3G-TO-4G

With
Consideration of the fulfillment of the submission of the
5th E.C.

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 CONTENTS
¾ Preface
¾ Introduction
¾ What is 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G
¾ Cellular Evolution over the Years
¾ 1G
ƒ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
¾ 2G
ƒ Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM)
¾ 2.5G
ƒ General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
¾ 2.75G
ƒ CDMA2000 1XRTT (Radio Transmission
Technology)
ƒ Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
¾ 3G
ƒ CDMA2000
ƒ CDMA2000 1XEV
ƒ Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS)

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 ƒ Data Speed
¾ 3.5G
ƒ High Speed Download Packet Access
(HSDPA)
¾ 3.75G
ƒ High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA)
¾ Data Speed
¾ 4G
ƒ Reasons to have 4G
ƒ What’s new in 4G
ƒ Comparison of 3G and 4G
ƒ Revolution 4G
ƒ Broadband and wireless ubiquity
ƒ 4G architecture
ƒ Radio access
¾ From 3G to 4G
ƒ ZigBee
ƒ UWB
ƒ WiBro
ƒ Wireless System Discovery
¾ 4G: the future look
¾ Bibliography

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 PREFACE
Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. From
Wi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit for
heated debates. There are now diverse media for communications and the rate
of phone calls have dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through
not only the much improved phone lines but also the internet, wireless networks
and gadgets that allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime.
Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market
rule, another is already out to replace it. While we talk about 4G, we are still
stuck with 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keep
innovating.

This report includes wireless telephonic generations as the central theme.

Wireless phone standards have the life of their own. They are spoken of
reverently in terms of generations.

This report has been written with the goal of making it as easy as possible for
everyone to understand properly. This has been done by giving the details of the
history of wireless telephonic generation and its present scenario, also by giving
different examples and diagrams wherever possible.

This report includes the introduction of all the generations i.e. 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G
and the cellular evolution over the years. It also includes the study of various
technologies that were present in different generations.

The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the 1970’s,

had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide. Cellular radio
systems that were simultaneously developed in Europe and Japan have been
identified as the first generation (1G). The first generation systems had a low

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capacity and hit the saturation level soon. This forced the development of the
second generation (2G) systems in 1980s, which took two directions: while the
global system for mobile communication (GSM) was chosen by Europe and the
US, Japan and Korea adopted the code division multiple access (CDMA)
technology.

The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecom
industry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on new
technologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication.

For evolution from 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General
Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution
(EDGE), IMT-2000, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and
HiperLAN, were developed. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G
(hence called 2.5G). 2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds and
broadband on mobiles becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks have
brought about 28kbps bit rate for data transfer.

This report brings out the evaluation of each generation through the advantages
and disadvantages of the technologies used in these generations and through
the description of their dataspeed.

This report describes the complete explanation of 4G, which includes the
reasons for having 4G, its broadband and wireless ubiquity, its architecture and
the changes that are expected to be adapted in 4G. This report also provides the
adoption of new technology in 3G to bring the 4G. It also gives the future view of
the world after the implementation of 4G.

The bibliography appearing at the end of this report includes the details of
several websites and magazines that provide the reference material related to
this topic.

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Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the
past decade. From Wi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to
smartphones, the sky is the limit for heated debates.

For the layman to, things have changed remarkably over the
last two decades. There are now diverse media for
communications and the rate of phone calls have dropped
drastically. Now we are totally connected, through not only
the much improved phone lines but also the internet,
wireless networks and gadgets that allow us to stay
connected anywhere and at anytime.

Developments are so fast that even before a technology

becomes the market rule, another is already out to replace it.
While we talk about 4G, we are still stuck with 2.5G
networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to
keep innovating.

With generations of telecom networks behind us, its time to

turn the corner and see where we stand today and the shape
of things seven years from now.

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 3G to 4G

What is

1G, 2G, 3G

and
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 4G????
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they're
spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's great-granddad who's
pioneering story pre-dates cellular, grandma and grandpa analog cellular, mom
and dad digital cellular, 3G wireless just starting to make a place for itself in the
world, and the new baby on the way, 4G.

