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CONTENTS
Sr. No Title
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Basic Data For The Design Of Water Supply System
3.0 Salient Features Of Water Treatment Plant
4.0 Population Forecasting
5.0 Calculation Of Water Demand
5.1 Calculation Of Different Drafts
5.2 Design Capacity Of Various Components
5.3 Physical And Chemical Standards Of Water
5.4 Comparison Of Given Data And Standard Data
5.5 Suggested Units Of Treatment Plant
6.0 Design Of Units
6.1 Collection Units
6.1.1 Design Of Intake Well
6.1.2 Design Of Pen Stock
6.1.3 Design Of Gravity Main
6.1.4 Design Of Jack Well
6.1.5 Design Of Pumping System
6.1.6 Design Of Rising Main
6.2 Treatment Units
6.2.1 Design Of Aeration Unit
6.2.2 Design Of Chemical House And Calculation Of Chemical
Dose
6.2.3 Design Of Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
6.2.4 Design Of Clariflocculator
6.2.5 Design Of Rapid Gravity Filter
6.2.6 Disinfection Unit
6.3 Storage Tank
7.0 Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Water, undubiously is a basic human need. Providing safe and adequate quantities of the
same for all rural and urban communities, is perhaps one of the most important
undertaking, for the public works Dept. Indeed, the well planned water supply scheme, is
a prime and vital element of a country’s social infrastructures as on this peg hangs the
health and wellbeing of its people
The population in India is likely to be hundred crores by the turn of this century, with an
estimated 40% of urban population. This goes on to say that a very large demand of water
supply; for Domestic, Industrial, Firefighting, Public uses, ect; will have to be in
accordance with the rising population. Hence, identification of sources of water supply,
there conservation and optimum utilization is of paramount importance. The water
supplied should be ‘Potable’ and ‘Wholesome’. Absolute pure water is never found in
nature, but invariable contains certain suspended, colloidal, and dissolved impurities
(organic and inorganic in nature, generally called solids), in varying degree of
concentration depending upon the source. Hence treatment of water to mitigate and/or
absolute removal of these impurities (Which could be; solids, pathogenic microorganisms,
odour and taste generators, toxic substances, etc.) become indispensable. Untreated or
improperly treated water, becomes unfit for intended use proves to be detrimental for life.
The designed water treatment plant has a perennial river as the basic source of water the
type of treatment to be given depends upon the given quality of water available and the
quality of water to be served. However such an extensive survey being not possible in the
designed water treatment plant. It is assumed that all kinds of treatment processors are
necessary and an elaborate design.
The design of water treatment plant for Gadhinglaj situated in district Kolhapur
Maharashtra has been done. Gadhinglaj located on the bank of river Hiranyakeshi. The
latitude and longitude of the town corresponding 21.61N, 73.118E respectively. The
population of the given year 2041 will be 40000. Treated water supply for domestic and
industrial uses are very essential.
No. Description
Name of the place - Gadhinglaj
1.
District - Kolhapur
2.
Location
3. a) 8.5km away from Gadhinglaj bus Stand
b) Badyachiwadi near Bhairi road
50
II) turbidity (mg/L) 550
III) Total Hardness (mg/L) [as CaCo3] 200
IV) Chlorides (mg/L) 2.5
V) Iron (mg/L) 3.5
VI) Manganese (mg/L) 110
5. VII) Carbonates (mg/L) 3.5
VIII) M.P.N.(No./100ml)
Population of past four decades ( In thousand )
07
Year 1981
12
Year 1991
15
Year 2001
6. 22
Year 2011
7. 27
F.S.L. of river (R.L. in mts.)
Ground level at ; (R.L. in mts.)
28
a) Jack well site
8. 29
b) Location of aeration unit
Invert level of raw material gravity intake pipe
9 24
(R.L.in mts.)
10. 200
Length of raw water rising main (mts.)
Source supply:
A river with sufficient perennial flow to satisfy the required
11.
demand.
12. 34
Highest G.L. in (m)
13. 28
Lowest G.M. in (m)
14. 22
Bed level of river (m)
32
H.F.L. of river (m.)
