor Leadership School Educator
Notebook).
Chapter 1: Planning
• Assess Potential Field Hazards
• Assemble a written Field Safety Plan
• Register Your Trip for UC Travel Insurance
• Identify Appropriate Equipment, Gear and First Aid Supplies
• Complete Forms/Documentation
• Consider Transportation Options & Precautions
• Communicate with Participants Before Your Trip
Case Studies
• Example Field Safety Plan
• Example Scientific Dive Plan
• Budget Justification for Field Safety Supplies (UCOP)
Chapter 2: Training
• First Aid
• Leadership Skills
• Basic Outdoor Skills
• Leave No Trace & Outdoor Ethics
• Specialized Skills, including:
○○ Scientific Diving & Boating
○○ Climbing or Work at Heights
○○ Operating Powered Tools or Equipment
○○ Excavating or Trenching
○○ Entering Confined Spaces such as Caves, Vaults, Mines
○○ Handling Wildlife
○○ Clinical Work or Handling Biological Specimens
○○ Handling or Transporting Hazardous Materials
○○ Use of Drones
• Resources for Specific Areas of Study
• Training Documentation Form
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L 2
Case Studies
• Experiential Leadership Program (UCSC)
• Yosemite Leadership Program (UC Merced)
• Motorboat Operator Training Course
Case Study
• Using the Green-Amber-Red (GAR) risk model for a UC Davis research expedition on the Colorado River (by
James Fitzgerald, Bodega Marine Lab)
Effective Communication:
• Set the Tone for a Safe Learning Environment
• Establish Reasonable Expectations/Behavioral Norms
• Brief Your Team Often
• Practice Active Listening
• Resolve Conflict
Case Study
• Establishing a code of conduct at UC Irvine-managed field stations to prevent and respond to sexual
harassment and assault
Appendix
• Common Field Hazards
• Campus Support Resources & Policies
• Collection of Recent Field Fatalities
This publication is intended for University of California faculty, staff, and field researchers. The University of California and the contributors to this
document are not liable for use of its content by others not affiliated with the University of California.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L 3
CHAPTER 1
Planning
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 4
CHAPTER 1
Planning
All fieldwork warrants a pre-trip discussion regarding foreseen hazards, appropriate precautions, communication
options, and emergency procedures. Additional actions are listed below.
DESTINATION
□□ Will you be traveling more than 100 miles from • Register with UC Away for travel insurance
your home campus/office? documentation, 24/7 assistance, and a custom
“Trip Brief”
□□ Does your “Trip Brief”, the CDC, or State • Schedule a medical visit at least 6-8 weeks prior
Department recommend vaccinations or to your trip; Occupational Health, Travel Clinic or
prophylaxis for your destination? Student Health Clinics available, depending on
your campus.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 5
□□ Will you be visiting sites with hazardous terrain, • Complete a Field Safety Plan and review with all
climate, wildlife, zoonotic risks, poor sanitation, participants.
other environmental hazards, or remote sites
• At least one participant should have current first
with limited services (e.g. more than 30 minutes
aid training and carry a first aid kit.
from emergency medical services)?
□□ Does your worksite lack reliable phone service? • Include check-in procedures in your Field Safety
Plan
• Avoid working alone, when possible
• Carry field radios or satellite communication
device
□□ Will you be visiting private property or entering • Avoid working alone, when possible
private homes?
• Ensure proper approvals/protocols are in place
• Carry UC identification
• Dress comfortably but professionally
• Carry a reliable means of communication and
check in with your supervisor regularly
□□ Will you be visiting controlled sites such as • Request PPE and site access requirements in
construction sites or mines? advance
• Carry UC identification
• Avoid working alone, when possible
• Check-in with site manager/superintendent to
understand what other hazards are currently
present on the job-site
□□ Will you be driving to your destination via UC, • Review UC auto insurance policies for students,
rental or personal vehicles? faculty and staff; complete relevant driver safety
training as required by your campus; consider off
road/4x4 training if applicable.
□□ Will anyone be chartering boats, planes or using • Consult with Risk Services regarding appropriate
other non-commercial means of transportation? insurance and precautions
PARTICIPATION
□□ Are you responsible for students registered in a • Review UC Field Ops Manual Ch. 4: “Best
field course? Practices for Trip Leaders” and “Campus
Resources”
□□ Will participants be camping or sleeping in
• Consider establishing a “Student Behavior
shared dorms, housing, etc.?