Most families have a rich history of great accomplishments, famous ancestors,

skeletons in the closets and wacky in-laws. The wireless scrapbook is just as
dynamic. There is success, infighting and lots of hope for the future. Here's a
brief snapshot of the colorful world of wireless.

First of all, this family is the wireless telephone family. It is just starting to
compete with the wireless Internet family that includes Wi-Fi and the other 802
wireless IEEE standards. But it is a completely different set of standards. The
only place the two are likely to merge is in a marriage of phones that support
both the cellular and Wi-Fi standards.

Wireless telephone started with what you might call 0G if you can remember
back that far. The great ancestor is the mobile telephone service that became
available just after World War II. In those pre-cell days, you had a mobile
operator to set up the calls and there were only a handful of channels available.

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The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of
analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service) starting in
1981. This generation is 1G, the first for using cell technology that let users place
their own calls and continue their conversations seamlessly as they moved from
cell to cell. AMPS uses what is called FDM or frequency division multiplexing.
Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies or channels. You probably had
a 1G phone, but never called it that.

The next generation, quick on the heels of the first, is digital cellular. One
standard uses a digital version of AMPS called D-AMPS using TDMA (Time
division Multiple Access). A competing system also emerged using CDMA or
Code Division Multiple Access. As you might suspect, the two are incompatible
but you can have a phone that works with both. Europe embraced yet a third
standard called GSM which is based on TDMA. Digital transmissions allow for
more phone conversations in the same amount of spectrum. They also lay the
groundwork for services beyond simple voice telephone calls. Data services such
as Internet access, text messaging, sharing pictures and video are inherently
digital.

This is where the whole "G" thing got started. The original analog and digital
cellular services were invented to cut the wire on landline phone service and give
you regular telephone service you could take with you. As such, the bandwidth
they offer for adding data services is pretty meager, in the low Kbps region. Now
that a cell phone is not merely a cell phone, but also a PDA, a messaging
system, a camera, an Internet browser, an email reader and soon to be a
television set, true broadband data speeds are needed. That new generation of
cell phone service has been dubbed 3G for 3rd generation.

3G has proven to be a tough generation to launch. The demand for greater

bandwidth right now has spawned intermediate generations called 2.5G and
even 2.75G. One such standard is GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) which

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is an extension of the GSM digital cellular service popular in Europe. It offers
download speeds up to 144 Kbps.

3G phones and services are just starting to come into their own. One service
you'll find is called EVDO which stands for EVolution Data Only. EVDO has
download speeds up to 2.4 Mbps, which is faster than T1, DSL or Cable
broadband service. There is also an evolution that includes voice called EVDV
which is in the works.

While 3G is going to enable telephones to also become Internet computers,

video phones and television receivers, its maturity phase will find it competing
with wireless VoIP telephone services on Wi-Fi, WiMax, WiTV and the new
wireless mobile standard 802.20, which doesn't seem to have a catchy name yet.
The slug fest between analog wireline phone service and wired VoIP seems
likely to be continued on the wireless front.

There is also an emerging cellular standard we should be aware of called 4G. the
fourth generation being championed in Japan will boost the data rates to 20
Mbps. These speeds enable high quality video transmission and rapid download
of large music files. The first 4G phones may appear as soon as 2006. that
means we better starting thinking about what to do with 5G if this generation is
going to continue.

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The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the 1970’s,
had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide: the Nippon
Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp. (NTT) and narrowband Total Access
Communication System (NTACS) in Japan, Total Access Communication
System (TACS) in Italy and UK, and the Advanced Mobile Phone Service
(AMPS) in America. Cellular radio systems that were simultaneously developed
in Europe and Japan have been identified as the first generation (1G).

The first generation systems had a low capacity and hit the saturation level soon.
This forced the development of the second generation (2G) systems in 1980s,
which took two directions: while the global system for mobile communication
(GSM) was chosen by Europe and the US, Japan and Korea adopted the code
division multiple access (CDMA) technology.

The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecom
industry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on new
technologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication.