Year 2041 : 40
Gravity main
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m. m):550
3. Invert level (M):23.88
4. Slope :1.862
Jack well
1. No. of units1
2. Dia. (m) :6.15
3. Depth of water :3.12
4. Detention time (min):10
Pumping unit:
1. Capacity of each pump (HP):60
2. No. Of pumps:1
3. Treatment works
Aeration unit
1. R.L. of aeration unit(m) (top) :31.40
(Bottom); 29.40
2. Dia. Of top tray (m) :1
3. Dia. Of bottom tray(m):5
4. Dia. Of each tray decreasing by(m) :1
5. Rise of each tray (m):0.4
6. Tread of each tray (m):0.5
7. Dia. Of central rising main pipe (m):1.0
8. No. of trays :5
1. Length (m) : 18
2. Breadth (m) : 8.5
3. Height (m) : 3.0
1. No. of Tank :1
2. Length (m) :2
3. Breadth (m) :2
4. Depth (m) : 1.5
Flash mixer
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) : 1.7
3. Detention time (min) : 0.5
4. Height (m) : 1.5
5. Depth of water (m) : 1.24
Clariflocculator
Flocculator:
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) :8
3. Dia. Of inlet pipes (m) : 0.35
4. Depth of water flow (M) : 3.5
5. Velocity of flow (m/s) : 1.0
Clarifier:
1. No. of units :1
2. Dia. (m) : 18
3. Depth of water (m) : 4.4
4. Overall depth of tank (m) : 4.7
5. Slope of bottom : 8%
Disinfection house
1. Chlorine required / day (kg) : 11.34
2. Cylinder required / day (no.) :2
Underground reservoir
1. No. of units :1
2. Length (m) : 12
3. Breadth (m) : 10
4. Depth (m) : 4.5
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
POPULATION FORECASTING
4.1Design Period
Water supply project may be designed normally to meet the requirements over a 30
years period after there completion. The time lag between design and completion should
be also taken into account. It should not ordinarily exceed 2 years and 5 years even in
exceptional circumstances. The 30 years period may however be modified in regard to
specific components of the project particularly the conveying mains and trunk mains o the
distribution system depending on their useful life or the facility for carrying out extension
when required so that expenditure far ahead of utility is avoided. However in our case the
design period has been considered as 30 years per given data.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
= 34382
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= 5.4 MLD
Fire Requirement:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Notes:-
• The figures indicated under the column ‘Acceptable’ are the limits upon which
water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
• Figures in excess of those mentioned under ‘Acceptable’ render the water not
acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source
upon the limits indicated under column column‘cause for Rejection’ above which
the supply will have to be rejected.
• It is possible that some mine and spring waters may exceed these radioactivity
limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyze the individual radio nuclides in
order to assess the acceptability for public consumption.
(Table NO.5.2)
Sr.No Particulars Actual Standard Difference Means of
Treatment
1. pH 7.5 7 to 8.5 O.K. Not
necessary
2. Turbidity 50 2.5 47.5 Clarifier &
rapid sand
filter
3. Total Hardness (m/g L) 550 200 350 Softening
4. Chlorides (mg/L) 200 200 50
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Due to previous analysis following units are required to be designed for water treatment
plant.
1) Intake Structure:
a) Intake well
b) Gravity main
c) Jack well
d) Rising main
e) Pump
2) Treatment unit:
a) Aeration unit
b) Coagulant dose
c) Lime soda dose
d) Chemical dissolving tank
e) Chemical hose
f) Flash mixer
g) Clariflocculator
h) Rapid sand filter
i) Chlorination unit
3) Storage unit:
a) Underground storage tank
b) Elevated storage
A schematic diagram of each of the unit is shown.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN OF UNITS
6.1 collection Units
A) Intake well
Intake consists of opening, strainer or grating through which the water enters, and the
conduct conveying the water, usually by gravity to a well or sump. From the well, the water
is pumped to the mains or treatment plants. Intakes should also be so located and designed
that possibility of interference with the supply is minimized and where uncertainty of
continuous serviceability exists, intakes should be duplicated. The following must be
considered in designing and locating the intakes.
The source of supply, whether impounding reservoir, lake or river (including the
possibility of wide fluctuation in water level).