Agreement” or reviewing a “Code of Conduct”
• Set the tone for a safe trip by discussing
expectations and rules before the trip
• Carry a participant roster with emergency
contact information at all times
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 6
□□ Will volunteers be helping on your project? • Register volunteers formally; consult with Risk
□□ Will family members, partners, or other • Companions should be registered via UC Away
companions be travelling with participants? and may be eligible for UC travel benefits
□□ Working outdoors with temperatures over 80 • Complete Heat Illness Prevention training
degrees F?
• Carry sufficient water, take breaks in shade
• Carry shades or tarps if natural shade is
unavailable
• Maintain means of communication, awareness of
worksite location, and ability to obtain EMS
□□ Working in dry vegetation/areas with high fire • Complete fire extinguisher training
danger?
• Carry a fire extinguisher, shovel, and bucket of
sand in your vehicle
• Consult with your Campus Fire Marshal or Fire
Prevention Office
□□ Working in cold, possibly wet conditions? • Provide all participants a recommended gear list
including waterproof clothing, boots; layers for
insulation, extra dry socks, tarp, etc.
• Carry extra blankets or sleeping bag in your
vehicle for emergencies
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 7
□□ Will anyone be operating Unmanned Aircraft • All UAS flights require prior approval and post-
Systems (drones)? flight reporting. The new UC Drone Web App,
sign in and select the Drone symbol) provides a
unified portal for managing flight requests and
reporting for UC students, staff and faculty.
□□ Will anyone be boating (motorboats, kayaks, • Properly fit PFDs must be worn at all times
canoes, or other paddlecraft)?
• Contact your Boating Safety Officer for training
and guidance. As of 2018, boating safety training
is REQUIRED in California.
• Complete a Float Plan for every trip.
□□ Will anyone be diving? • Contact your Dive Safety Officer for required
training and approvals.
• Complete a Dive Plan for every trip.
Field safety plan templates and assistance are available via campus EH&S research safety programs. For scientific
diving or boating, a dive or float plan serves a similar purpose. Links to these resources are available in the
Appendix under “Campus Resources” or you may search your campus EH&S website directly. Example plans from
UC Berkeley and UCSD/Scripps Institute of Oceanography are provided at the end of this chapter.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 8
trip (e.g. approaching storm, disease outbreak, heightened security), you will receive updated alerts via email with
specific guidance for your location. You may also access travel intelligence reports directly by logging in to the
Worldcue Trip Planner or by downloading the app Worldcue Mobile. Some key points:
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 9
List required PPE, equipment and recommended clothing/gear in your Field Safety Plan. For remote, outdoor work
don’t forget “outdoor essentials”:
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 10
□□ Useful supplies: duct tape, super glue, bungee cords, large plastic bag
□□ PPE: nitrile gloves, grip gloves, safety glasses, reflective vests
□□ Fire extinguisher, shovel, bucket of sand (for work in dry vegetation with any type of ignition source/spark)
□□ Space blanket, sleeping bag, and/or extra dry clothing (for cold or wet field sites)
□□ Extra first aid kit, water, snacks
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 11
• Send or give your participants information regarding your course or project. This can include a personal
equipment list, a description of what to expect, a participant medical form, syllabus, waivers and contact
information of leaders and other participants.
• Review your Field Safety Plan, Worldcue trip brief, expected hazards and conditions, security concerns, code of
conduct, and travel logistics
• Encourage participants to get medical procedures (including dental procedures) taken care of before extended
field excursions.
• Initiate direct communication with your participants. It may be necessary to talk directly with participants
beforehand to determine whether a field class or research expedition is the right choice for them.
See Chapter 4 for more suggestions on setting the tone for a safe trip.
Case Studies
• Example Field Safety Plan (UC Berkeley)
• Example Scientific Dive Plan (SIO/UCSD)
• Budget Justification for Field Safety Supplies and Training
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 1: Planning 12
CHAPTER 2
Training
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 13
Chapter 2
Training
Mentoring is essential to transfer knowledge and practical skills from experienced faculty, staff and researchers
to new researchers and students, and is often provided informally. However, documented training is a critical part
of our University safety programs in order to comply with regulatory requirements, accrediting agencies, and in
many situations, funding organizations. Commercial trainers typically provide documentation via a certification
that an individual should maintain and be able to provide upon request, e.g. a first aid card. UC-sponsored safety
training is typically documented centrally on campus, such as through the UC Learning Center. Departments,
research groups or field course instructors can integrate training on safe practices into lab meetings, hands-on
demonstrations, or field lectures, and document completion via a simple sign-in form (template provided below).