For evolution from 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General
Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution
(EDGE), IMT-2000, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and
HiperLAN, were developed. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G
(hence called 2.5G). 2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds and
broadband on mobiles becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks have
brought about 28kbps bit rate for data transfer.

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Advanced Mobile Phone System or AMPS is the analog

mobile phone system standard, introduced in the Americas during the early
1980s. Though analog is no longer considered advanced at all, the relatively
seamless cellular switching technology AMPS introduced was what made the
original mobile radiotelephone practical, and was considered quite advanced at
the time.

Technology

It was a first-generation technology, using FDMA which meant each cell site
would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to be built near
each other. However it had the disadvantage that each site did not have much
capacity for carrying calls. It also had a poor security system which allowed
people to steal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. It was later
replaced by the newer Digital TDMA systems, such as Digital AMPS and GSM,
which brought improved security as well as increased capacity.

Introduction of digital TDMA

Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to what became

(incorrectly) known as TDMA, a digital, TDMA, based 2G standard used mainly
by Cingular Wireless (who has purchased AT&T Wireless in October 2004) and
U.S. Cellular. The misuse of the term TDMA (which is a type of channel sharing
scheme) to refer to a particular access protocol has caused some confusion. The
first version of the TDMA standard was known as IS-54 and was supplanted by
IS-136.

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Introduction of GSM and CDMA

AMPS and TDMA are now being phased out in favor of either CDMA and GSM
which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as WAP and i-
mode, Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), and wireless Internet Access. The
major difference between the two options is that CDMA has a much higher
capacity then GSM, as well as some other features (i.e. being able to talk to six
different cell sites simultaneously, and a higher bitrate Vocoder). There are some
phones capable of supporting AMPS, TDMA and GSM all in one phone (using
the GAIT standard; see the Nokia 6340, for example); however, AMPS/CDMA
phones supports nearly seamless roaming between CDMA and AMPS/TDMA
(with the loss of some features) while GAIT phones cannot.

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The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM phones are
used by over a billion people across more than 200 countries. The ubiquity of the
GSM standard makes international roaming very common with "roaming
agreements" between mobile phone operators. GSM differs significantly from its
predecessors in that both signalling and speech channels are digital, which
means that it is seen as a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This
fact has also meant that data communication was built into the system from very
early on. GSM is an open standard which is currently developed by the 3GPP.

From the point of view of the consumer, the key advantage of GSM systems has
been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as
text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability to
deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy
inter-operability. Also, the standards have allowed network operators to offer
roaming services which mean subscribers can use their phone all over the world.

GSM retained backward-compatibility with the original GSM phones as the GSM
standard continued to develop, for example packet data capabilities were added
in the Release '97 version of the standard, by means of GPRS. Higher speed
data transmission have also been introduced with EDGE in the Release '99
version of the standard.

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Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smartcard containing
the user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain
his information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change
operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some
countries.

In the USA and Europe, most operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done
because the price of the mobile phone is usually subsidised with revenue from
subscriptions and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitor's mobiles.
A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee (which
operators sometimes try to claim to be ignorant of), utilize private services to
remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on the
Internet to unlock the handset themselves. Some providers in the USA, such as
T-Mobile and Cingular, will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an
account for a certain period. Third party unlocking services exist that are often
quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries removing the
lock is legal.

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service
available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is,
a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile
telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA
channels in the GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend
GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted
to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in
use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with and onwards.
First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the
3GPP.

GPRS service

GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection
included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997, the year the
standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit,
and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the
connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the
same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This
means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those
users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilisation
where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving e-
mails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that require
intermittent data transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth.

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Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information transceived while circuit-
switched data connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect the fact
that even during times when no data is being transferred, the bandwidth is
unavailable to other potential users.

