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GRADE 9 TERMINOLOGY

CHAPTER 1
HUMAN REPRODUCTION – CELL DIVISION

TERMINOLOGY MEANING/ FUNCTION


GONAD Reproductive organ that produce gamet.
female : ovary, male : testis
GAMETE Reproductive cell that containing haploid
number of chromosomes.
female : ovum, male : sperm
FERTILIZATION Fusion of two gametes to form a single cell
(zygote).
ZYGOTE The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results
from fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell
nucleus.
OVUM The female gametes, the haploid, unfertilized
egg.
UTERUS The womb, the organ where the development
of young occurs, in the female reproductive
organ.
OVIDUCT / FALLOPIAN TUBE The two tubes connecting the uterus with the
ovaries, conveys egg cells away from ovary,
fertilization site.
OVARIUM Female gonad, which produces egg cells and
reproductive hormones.
FIMBRAE The end of fallobian tube/oviduct, catch the
egg cell.
VAGINA The tube leading from the uterus to the
outside of the body, also called the birth
canal, accomodates the penis and receives
sperm during copulation.
CERVIX The neck of utereus, which opens into the
vagina.
The lower portion of the uterus; where the
vagina and uterus meet.
PENIS The external reproductive organ, urethra
passes through the penis and allows urine and
semen to exit the body.
VAS DEFERENS The tube which connects the testes to the
urethra and allows semen to exit the body,
conveys sperm away from the testis.
EPIDIDYMIS Site of sperm maturation and storage
TESTIS The male gonad, two glands which produce
sperm and reproductive hormones.
BULBOURETHRAL (COWPER’S A pair of glands near the base of the penis in
GLAND) the human male that secrete fluid that
lubricates and neutralizes acids in the urethra
during sexual arousal.
SEMINAL VESICLE A gland in male that secrete fructose ( sperm
use this sugar for energy) and prostaglandins
(induce muscles to contract).
PROSTATE GLAND A gland in human’s male that secretes most of
the liquid part of the semen (sperm +
glandular secretion). May help buffer the low
pH (3.4 – 4.0) of vaginal fluid.
SPERM The male gametes, the haploid.
SPERMATOGENESIS The formation of sperm cells.
OOGENESIS The formation of egg cells.
MITOSIS The type of cell division that occurs in non-
reproductive cells.
The division of a single nucleus into two
genetically identical daughter nuclei.
MEIOSIS The cell division that occurs in reproductive
cells; gametes.
The division of a single diploid nucleus into
four haploid daughter nuclei.
MENSTRUATION  The menstrual cycle involves the release
of a mature egg from a follicle and the
preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.
 Menstruation is a monthly shedding of a
female's uteral lining; it lasts about 3 to
5 days (average) and contains blood and
tissue that exits her body through the
cervix and vagina – the first day of
menstruation is the first day of your
period.
TESTOSTERON The male hormone secreted by Leydig cells,
located between tubulus seminiferus.
Play role in Meiosis I.
Controls the development of primary and
secondary sexual characteristics.
PROGESTERONE The female hormone secreted by Corpus and
stimullated by LH.
Responsible to prepare uterus wall to
received fertilized egg, implantation of
embryo.
ESTROGEN The female hormones secreted by de Graaf’s
follicle and stimulated by FSH.
Responsible to growth and development of
female sexual characteristics (primary and
secondary sex).
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)  stimulates the production of estrogens
and progesterone from the ovary
 Trigger ovulation and development of
corpus luteum
 Concentrations of LH increase during
ovulation
 Stimulated Leydig cells to produce
testoteron
FOLICLE STIMULATING  stimulates the maturation of ovarian
HORMONE (FSH) follicles
 Stimulate sertoli cells to change
spermatid to sperm (spermiasi)
MENOPAUSE the time in a woman’s life when she gradually
slows down and finally stops producing eggs
and her menstrual cycle ceases.
PUBERTY stage in the humans development when the
sex organs mature and first produce gametes.
IMPLANTATION when a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, has
attached to the lining of the uterine wall.
It marks the beginning of pregnancy.
OVULATION the release of an egg cell from an ovarian
follicle.
COPULATION sexual intercourse
EJACULATION Discharge of semen from the penis.
SEMEN The fluid contains sperm cells.
PLACENTA The organ that provides nutrients and oxygen
to the embryo and helps dispose of its
metabolic wastes, formed of the embryo’s
chorion and the mother’s endometrial blood
vessels.
UMBILICAL CORD Contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous
substance made largely from
mucopolysaccharides which protects the
blood vessels inside. It contains one vein,
which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood
to the fetus, and two arteries that carry
deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away.
CHORION The outermost extraembryonic membrane,
which becomes the mammalian embryo’s part
of placenta.
AMNION the extraembryonic membrane that encloses
the fluid-filled amniotic sac containing the
embryo.
CHROMOSOME a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in
the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most
visible during mitosis and meiosis, also the
main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic
cell.
Chromosome consist of chromatin, a
combination of DNA and protein.
CHROMATIN The complex of DNA and proteins that
constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes, often
used to refer to the diffuse, very extended
form taken by chromosomes when a call is
not dividing.
CHROMATID each of the two threadlike strands into which
a chromosome divides longitudinally during
cell division. Each contains a double helix of
DNA.
GENE a region of DNA that describes a trait of an
organism.
DNA the hereditary material in humans and almost
deoxyribonucleic acid, all other organisms.
The information in DNA is stored as a code
made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION / the formation of new individuals from the
ASEXUAL cell(s) of a single parent.
GENERATIVE REPRODUCTION/ a form of reproduction where two gametes
SEXUAL fuse together. Each gamete contains half the
number of chromosomes of normal cells.

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