It also is appropriate to list required training as prerequisites in a Field Safety Plan that is reviewed and signed by
all participants. Field-related training typically falls into two categories:
Wilderness first aid training is appropriate for outdoor fieldwork or visiting remote sites because it covers more
first responder information and relevant scenarios than typical 4 hour community first aid classes. There is
no adequate substitute for getting this training. The largest wilderness medicine training provider in the U.S.
is the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS). The 2-day Wilderness First Aid (WFA) course and 10-day
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 14
Wilderness First Responder (WFR) course are both taught at numerous UC campuses. Other training providers
within California include Sierra Rescue, Wilderness Medicine Associates, and Foster Calm. For trip leaders,
field scientists, or students that plan to pursue a career doing outdoor work, WFR training is highly-regarded
professionally and will prepare individuals to manage a broad-range of emergency situations, illnesses, and
injuries.
WFA training at UC Merced’s Yosemite Field Station WFA training at UC Botanical Garden
Leadership Skills
Facilitating field research or teaching field classes can require leadership skills that go beyond the expectations
of a lab instructor or classroom teacher. This manual attempts to provide a comprehensive resource for helping
instructors learn more of these skills. Many other organizations, both on and off campus, offer much more
in-depth training. For example, the UCSC Outdoor Recreation Program sponsors the Experiential Leadership
Program (ELP), which offers many relevant classes and a certificate program to students, staff and faculty who
want to improve their group leadership skills, particularly in an outdoor context. An excellent written resource
is the NOLS Leadership Educator Notebook, which can be ordered from the NOLS (www.nols.edu). Field Safety
in Uncontrolled Environments (published by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists) also provides
excellent guidance on planning and leading field excursions and was the model for UC Berkeley’s Field Safety Plan
template.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 15
• Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces
• Dispose of Waste Properly
• Leave What You Find
• Minimize Campfire Impacts
• Respect Wildlife
• Be Considerate of Other Visitors
The UC Dive Safety Officers oversee the largest and most active scientific diving system in the country and have
a long history of collaborating together to meet the shared mission of ensuring this high risk activity occurs in a
safe and effective manner. UC also owns Gump Station in Moorea, French Polynesia and the UC Dive and Boat
Safety Program oversees all of Gump’s diving and boating activities.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 16
• Diving and Boating Consultation and Technical Support
• Development and ongoing oversight of Diving, Boating & Emergency Management Plans
• Management of Boat Safety Programs
• Dive Safety Equipment Testing and Repair Services
• Purchasing of Dive & Boat Safety Related Equipment
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 17
down and because they are not designed to absorb shock after a fall as full-body harnesses used in conjunction
with shock absorbing fall arrest systems are designed to do. Compliant full body harnesses have a dorsal D-ring to
attach fall arrest systems and/or to be used during rescue.
Excavating or Trenching
Hazards related to excavating or trenching include:
• physical hazards from use of digging equipment or being trapped/buried by collapsing soil;
• respiratory hazards caused by disturbing soil that contains Coccidioides fungi (which causes Valley Fever) or
other environmental contaminants,
• and trips/falls if the edge is not clearly flagged or protected. Excavations greater than 4 feet deep trigger Cal/
OSHA regulatory requirements for evaluation and shoring. Consult with your EH&S office for guidance and to
establish safe work practices.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 18
Consult with your EH&S office for confined space entry training and to establish safe work practices. It is a
standard precaution for workers to wear a hardhat, headlamp, and carry a 4-gas meter (that measures hydrogen
sulfide, combustible gas, carbon monoxide, and oxygen levels simultaneously) to verify safe conditions and
adequate oxygen levels prior to entry into a confined space.
Handling Wildlife
Wildlife biologists face environmental hazards in the field, as well as risk of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases
and the physical threat of a wildlife attack or bite. During required institutional review of animal protocols, best
practices for trapping or darting of wildlife should be adopted, but broader field hazards should not be ignored. As
with all fieldwork, working alone, extreme weather conditions, unreliable communications, and limited or delayed
emergency medical services may exacerbate any research-related incidents.
It is standard precaution for gloves to be worn when handling any wildlife, and additional controls are warranted
for species that transmit life-threatening diseases, e.g. wearing a respirator for handling deer mice (hantavirus),
or getting a rabies vaccination for handling bats or other carriers. Animal procedures require hands-on
demonstration and training; consult with your Campus Biosafety Officer or Veterinarian for guidance and never
perform work that is not specifically approved in your Animal Use Protocol.