GPRS speeds and profiles

Packet-switched data under GPRS is achieved by allocating unused cell

bandwidth to transmit data. As dedicated voice (or data) channels are setup by
phones, the bandwidth available for packet switched data shrinks. A
consequence of this is that packet switched data has a poor bit rate in busy cells.
The theoretical limit for packet switched data is approx. 170 kbit/s. A realistic bit
rate is 30–70 kbit/s. A change to the radio part of GPRS called EDGE allows
higher bit rates of between 20 and 200 kbit/s. The maximum data rates are
achieved only by allocation of more than one time slot in the TDMA frame. Also,
the higher the data rate, the lower the error correction capability. Generally, the
connection speed drops logarithmically with distance from the base station. This
is not an issue in heavily populated areas with high cell density, but may become
an issue in sparsely populated/rural areas.

Impetus for 2.5G

The major impetus for 2.5G is the "always-on" capability. Being packet based,
2.5G technologies allow for the use of infrastructure and facilities only when a
transaction is required, rather than maintaining facilities in a session-like manner.
This provides tremendous infrastructure efficiency and service delivery
improvements.

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CDMA or "Code Division Multiple Access" is a digital radio

system that transmits streams of bits. Channels are divided using codes (PN
Sequences). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike
TDMA "time division multiple access" a competing system used in GSM and D-
AMPS, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not
directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be
served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a
significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest
cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

CDMA2000's 1xRTT is the first technology for the evolution of cdmaOne 2G

networks to 2.5G networks.

CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology) is the basic

layer of CDMA2000, which supports up to 144 kbit/s packet data speeds. While
1xRTT officially qualifies as 3G technology, 1xRTT is considered by some to be a
2.5G (or sometimes 2.75G) technology. This has allowed it to be deployed in 2G
spectrum in some countries which limit 3G systems to certain bands. 1xRTT
doubles voice capacity over IS-95 networks. While capable of higher data rates,
most deployments have limited the data rate to around 150 kbit/s.

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a

digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and

2.5G (a.k.a.GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)) networks. This technology
works in TDMA and GSM networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset

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to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it (provided
the carrier implements the necessary upgrades).

EDGE provides Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), which can be used for any packet
switched applications such as an Internet connection. High-speed data
applications such as video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS'
increased data capacity.

It can carry data speeds up to 384 kbit/s in packet mode and will therefore meet
the International Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and
has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It
also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of
this service also. EDGE has been introduced into GSM networks around the
world since 2003, initially in North America.

As of 2004, EDGE is more actively supported by GSM operators in North

America than anywhere else in the world because GSM/GPRS has a strong
competitor: CDMA2000. Most other GSM operators view UMTS as the ultimate
upgrade path and either plan to skip EDGE altogether or use it outside the UMTS
coverage area. However, the high cost and slow uptake of UMTS (as
demonstrated by the upstart network 3) have made some western European
GSM operators reevaluate EDGE as an interim upgrade.

Although EDGE requires no hardware changes to be made in GSM core

networks, base stations must be modified. An EDGE compatible tranceiver unit
must be installed and base station system needs to be upgraded to support
EDGE. New mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to
decode/encode using the new shift keying scheme.

The status of EDGE as to if it is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While

Class 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and above devices
perform at a higher bandwidth than other technologies conventionally considered

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as 3G (such as 1xRTT). With a maximum bandwidth of 230k at Class 10, EDGE
transcends both common 2G and 3G definitions.

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology.

The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a
telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information,
exchanging email, and instant messaging).

The first country which introduced 3G on a large commercial scale was Japan. In
2005 about 40% of subscribers use 3G networks only, and 2G is on the way out
in Japan. It is expected that during 2006 the transition from 2G to 3G will be
largely completed in Japan, and upgrades to the next 3.5G stage with 3 Mbit/s
data rates is underway.

Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for
enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two
main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as
NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and Time
Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) used
primarily in China.

CDMA2000 is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA,

a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data
(such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites.

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A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a wide

geographical area, involving a vast array of computers. This is different from

personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or local area
networks (LANs) that are usually limited to a room, building or campus. The best
example of a WAN is the Internet.

WANs are used to connect local area networks (LANs) together, so that users
and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in
other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are
private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an
organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built using leased lines.
At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a
hub within the WAN on the other. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver
transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over
SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers
to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN
protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many
of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with
upgrades) by Frame Relay.