The character of the intake surrounding, depth of water, character of bottom,
navigation requirements, the effect of currents, floods and storms upon the structure and
in scouring the bottom.
The location with respect to the sources of pollution.
The prevalence of floating materials, such as ice, logs and vegetation.
[
Types of Intakes:
• Wet Intakes: Water is up to source of supply
• Dry Intakes: No water inside it other than in the intake pipe.
• Submerged Intake: Entirely under the water.
• Movable and Floating Intakes: Used where wide variation in surface elevation
with sloping blanks.
Location of Intakes:
• The location of the best quality of water available.
• Currents that might threaten the safety of the intake structure.
• Navigation channels should be avoided.
• Ice flows and other difficulties.
• Formation of shoals and bars.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
• Fetch of the wing and other conditions affection the weight of waves.
• Ice storm.
• Floods.
• Power availability and reliability.
• Accessibility.
• Distance from Pumping station.
• Possibilities of damage by moving objects and hazards.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(D) Summary
A) Pen stock
This are the pipes provided in intake well to allow water from water body to intake well.
These pen stocks are provided at different levels, so as to take account of seasonal
variation in water level( as H.F.L., W.L., Lowell.).
Trash racks of screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable things which can create
trouble in the pen stock. At each level more than one pen stock is provided to take account
of any obstruction during its operations. These pen stocks are regulated by valves
provided at the top of intake wells.
B) Design Criteria
Velocity through pen stock =0.6to1.0m/sec.
Diameter of each pen stock = less than 1 m
Number of pen stock for each intake well =2
C) Design Calculation
Number of intake well =1
Number of pen stocks at each level =2
Velocity = 0.75 m/sec (assumed)
C/s area of each pen stock = 0.0937/0.75x2
= 0.0624 m2
Diameter = 0.28m≅0.3
D) Summary
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
a) Gravity main
The gravity main connects the intake well to the jack well of and water flows
though it by gravity. To secure the greatest economy, the diameter of a single pipe
through which water flows by gravity should be such that all the head available to
cause flow is consumed by friction. The available fall from the intake well to the
jack well and the ground profile in between should generally help to decide if a
free flow conduit is to be selected keeping in view the local cost and the nature of
the terrain to be traversed.
Even when a fall is available, a pumping or force main, independently or in
Combination with a gravity main could also be considered.
b) Design Criteria
Diameters of gravity main = 0.3 to 1 m
Velocity of water = 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
Number of gravity main= number of intake well = 1
Assumption velocity = 0.7 m/s
c) Design calculation
R.C.C Circular pipe is used.
Conduit velocity (assumed)
Area of conduit required
1
V= R2/3S1/2
𝑛
𝑛2 𝑣 2 (0.013)2 𝑥 (0.7)2
S= =
𝑅 4/3 (0.55/4)4/3
= 1.59 x 10-4
S = 1: 862
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(d) Summary
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Detention time = 5 m.
Assuming suction head = 8 m.
Bottom clearance = 1. 0m.
Top clearance = 0.5m.
Maximum depth of water that can be stored in condition when water is minimum in
river
26 – 22.88 = 3.12 m
Capacity of well = 0.0937 x 10 x 60
= 56.22
C/S area of Well = 56.22/3.12
= 18.02 m2
Diameter of well = 4.78 m
R.L of bottom of jack well = 22.88
R.L. of bottom of jack well when full = 22.88 + 7
= 29.88m
(d) Summary
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(a) Pumps
• In the water treatment plant, pumps are used to boost the water from the jack well to
the aeration units.
• The following points are to be stressed upon.
• The following points are to be stressed upon.
• The suction pumping should be as short and straight as possible. It should not be
greater than 10 m, for centrifugal pump. If head is more than 10 m, water is converted
into vapour and thus inspite of creating water head, vapour head is created and pump
ceases to function.
• The suction pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be about 2m /sec.
• The delivery pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be about 2.5 m / sec.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
hf
`
= 0.448
Head loss = 0.45
W.H.P. =
B.H.P = = 14.07 HP
(e) Summary
Provide 1 – 25 HP pump in parallel
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(a) General
These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from the jack well to the
treatment units
The design of rising main is dependent on resistance to flow, available head, allowable
velocities of flow, sediment transport, quality of water and relative cost.