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 19
Anyone shipping hazardous materials should consult with your EH&S office for guidance on required training
and labeling. Also, please note, to move research materials between a UC campus and outside institutions there
must be a Material Transfer Agreement in place. Contact your campus Material Transfer Coordinator for more
information. Prior to shipping research equipment or materials out of the country, work with your export control
manager or Vice Chancellor for Research’s office to determine whether an export license is required. For more
information visit the ECAS International Shipping site.
Geology/Earth Sciences:
• Field Safety in Uncontrolled Environments (AAPG)
• Safety & Health for Field Operations (USGS)
Wildlife Biology:
• Guidelines for use of wild animals in research and teaching (American Society of Mammologists)
• Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research (Ornithological Council)
• Science Guidelines (American Fisheries Society)
• Resources, Collection & Curation Practices (American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpotologists)
• Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel (National Association of State Public
Health Veterinarians)
• Fish & wildlife training modules (Canadian Council on Animal Care)
• Health Risks for Marine Mammal Works (UC Davis Vet Medicine, 2008)
• Disease Precautions for Hunters (AVMA)
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 20
Archeology, Paleontology, Anthropology, Others:
Health and Safety for Museum Professionals (SPNHC)
Safety of Journalists:
• http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/safety
Case Studies
• Experiential Leadership Program & Wilderness Orientation (UCSC Recreation)
• Yosemite Leadership Program (UC Merced)
• Motorboat Operator Training Course outline (UC Davis)
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L CHAPTER 2: Training 21
CHAPTER 3
Incident Response
& Reporting
1. Scene Size Up
Before administering care to an ill or injured person, check the scene and the person. Size up the scene and
form an initial impression. Pause and look at the scene and the person before responding. Answer the following
questions:
• Is the scene safe to enter?
• What happened?
• How many people are involved? - What is my initial impression about the nature of the person’s illness or
injury?
• Does the person have any life-threatening conditions, such as severe, life-threatening bleeding?
• Is anyone else available to help?
1
American Red Cross “First Aid Steps”, accessed at https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/first-aid/performing-first-aid/first-aid-steps. A more
comprehensive American Red Cross manual is available here at http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m55540601_
FA-CPR-AED-Part-Manual.pdf.
2
SAMPLE: Acronym reminder for asking about Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Pertinent Medical History, Last Ins/Outs, Events
leading up to the incident
CPR/AED Instructions
The 2017 American Heart Association Guideline Updates3 continue to recommend that lay rescuers trained in
CPR give chest compressions and rescue breaths at a ratio of 30:2 for adults in cardiac arrest. The same 30:2 ratio
is advised for pediatric cardiac arrest4; but if a second rescuer can assist, a 15:2 ratio should be followed.
Control bleeding Put on gloves. Cover the wound with a dressing, and press firmly against the wound (direct
pressure). Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart if you do not suspect that
the victim has a broken bone. Cover the dressing with a bandage. If the bleeding does not
stop, apply additional dressings and bandages, and use a pressure point to squeeze the
artery against the bone. Provide care for shock.
Care for Shock Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated. Elevate the legs about 12 inches (if
broken bones are not suspected). Do not give food or drink to the victim.
Burns Reduce pain by gently cooling the burn. Pour large amounts of water over the burned area.
Cover the burn with dry, clean dressings or cloth.
Muscles, bones and Rest the injured part. Apply ice or a cold pack to control swelling and reduce pain. Avoid
joint injuries any movement or activity that causes pain. If you must move the victim because the scene
is becoming unsafe, try to immobilize the injured part to keep it from shifting.
Poisoning Call the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) and communicate what was swallowed
and how much. Follow the directions given exactly.
Allergic reaction Allergic reactions range from mild (e.g. hay fever) to severe (e.g. anaphylaxis). Anaphylaxis
(an-a-fi-LAK-sis) is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction. The most common
anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings, or medications. More specific response
actions outlined below.
Heat Illness Heat exhaustion is the most common type of heat illness. Move to a cool, shaded place;
hydrate with cool water. If no improvement, call 911 and seek medical help. Do not return
to work in the sun. Heat exhaustion can progress to life-threatening heat stroke. More
specific response actions outlined below.