CDMA2000 1xEV

CDMA2000 1xEV (Evolution) is CDMA2000 1x with High Data Rate (HDR)

capability added. 1xEV is commonly separated into two phases:

Phase 1 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data

Optimized) (AKA Ev-DO) supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to 3.1
Mbit/s and uplink (Reverse Link) rates up to 1.8 Mbit/s in a radio channel
dedicated to carrying high speed packet data.

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Phase 2 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DV (Evolution-Data and
Voice), supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink
(Reverse Link) rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. 1xEV-DV can also support concurrent
operation of legacy 1x voice users, 1xRTT data users, and high speed 1xEV-DV
data users within the same radio channel.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System) is a so-called "third-generation (3G)," broadband, packet-based

transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to

and possibly higher than 2 megabits per second (Mbps), offering a consistent set
of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where they are
located in the world. Based on the GSM communication standard, UMTS,
endorsed by major standards bodies and manufacturers, is the planned standard
for mobile users around the world by 2002. Once UMTS is fully implemented,
computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet as they
travel and, as they roaming service, have the same set of capabilities no matter
where they travel to. Users will have access through a combination of terrestrial
wireless and satellite transmissions. Until UMTS is fully implemented, users can
have multi-mode devices that switch to the currently available technology (such
as GPRS and Edge) where UMTS is not yet available (CF spectrum page).

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With UMTS, you will directly dive straight into the mobile multimedia wave.

Today's cellular telephone systems are mainly circuit-switched, with connections

always dependent on circuit availability. packet-switched connection, using the
Internet Protocol (Internet Protocol), means that a virtual connection is always
available to any other end point in the network. It will also make it possible to
provide new services, such as alternative billing methods (pay-per-bit, pay-per-
session, flat rate, asymmetric bandwidth, and others). The higher bandwidth of
UMTS also promises new services, such as video conferencing. UMTS promises
to realize the Virtual Home Environment in which a roaming user can have the
same services to which the user is accustomed when at home or in the office,
through a combination of transparent terrestrial and satellite connections.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local

area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college.

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When using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch.
This constitutes the physical layer.

A layout known as a spanning tree protocol is often used to maintain a loop free
network topology within a LAN, particularly with ethernet.

A number of network protocols may use the basic physical layer including
TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather
than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a
Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs.

As of May 2005,UMTS is in service on 67 networks in 33 countries and an

additional 76 UMTS networks are in either precommercial, planning, licenced or
deployment stage. It is designed to deliver bandwidth hungry services such as
streaming multimedia, large file transfers and video conferencing to a wide
variety of devices, including cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and
laptops.

Frequency use

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Comparison of W-CDMA to CDMA2000

Both use a coding scheme that separates each subscriber from other subscribers

Both use control channels to manage the network

W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are not compatible from the perspective that they
have different chip rates - 3.84 MCPS for W-CDMA vs. 1.2888 MCPS for
CMDA2000. W-CDMA uses a 5 MHz channel. Initially, CDMA2000 uses only a
1.25 MHz channel, but with CDMA2000 3x, three 1.25 MHz channels can be
combined to form a super channel structure.

W-CDMA is synchronous, relying on mobile station time measurements between

two base stations, rather than using GPS as CDMA2000 does.

Difference between regular CDMA and W-CDMA

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W-CDMA makes possible a world of mobile multimedia

Impetus for 3G

The major impetus for 3G is to provide for faster data speed for data-intensive
applications such as video. In addition, 3G to providing faster data speeds on a
per-user basis, 3G is also helpful to provide greater overall capacity for voice and
data users. 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services
to multimedia-oriented services like video, voice, data and fax.

A step into 3G will see an explosion of personal communication devices and

systems that deliver freedom of communication through mobility as well as wide-
band wireless access to the internet and advanced multimedia services.

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 Data Speed

The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors including

the chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization.

An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows:

- W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kpbs/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps

(UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location)

Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including:

Number of users in cell/sector

Distance of user from cell

User is moving or stationary

Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements

1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to

2.457 Mbps

1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up

to 3.072 Mbps

FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps connection

or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection.

TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6 Mpbs
respectively.

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA 2G and

3G definitions

is a new mobile telephony protocol. Also called 3.5G (or "3½G"). High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA
downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO
systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations
includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast scheduling, fast cell search,
and advanced receiver design.

In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specifications

provide efficient IP support enabling provision of services through an all-IP core
network and Release 5 specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates up
to approximately 10 Mbit/s to support packet-based multimedia services. MIMO
systems are the work item in Release 6 specifications, which will support even
higher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbit/s. HSDPA is evolved from and
backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems.

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HSUPA, High-Speed Uplink Packet Access, is a data

access protocol for mobile phone networks with extremely high upload speeds up
to 5.8 Mbit/s. Similar to HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access), HSUPA
is considered 3.75G or sometimes 4G.

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 DATA SPEED

GPRS data speeds are expected to reach theoretical data speeds of up to 171.2
Kbps. However, this is based on optimal conditions in terms of available
cell/sector capacity in terms of available time slots, maximum coding scheme
(CS-4) as well as mobile phone availability to support the maximum number of
time slots - eight. More practical data rates are currently in the order of 40-60
Kbps.

CDMA2000 1xRTT data speeds are averaging about 70-80 Kbps.

EDGE will boost data theoretical data rates to 384 Kbps if/when deployed.
EDGE accomplishes these higher rates through introduction of a new modulation
scheme known as Eight Phase Shift Keying (8PSK). 8PSK provides for up to 3
bits per symbol (rather than GPRS's 1 bit per symbol), facilitating an up to 3 X's
improvement over GPRS.

HSCSD will provide speeds of up to 64 Kbps. However, HSCSD perpetuates the

inefficient use of spectrum and transmission that is relegated by any circuit
switched mechanism.

Prior to the introduction of these technologies, Cellular Digital Packet Data

(CDPD), offered only up to 19.2 kbps on AMPS networks. Other current means
of mobile data such as NTT DoCoMo's PDC network offer only 9.6 kpbs, such as
used for the highly successful I-mode.

3G technologies such as CDMA2000 (1xEV-DO and 3x) and W-CDMA will

theoretically provide up to 2 Mbps in a fixed location. There will, however, be
some significant limitations to this theoretical capacity.

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4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is a

wireless access technology. It describes two different but overlapping ideas.

1. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. A

leading wireless company NTT DoCoMo is testing 4G communication at
100Mbps while moving, and 1Gbps while still. NTT DoCoMo plans on releasing
the first commercial network in 2010. Despite current wireless devices seldom
utilize full 3G capabilities, there is a basic attitude that if you provide the pipeline
then services for it will follow.

2. Pervasive networks. An amorphous and presently entirely hypothetical

concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless
access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See handover).
These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE or any other future
access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio technology to
efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of
mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

3. Ideally, this would provide users with on demand high quality video and
audio. The killer application of 4G is not clear, but video is one of the big
differences between 4G and 3G. 4G uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), and also can implement OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) to better allocate network resources to multiple users. 4G
devices may use SDR (Software-defined_radio) receivers which allows for better
use of available bandwidth as well as making use of multiple channels
simultaneously.

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Reasons to Have 4G

- Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless

Internet, etc.

- Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.

- Global mobility and service portability.

- Low cost.

- Scalability of mobile networks.

What's New in 4G

- Entirely packet-switched networks.

- All network elements are digital.

- Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to

100Mbps).

- Tight network security.

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Comparison of 3G and 4G

• 3G • 4G

• Extend 3G capacity by one order

• Back compatible to 2G.
of magnitude.

• Circuit and packet switched • Entirely packet switched

networks. networks.

• Combination of existing & evolved

• All network elements are digital.
equipment.

• Higher bandwidth (up to

• Data rate (up to 2Mbps).
100Mbps).

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Advent of 3G

While 2G systems such as GSM, IS-95and cdmaOne were designed to carry

speech and low-bitrate data, 3G systems are being designed solely to provide
high-data rate services. This generation of wireless communications attempt to
converge various 2G and 2.5G networks into a single uniform system. The 3G
telecom networks include both terrestrial and satellite components.