Various types of pipes use d are cast iron, steel reinforced cement concrete, pre stressed
concrete, asbestos cement polyethylene rigid PVC, ductile iron fiber glass pipe, glass
reinforced plastic, fiber reinforced plastic.
The determination of the suitability in all respects of the pipe of joints for any work is
a matter of decision by the engineer concerned on the basis of requirements for the scheme.
(d) Summary
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically
safe, aesthetically attractive and palatable, in an economical manner. Albeit the treatment
of water would achieve the desired quality, the evaluation of its quality should be extended
to the point of consumer’s use. The method of treatment to be employed depends on the
characteristics of the raw water and the desired standards of water quality. The unit
operation and units’ processes in water treatment constitute aeration flocculation, water
conditioning and disinfection and may take many different combinations to suit the above
requirements.
In the cases of ground water and surface water storage which are well protected
where the water has turbidity below 10 JTU (Jackson Candle Turbidity Units) and is free
from odour and color, only disinfection by chlorination is adopted before supply.
Where ground water contains excessive dissolved carbon dioxide and odorous gases,
aeration followed by flocculation and sedimentation, rapid gravity or pressure filtration
and chlorination may be necessary.
Conventional treatment including pre-chlorination, aeration. Flocculation and
sedimentation rapid gravity filtration and post-chlorination are adopted for highly polluted
surface waters laden with algae or microscopic organisms.
Based on the data given in second chapter, the following treatment units and
accessory units are designed to meet the quality and requirement of project:
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Aeration Unit
Coagulant dose
Lime soda dose
Chemical dissolving tank
Chemical house
Flash mixer
Clariflocculator
Rapid sand filter
Chlorination unit
The detail design of the above units are discussed in subsequent sections.
Aeration unit
Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water and the
atmosphere. In water treatment, aeration is practiced for three purposes:
To add oxygen to water for imparting freshness, e.g. water from underground sources
devoid of or deficient in oxygen.
Expulsion of CO2 H2S and other Volatile substances causing taste and odour, e.g.
water from deeper layers of and impounding reservoir.
To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese, in certain forms, e.g. water from some
underground sources.
The limitation of aeration are that the water is rendered more corrosive after aeration
when the dissolved oxygen contents is increased though in earlier circumstances it may
otherwise due to removal of aggressive CO2 . Also for taste and odour removal, aeration is
not largely effective but can be used in combination with chlorine or activated carbon to
reduce their doses.
The concentration of gases in a liquid generally obeys Henry’s Law which states that
the concentration of each gas in water is directly proportional to the partial pressure, or
concentration of gas in the atmosphere in contact with water.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
The saturation concentration of a gas decreases with temperature and dissolved salts in
water. Aeration tends to accelerate the gas exchange.
Number of steps = 4 to 9
Spacing of steps = 0.3 to 0.75 m C/C
Height of the structure = 2m
Space requirement = 0.015 – 0.045 m2 / m3/hr
Design calculation
Qmax = 0.0937 m3 / sec
Provide area at steps = 17m2
Diameter of bottom most steps = 5m
Rise of each steps = 0.4 m
Trade of each steps = 50m
Summary
Sr.
Cascade Diameter of tray (m) R.L. (m)
No
1 First 1 31.00
2 Second 2 30.60
3 Third 3 30.20
4 Fourth 4 29.80
5 Fifth 5 29.40
R.L.of ground at site = 29.00 m
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Alum Dose:
Coagulation
The terms coagulation and flocculation are used rather indiscriminately to describe the
process of removal of turbidity caused by fine suspension colloids and organic colors.
Coagulation describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical to a colloidal
dispersion, resulting in particle destabilization. Operationally, this achieved by the addition
of appropriate chemical and rapid intense mixing for obtaining uniform dispersion of the
chemical.
The coagulant dose in the field should be judiciously controlled in the light of the
values.
Alum is used as coagulant.