3
https://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017-Focused-Updates_Highlights.pdf
4
https://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BLS-Pediatric-Cardiac-Arrest-Single-Rescuer-Algorithm.png
5
Ready.gov first aid steps, accessed at http://ready.wv.gov/during/pages/basicfirstaid.aspx
6
Cal/OSHA Heat Illness Prevention and Response accessed at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/HeatIllnessInfo.html
7
NIOSH Cold Stress First Aid, accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/coldrelatedillnesses.html
Frostbite Get into a warm room or shelter as soon as possible. Unless absolutely necessary, do not
walk on frostbitten feet or toes-this increases the damage. Immerse the affected area in
warm-not hot-water (the temperature should be comfortable to the touch for unaffected
parts of the body). Warm the affected area using body heat; for example, the heat of an
armpit can be used to warm frostbitten fingers. Do not rub or massage the frostbitten area;
doing so may cause more damage. Do not use a heating pad, heat lamp, or the heat of a
stove, fireplace, or radiator for warming. Affected areas are numb and can be easily burned.
Other Environmental Signs/symptoms and treatment are described thoroughly in the reference NOLS Wilderness
Injuries Medicine 6th edition by Tod Schimelpfenig (2016) for altitude sickness, lightning, stings and
bites, and cold water immersion. As these types of injuries occur infrequently, it’s important
to carry a wilderness medicine reference with you; a condensed field version is typically
provided during wilderness first aid training.
Anaphylaxis
Allergic reactions range from mild (e.g. hay fever) to severe (e.g. anaphylaxis). Anaphylaxis (an-a-fi-LAK-sis) is a
serious, life-threatening allergic reaction. The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings, or
medications. Symptoms may develop immediately, rapidly progress over minutes, or develop slowly over hours.
Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment, including a prompt injection of epinephrine and a trip to a
hospital emergency room. If it isn’t treated properly, anaphylaxis can be fatal.1
Note: Epinephrine requires a medical prescription. Individuals with known allergy may carry their own
epinephrine auto-injector, typically in a two-pack. California law does allow trained “lay rescuers” to carry
epinephrine auto-injectors in first aid supplies and administer to a person experiencing anaphylaxis, but the “lay
rescuer” must have a current Epinephrine Certification Card issued by the State of California Emergency Medical
Services Authority and meet all other requirements of UC’s Epinephrine Auto-Injector Program. In all situations
when an epinephrine auto-injector is administered, the patient must immediately be taken to an emergency room
for medical evaluation.
8
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, accessed at http://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/allergies/anaphylaxis
Heat Illness
First Aid–Signs & Symptoms of Heat Illness
Signs & Symptoms Treatment Response Action
HEAT EXHAUSTION 1. Stop all exertion. Heat exhaustion is the most common
• Dizziness, headache 2. Move to a cool shaded place type of heat illness. Initiate treatment.
If no improvement, call 911 and seek
• Rapid heart rate 3. Hydrate with cool water.
medical help. Do not return to work in
• Pale, cool, clammy or flushed skin the sun. Heat exhaustion can progress
to heat stroke.
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Fatigue, thirst, muscle cramps
HEAT STROKE 1. Move (gently) to a cooler spot in Call 911 or seek medical help
• Disoriented, irritable, combative, shade. immediately.
unconscious 2. Loosen clothing and spray clothes
and exposed skin with water and Heat stroke is a life threatening medical
• Hallucinations, seizures, poor
fan. emergency. A victim can die within
balance
3. Cool by placing ice or cold packs minutes if not properly treated. Efforts
• Rapid heart rate along neck, chest, armpits and groin to reduce body temperature must begin
• Hot, dry and red skin (Do not place ice directly on skin) immediately!
During Travel
Directions and contact information for nearby medical services should be identified in advance and included in
your field safety plan. For international travel, the US State Department and embassy websites provide guidance
on finding a doctor or hospital while abroad10.
For emergency assistance while travelling, contact the toll-free 24/7 number provided on your registration card
for our UC travel insurance provider.
You may register travel via the UC Away web portal https://ehs.ucop.edu/away.
Incident Reporting
Immediately report all work-related fatalities, catastrophes, serious injuries or illnesses to your supervisor and
campus department. Supervisors/departments are responsible for promptly reporting incidents to EH&S or
Risk Services and completing incident report forms. Ideally, specific emergency contact numbers and incident
reporting procedures are clearly outlined in written field safety plans carried in the field. Consider carrying
appropriate incident report forms and a copy of your field safety plan in your first aid kit.
Lessons Learned
By reporting and reviewing incidents among field teams, departments, and with campus staff, lessons learned can
benefit a broader group and help improve our operations. We all recognize that injuries happen when working
outdoors in uncontrolled environments but want to strive toward being prepared, making safe decisions in the
field, and minimizing the negative consequences when incidents occur.
Your department safety committee or coordinator, EH&S staff, research oversight committees, or other personnel
on campus may be involved in accident investigation and review of lessons learned.