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has been developing the 3G

wireless standard since 1985. Two different standards are competing for the title
of the 3G standard: while QualComm has proposed CDMA-2000, the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute endorses the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS).

Revolution 4G

4G has sprung from a usage-driven research framework o invent new

technologies for the wireless world vision. The evolution of such a wireless
system (also called ‘beyond 3G’ or ‘B3G’) is closely linked to rapid advances in
digital and component technologies.

The merger of consumer electronics, computer systems, telecommunications

and broadcasting is leading to an information convergence that will require
increasingly seamless connections. Seamless means getting over barriers of
different wireless standards and bands. So future mobile devices will be capable
of supporting multiple wireless standards, and operate in a multimode, multiband
fashion.

The 4G wireless communication system can be integrated with the Internet

protocol (IP) backbone network to provide quality-of-service (QoS) support for
multimedia applications. It will support dynamic scheduling, link adaptation and

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frequency selection as well as full roaming capabilities. 4G will also mean mobile
telephony at a data rate of 100 Mbps globally (between any two points in the
world) and 1 Gbps locally.

Broadband and wireless ubiquity

According to NTT-DoCoMo, a leading Japanese wireless company, the current

data download speed for the I-Mode mobile Internet service is 9.69 kbps
theoretically, although in practice the rates tend to be slower. 3G rates are
expected to each speeds 200 times that, while 4G will yield further increases,
reaching 20 to 40 Mbps. 4G services would allow data transfer speeds of up to
20 MB/s for uplinks and 100 MB/s for downlinks-up to 260 times faster than
popular 3G services, which allow for downlinks at 384 kB/s.

4G architecture

The conceptual 4G system by DoCoMo isvery different from the present 2.5G
architecture as it has cells for outdoors, indoors and inside moving vehicles (see
Fig.). Outdoor cells cover a wide area and allow data transfer at high bitrates for
fast-moving terminals. Indoors, we will find separate access points.

Cells will be created within moving vehicles (like buses and trains) and served by
a mobile router having wireless functions. Signals will be relayed through this
router instead of the terminals individually communicating with the base station.

Shadows and electronic interferences couse dead spots-areas within the

coverage of a wireless network in which transmission falls off. A multihop
connection, which is effective in expanding the cell size, is being investigated as
a way to overcome dead spots. Smart antennae can also help prevent dead
spots resulting from multipath propagation.

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Radio access

4G radio access equipment will employ the variable-spreading-factor spread

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radio access method and
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing techniques. They will also use
a new signal-detection algorithm to achieve 1 Gbps peak data transmission with
a 100 MHz downlink.

Smart antennae, OFDM, software-defined radio and mesh networking will be

building bocks of the 4G infratructure. In fact, cell sites in the 4G world will
eventually reside in the handset and towers will become as ubiquitous as
handsets that will be ‘on’ all the time.

Smart antennae. A smart antenna combines several antenna elements with a

signal-processing capability to optimize its transmission and reception patterns
automatically. Each antenna element ‘sees’ each propagation path differently.

The smart antenna transmitters can encode independent streams of data onto
different paths, thereby increasing the data rate, or they can encode data
redundantly onto paths that fade independently to protect the receiver from
catastrophic signal fades. This leads to an increase in the signal quality through
a more focused transmission and also enhances the capacity through frequency
reuse. This increased capacity will translate to higher data rates for a given
number of users or more users for a given data rate per use.
Another feature of smart antennae is that they don’t need manual placement.
They can electronically adapt to the environment by looking for pilot tones that
the transmitted signal is known to have. Smart antennae can also separate
signals from multiple users who are separated by distance but use the same
radio channel with a technique called space-division multiple access (see Fig.)

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4G wireless networks will bring in some major changes. We will see more ad
more battery-driven devices in use, sensors integrated into communication
networks and use of new frequency bands with the release of the bandwidth.
Cooperation across terminals and sub-networks and features such as
reconfigurability, adaptivity, programmability and flexibility of access schemes,
services and terminal devices will also be seen.