Alum required
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Per day Alum required for worst season for intermediate stage
= 50 x 10 - 6 x 337. 5 x 103 x 24
= 405 kg / day
For six months (180 days) = 405 x 180
= 72900 kg
Number of bags whence 1 bag is containing 50 kg = 1458
If 15 Days in each heap = 97.2 heap
2,
If area of one heap be 0.2 m then total area required = 48.6 50 m2 Lime
- soda process:
Softening
A water is said to be hard, when it does not form leather readily with soap.
The hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in most of
the cases. The method generally used are lime- soda process. Softening with these
chemicals is used particularly water with high initial hardness (>500 mg / L) and suitable
for water containing turbidity, color and iron salts. Lime- soda softening cannot, however,
reduce the hardness to values less than 40mg/L.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Summary :
Flash mixer
Rapid mixing is an operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly
dispersed throughout the volume of water to create a more or less homogeneous single or
multiphase system.
This helps in the formation of micro flocs and results in proper utilization of chemical
coagulant preventing localization of connection and premature formation of hydroxides
which lead to less effective utilization of coagulant.
. The source of power for rapid mixing to create the desired intense turbulence are
gravitation and pneumatic.
The intensity of mixing is dependent upon temporal mean velocity gradient ‘G’. This
is defined as the rate of change of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a section.
The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing is based on the rate of power input to the
water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals are
dispersed. They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Design Calculation
1. Dimension of tank :
Volume = 2.813m3
D = 1.7m
Height = 1.24+ (0.26m free board)
Total height of tank = 1.5m
2. Power Requirement :
Summary
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(b)Assumptions
Average outflow from clariflocculator = 337.5 m3/hr.
Water lost in desludging = 2%
Design average period = 344.25 m3/ hr.
Detention period = 30 min.
Average value of velocity gradient = 30 s-1
= 0.1 m/sec.
140.92 = ½ x 1.8 x 995 x AP x (0.4-0. 1)3
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
2
AP = 5.79m
Ratio of paddles to c/s of flocculator
[5.79/ (8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 7.26% < 10 to 25%
Provide AP = 8 m2
AP = [8/(8-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 10.1% ….ok
Which is acceptable (within 10 to 25%)
Provide 5 no of paddies of 3 m height and 0.7 m width
One shaft will support 5 paddles
The paddles will rotate at an rpm of 4
V = 2 x 𝜋 x r x 𝜋/60
0.4 = 2x 𝜋 x r x 4/60 r
= 0.96m ≅ 1m
= distance of paddle from C1. Of vertical shaft
Let velocity of water below the partition wall between the flocculator and clarifier be 0.3
m/sec.
Area = 337.5/0.3 x 60 x 60 = 0.3/m2
Depth below partition wall = 0.31/ 8
= 0.0123m
Provide 25% for storage of sludge = 0.25 x 3.5
= 0.875m
Provide 8% slope for bottom
Total depth of tank at partition wall = 0.3 + 3.5 + 0.012 +0875
= 4.69m ≅ 4.7m
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Design of Clarifier
Assuming a surface overflow rate of 40m3/m2/day
Surface of clariflocculator = 337.5 x 24/ 40
= 202.5m2
Dcf= Dia. Of clariflocculator
𝜋4[Dcf2 – (8)2] = 202.5m
Dcf = 17.94 ≅18m
Length of weir = 𝜋 x Dcf
= 𝜋x 23 = 72.26m
Weir loading = 337.5 x 24/72.26
= 112.09m3 /day/m
According to manual of Govt of India. If it is a well clarifier it can exceed up to
1500m3/day/m
Summary (Clariflocculator)
High turbulence in the water. The source of power for rapid mixing to create the
desired intense turbulence are gravitation and pneumatic.
The intensity of mixing is dependent upon temporal mean velocity gradient ‘G’. This
is defined as the rate of change of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a section.
The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing is based on the rate of power input to the
water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals are
dispersed.They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Area of blade = A8
Power spent = ½ X CD x rox AB VR3
Let CD = 1.8 (Flat blade): Vr = ¾ x VT
5.47 x 103 = ½ x 1.8 x 1000 x AB x ¾ x 4.08
AB = 1.99 m2
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Design of Clariflocculator
Clariflocculator
The coagulation and sedimentation processes are affectively incorporated in a single unit
in the clariflocculator. Sometimes clarifier and clariflocculator are designed as separate
units.