10
US State Department: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you-go/your-health-abroad.html
Best Practices
for Trip Leaders
Risk Assessment
Evaluating the “Accident Potential”
Always ask yourself: If we get into an accident right here, could I justify my actions and decision-making when I
describe this back home? Two forces overlap when most accidents occur:
• Objective factors: These are environmental hazards presented by the natural world, such as weather, darkness,
falling rocks, moving water, lightning, snow, exposure, avalanche, cold, hot, or deep water, etc.
• Subjective factors: These are human characteristics that often play a role when accidents occur. They include
complacency, overconfidence, distraction, differing perception of risk, expectations and peer pressure, fatigue,
stress, haste and lack of competence.
This graphic depicts the Go/No Go concept integrated into our field safety plans. Some conditions may be clear
“No Go” situations, e.g. lightning, high waves, extreme heat, washed out roads, etc., but many challenging field
situations will fall into the “amber” boxes.
Many experienced leaders employ all of these decision-making styles depending on the situation and the
expertise of their groups. By doing so, leaders help maintain a safe learning environment while at the same time
helping groups take ownership and responsibility for their collective experience.
Case studies:
Using the Green-Amber-Red (GAR) risk model for a UC Davis research expedition on the Colorado River (by James
Fitzgerald, Bodega Marine Lab)
NSF Workshop Report: Arctic Field Safety Risk Management
Effective Communication
Set the tone for a safe learning environment
The success and overall safety of a team is more associated with the quality of its leadership, teamwork and
communication than it is with its overall skill level. Teams don’t magically happen. They are consciously built
by the actions of both leaders and participants. Before any risky situations arise, it’s important to develop and
practice good teamwork and communication within your teacher/leader team and student/research group.
As a leader/teacher, you
have enormous influence
over how well (and how
safely) your team will
perform. Below are several
key communication
actions you can employ to
help you more effectively
steer your group in a safe
positive direction.
• Meet with your leader/teaching team prior to the beginning of your class/trip to discuss your leadership roles
as well as personal and course objectives.
The following is a suggested format you could use for a discussion about creating a safe learning environment
for undergraduates participating in a multi-day field class. This discussion should happen as early on in the course
as possible. This can easily be modified or shortened for less-involved field experiences or different participants.
Regardless, this discussion is one of the key leverage points that leaders have over the general trajectory that
their group will follow during their time together. Don’t skip it.
• Introduction: Living and studying outside will pose significant challenges for all of us. A big part of this
challenge is how we work together as a group - how we communicate, cooperate, problem-solve and
support one another. This course is different (and much more) than a regular academic experience - we learn
together but we also live together and can’t get away from each other when we’re in the field. We have the
responsibility both before and during the course to co-create a safe, positive learning environment. The
rewards of building and maintaining a safe, supportive community are huge. Your own learning goals will be
magnified when we actively work to support each other.
• Explicitly State Leader Expectations: With this in mind, it is important to specify and build consensus around
what it takes to maintain a safe positive learning environment. Let’s spend time now as a group discussing this
and getting everyone’s input. For now, consider the following general aspects that we as the leaders of this
course have found useful in creating a safe positive learning environment:
○○ You can expect us (your leaders) to instruct this course. But you can also expect us to respect you for who
you are, to support you both physically and emotionally, to give and receive constructive feedback, and
ultimately to provide a safe learning environment for you and the group as a whole.
○○ We will expect all of you:
▪▪ to respect one another
▪▪ to practice proactive self-care; check in with us about medical concerns and other concerns you may
have
▪▪ to follow our lead & follow the rules
▪▪ to participate fully (be on time, get out of bed, speak up in discussions, take part in activities)
▪▪ to teach and learn from one another (take pride in what you bring to the group and support others in
what they bring too)
▪▪ to be open minded and ready to learn (all the time, even when you’re tired, when you’re in the van)
▪▪ to take initiative to try new things (peer leadership)
▪▪ to work together as a team (you don’t have to like everyone, but you do have to work together
effectively. Sometime this means taking a leadership role, sometimes it means supporting one of
your peers who takes a leadership role.)
▪▪ to be willing to sacrifice some personal goals for the sake of the group (you may need to speed up/
slow down, turn around on a hike, speak up more, listen more, modify your level of sarcasm/joking to
fit with the norms of the group, etc.)
▪▪ to give and receive constructive feedback
▪▪ to provide a safe learning environment for everyone
▪▪ to put your whole self in to the experience
• Get input from your group: Take some time to discuss in smaller groups anything else the student group
thinks is important to maintaining a safe learning environment. Then discuss as a whole group, letting as many
participants share what they talked about. Acknowledge everyone for listening and sharing.