Low-cost mobile devices will access contest conveniently and seamlessly,

interacting with users in a multisensory manner. Devices customized for disabled
people will be commonplace. The targeted data rates will be 50 to 100 Mbps.
There will be a shift from wide range radio communications to short range radio
communications. Pervasive broadband wireless networking will encompass
personal area networks(PANs), which use Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band
(UWB) technologies, sensor networks as well as other advanced applications
and services like radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mesh networking.

Some technologies that will facilitate transition from 3G to 4G are:

1. ZigBee: Zigbee is a new wireless standard based on IEEE’s 802.15.4

specification that could serve as a lower cost alternative for wireless sensing and
control. It allows small devices to quickly transmit small amounts of data such as
temperature reading for thermostats and on/off request for light switches or other
remote monitoring and control needs. ZigBee devices can transmit information
beyond 20 meters and run for years on inexpensive primary batteries.

ZigBee finds applications in professional installation kits for lighting control,

heating, ventilation, air conditioning and security. It is also well suited to building

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automation, industrial, medical and residential control and monitoring
applications.

2. UWB: UWB is a short range wireless RF signal that can be used to relay data
from a host device to other devices in the immediate area. A signal is UWB if its
bandwidth is greater than “0.25 X carrier frequency”. It works for devices 10
meters apart, helping to create a wirefree home or office.

UWB technology can transmit data between consumer electronics, PC

peripherals and mobile devices at very high speeds while consuming little power.

3. WiBro: The WiBro technology, short for “wireless broadband”, is based on

the 802.16e standard. It offers mobility, wide area services and global
standardization for wireless broadband applications. With WiBro, users can
wirelessly receive data applications and multimedia content, at speeds upto 121
kmph, while traveling across large geographic areas.

The application of WiBro are diverse, including m-commerce, mobile trading,

entertainment (for real time streaming and broadcasting), 3D gaming, interactive
news and distance education.

4. Wireless System discovery: To use 4G services, devices should be able to

dynamically select the wireless system. This process is complicated in a 4G
network because of its heterogeneous nature.

One solution is to use software radio devices that can scan all the available
networks. After scanning, these devices will load the required software and
reconfigure themselves for the selective network. The software can be
downloaded from such media as a PC server, smart card or memory card, or
over the air.

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4G: The future look

E-mail: 4G wireless network are expected to sweep the cellphone users off their
feet, and make our lives less complicated. With abandon services and media
rich broadband that will be 20 times faster than DSL, 4G networks will make even
the common e-mail facility more interactive than it already is.

Sending e-mail could turn into a multi-media affair in a 4G world. Mobile users
will have a multimedia inbox, and receive mail attachments in the form of high
resolution images, audio and video clips. The user can reply by recording an
audio message, snapping a photo or shooting a video, and sending it right back
using just a mobile.

Health Monitoring: 4G could result in an increase in remote health monitoring

of patients, as faster, real time communication enables better two way
transmission of vital medical data.

Personal Mobility and Presence: 4G will offer personalized communications to

the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used. High
bandwidth and global capabilities of 4G could bring some useful applications for
consumer and businesses. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of
users instead of user’s terminals, and involves provision of personal
communications and personalized operating environments.

Tracking: The virtual presence system would also be able to track the exact
whereabouts of individuals in case they need to be contacted. This capability
might be used for law enforcement (checking whether the prisoners are where
they are supposed to be) and tracking of packages and cargo shipments more
precisely. For example, a large company will get to know not only that the
package has arrived but also exactly whose desk it is sitting on at any given time
using the network.

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Networking and Global roaming: 4G will allow any mobile device run different
wireless technologies automatically, and maintain connections seamlessly, using
small software. The software will also be capable of choosing the best
connection available according to the users intentions. 4G will deliver not only
enhanced multimedia and smooth streaming video but also universal access and
port ability across all types of devices.
4G will connect the entire globe and be operable from practically anywhere on
the Earth. It would allow for more complex voice-over-IP services, more media
rich messaging services and more native support for local area networking on
handsets.

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