The two cornerstone skills of active listening are Paraphrasing and Drawing People Out:
Paraphrasing
When you paraphrase someone, you say back to the speaker what you think the speaker said in your own words.
This is the most straightforward way to demonstrate to a speaker that his or her thoughts were heard and
understood. Though simple, paraphrasing is powerful! When done well, it is non-judgmental and enables people
to feel that their ideas are respected.
A good leader sets a tone in which participants and co-leaders feel they can speak up, question and share
observations without fear of reprisal. Do this by frequently checking in with your instructor team and student
group. Strive to follow these guidelines:
• Give adequate time for discussions to avoid giving the impression that your group has nothing to contribute.
• Make eye contact.
• Listen to your team member’s responses without interrupting or “talking over” them.
• Ask: “Are you getting enough direction from me about what you need to be doing?”
• Be aware giving the impression that you’re really not looking for input.
• Instead of saying, “Okay - you’ve all done this before. Ready to go?,” ask “Hey is anyone not ready?”
• Be aware that silence can be mistaken for agreement. Take the time and create the space for everyone to
express their concerns.
Resolving conflict
The potential for conflict is natural among people and is an inherent part of any group’s development into a
safe, high functioning team. Rather than avoid conflict, effective teams manage conflict productively. While
conflicts are okay, unresolved conflicts are not. They impede communication and cooperation, and they can
lead to incidents. Conflict often arises when expectations, roles and responsibilities are unclear. Participants
may be missing information or lack a sense of the big picture. It’s the leader’s job to clarify this for your group.
When conflict arises, you should see it as a sign that your team may be unraveling. As a leader, you may need
to step in, acknowledge the issue and set aside time to work through the conflict. Do this by listening to the
different perspectives and opinions, restating or revising roles & expectations and committing to moving forward
productively.
An effective SPA should target behavior that is specific, observable and changeable. It needs to include a timeline
for change and appropriate consequences. See the Appendix for an example of a SPA used at UCSC. Your Dean of
Student Conduct (or comparable leadership on your campus) can also help with deciding if/when to use SPAs and
how to write them.
Case Study
• Establishing a code of conduct at UC Irvine-managed field stations to prevent and respond to sexual
harassment and assault
• Surveys indicate that sexual harassment or assault is a significant risk during field work, especially for
women and students (Clancy et al 2014; National Academies 2018). To address this issue, resources
were posted on the department website and the following posters were developed. They have served
as a model for the broader UC Natural Reserve System. Shared by Kathleen Treseder, Professor UC
Irvine Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology.
For assistance with incidents of sexual assault, sexual harassment, sexual violence,
stalking, dating violence, and domestic violence, please contact:
F I E L D O P E R AT I O N S S A F E T Y M A N UA L APPENDIX 42
UC Berkeley’s Blue Oak Ranch Reserve
Wildlife
• Common snakes
• Common spiders of California (Essig Museum, UC Berkeley)
• Pests that injure
• Poisonous plants
• Bear safety
• Mountain Lions in California (CDFW)
• Rattlesnakes in California (CDFW)
Infectious organisms/diseases
• Valley fever
• Lyme disease
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (California Department of Public Health)
• Giardiasis (California Department of Public Health)
• Tick Removal Video (NY Department of Health)
• Zika Virus Updates (California Department of Public Health)
• West Nile Virus Fact Sheet (California Department of Public Health)
• Hantavirus (Centers for Disease Control)
• Other Vector-borne Diseases (California Department Public Health)
Wildlife Biology
• Guidelines for use of wild animals in research and teaching (American Society of Mammologists)
• Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research (Ornithological Council)
• Science Guidelines (American Fisheries Society)
• Resources, Collection & Curation Practices (American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpotologists)
• Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel (National Association of State Public
Health Veterinarians)
• Fish & wildlife training modules (Canadian Council on Animal Care)
• Health Risks for Marine Mammal Works (UC Davis Vet Medicine, 2008)
• Disease Precautions for Hunters (AVMA)
• Safety of Journalists:
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/safety
CAMPUS CONTACTS
UC Berkeley Sara Souza fieldsafety@berkeley.edu https://ehs.berkeley.edu/field-safety
UC Davis Heather Spaulding fieldsafety@ucdavis.edu https://safetyservices.ucdavis.edu/article/
field-research-safety
UC Los Angeles Mike Williams mwilliams@ha.ucla.edu https://ehs.ucla.edu/field-research
UC Merced Karen Smith ksmith23@ucmerced.edu https://ehs.ucmerced.edu/researchers-labs/
field-safety
UC Irvine Blaise Bautsch bbautsch@uci.edu https://ehs.uci.edu/programs/field/index.html
UC Riverside Pamela See pamela.see@ucr.edu https://ehs.ucr.edu/field/index.html
UC San Diego Lance Scott lscott@ucsd.edu https://blink.ucsd.edu/safety/risk/field-safety-
or or plan.html
Kris Morris krmorris@ucsd.edu or
https://blink.ucsd.edu/safety/risk/field-safety-
plan.html
UC San Francisco Bruce Flynn Bruce.Flynn@ucsf.edu http://rmis.ucsf.edu/travel-resources
(Risk Mgt*)
UC Santa Barbara Nelly Traitcheva Nelly.Traitcheva@ehs.ucsb.edu http://www.ehs.ucsb.edu/field-safety
UC Santa Cruz Steve Loveridge fieldsafety@ucsc.edu https://ehs.ucsc.edu/programs/research-
safety/field-research/
UC Travel Emergency Assistance (24/7 service for medical, security or other emergencies):
• (800) 527-0218
• Outside the U.S., you may call collect
(410) 453-6330
• Email assistance@uhcglobal.com
• Refer to the UC Group Insurance ID # you receive after trip registration via Connexxus or UC Away
UC Global Operations: UCGO.org is a portal to information and resources in support of UC’s global activities;
includes regulatory and international project management tools
Pre-Travel Medical Exams and Consultation for UC Researchers & Instructors: If you are planning a research
project and are unsure what medical services are available on your campus, please contact your Medical Director,
University Health Center or EH&S office for guidance.
• International Travel Clinics:
○○ Provide pre-trip immunizations and medical counseling specific to your destination.
○○ Researchers should make an appointment at least 8 weeks prior to travel.
○○ Typically fee for service.
Resilient Traveling: Managing Stress & Enhancing Your Experience Abroad (U. of Michigan)
Please note, a more extensive list is compiled by Richard Conniff, author and contributor to the NY Times, in his
blog “The Wall of the Dead: A Memorial to Fallen Naturalists.”
Panama, Wildlife Biology (2017) - Parker James Matzinger – 22, of Ashland, Oregon, passed away on Jan. 26, he
had just begun a three-month internship with the Smithsonian Institute and was setting up new animal camera
traps in the jungle. Related article
Ethiopia, Plant Biology (2016) - Sharon Gray – Post-doc at UC Davis, killed when a rock went through her car
window and hit her head, on the outskirts of the capital city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Related article
Antarctica, Climate Research (2016) - Gordon Hamilton – Professor at UMaine conducting climate systems
research, died in a snowmobile crash into a crevasse in Antarctica. Related article
Congo, Wildlife Biology (2016) - Jana Robeyst – Wildlife Conservation Society field researcher, charged by a wild
elephant – Related article
USA (Santee National Wildlife Refuge) (2016) – Wayne Grooms – rattlesnake bite to his lower left leg. Article
Zambia, Wildlife Biology (2015) – Margarita Metallinou – Researcher from Villanova University specializing in
reptiles was working in Kafue National Park, when an elephant trampled her to death, age 29. Related article
Ethiopia, Wildlife Biology (2015) - Bill Stanley - head of the mammal collection at the Field Museum in Chicago,
died of a heart attack, age 58, while running traplines for rare species in Ethiopia. Related article
Mongolia, Wildlife Biology (2015) - Lkagvasumberel Tomorsukh - with the Snow Leopard Trust, working directly
with leopards radiocollaring, camera trapping, surveying, and outreach. Probable murder. Article
U.S.A (Bridger-Teton National Forest) (2014) – Adam Stewart – killed by a bear on a solo trip in the Teton
Wilderness to conduct a vegetation survey. Related article, OSHA investigation
Finland, Wildlife Biology (2014) - Keren Embar – Post-doc at Ben Gurion University (Israel) studying hantavirus,
died of hantavirus while studying voles in Finland. Related article
Antarctica, Marine Biology/Diving (2014) - Luigi Michaud – research fellow developing new antibiotics for the
treatment of cystic fibrosis, died while diving in Antarctica collecting marine bacteria. Related article
India, Wildlife Biology (2014) - Subramanian Bupathy – herpetologist at Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History (India), died from severe fall in mountains while studying reptiles. Related article
USA (Arizona), Wildlife Biology (2014) – Ronnie Sidner - mammalogist, conservationist, and tireless advocate
for bats, died in an automobile accident after leading a bat field trip. Related article