All these units consists of 2 or 4 flocculating paddles placed equidistantly. Theses paddles
rotate on their vertical axis. The flocculating paddles may be of rotor-stator type. Rotating
in opposite direction above the vertical axis. The clarification unit outside the flocculation
compartment is served by inwardly raking rotating blades. The water mixed with
chemical is fed in the flocculation compartment fitted with paddles rotating at low speeds
thus forming flocs.
The flocculated water passes out from the bottom of the flocculation tank to the clarifying
zone through a wide opening. The area of the opening being large enough to maintain a
very low velocity. Under quiescent conditions, in the annular setting zone the floc
embedding the suspended particles settle to the bottom and the clear effluent overflows
into the peripheral launder.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(b) Assumptions
Average outflow from clariflocculator = 337.5 m3/hr.
Water lost in desludging = 2%
Design average period = 344.25 m3/ hr.
Detention period = 30 min.
Average value of velocity gradient = 30 s-1
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Dimension of Paddles:
= G2 x u v x vol
= 302 x 0.89 x 103 x (𝜋/4 𝑥 82𝑥 3.5)
= 140.92
Power input = ½ (Cd x p x AP x (v-u) 3
Cd = 1.8
P = 995 kg/m3 (250c)
V= Velocity of tip of blade = 0.4 m/sec. V=
Velocity of water tip of blade = 0.25 x 0.4
= 0.1 m/sec.
140.92 = ½ x 1.8 x 995 x AP x (0.4-0. 1)3
AP = 5.79m2
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
0.4 = 2x 𝜋 x r x 4/60
r = 0.96m ≅ 1m
Design of Clarifier
Assuming a surface overflow rate of 40m3/m2/day
Surface of clariflocculator = 337.5 x 24/ 40
= 202.5m2
Dcf= Dia. Of clariflocculator
𝜋4[Dcf2 – (8)2] = 202.5m
Dcf = 17.94 ≅18m
Length of weir = 𝜋 x Dcf
= 𝜋 x 23 = 72.26m
Weir loading = 337.5 x 24/72.26
= 112.09m3 /day/m
According to manual of Govt of India. If it is a well clarifier it can exceed up to
1500m3/day/m
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Summary (Clariflocculator)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
= 3465 cm2
Area of central manifold = 2 x area of lateral
= 2 x 3465
6930 cm2 = 6930 cm2
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
∴n =870
No of perforation / lateral = 870⁄70
=12.42 ≅ 13
Spacing of perforations
= 2.25 x 100⁄1.3
=173.06 cm /cc
Provide 16 perforations of 13 mm diameter at 170 cm c/c.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(D) Summary
1 Number of units 2
2 Size of unit .6 x 6.8m
3 Depth of sand bed 60cm
4 Depth of gravel 50cm
5 Diameter of perforation 13mm
6 Diameter of central manifold 100cm
7 Spacing for laterals 20cm
8 Number of perforations 86
9 Diameter of laterals 90mm
10 Number of perforations 16
11 Number of troughs 4
12 Size of trough 0.4 x 0.4 m
13 Total depth of filter box 4500mm
14 Duration of air wash 3min
15 Total quantity of air required per unit bed 263.16 m3
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(a) Chlorination
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(d) Summary
1. Number of units 2
2. Size of unit 8.6 x 6.8m
3. Depth of sand bed 60cm
4. Depth of gravel 50cm
5. Diameter of perforation 13mm
6. Diameter of central 10cm
manifold
7. Spacing for laterals 20cm
8. Number of laterals 86
9. Diameter of laterals 90mm
10. Number of perforations 16
11. Number of troughs 4
12. Size of trough 0.4 x 0.5m
13. Total depth of filter box 4500mm
14. Duration of air wash 3min.
15. Total quantity of air 263.16m3
required per unit bad
“residual sterilizing effect” for a long period, thus affording some protection against
recontamination. In addition to this, it should be
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
The reservoir is used for storing the filtered water which is now fit for drinking from this,
the water is pumped to E.S.R. normally the capacity of this type of reservoir depends upon
the capacity of the pumps and hours of pumping during a day if the pumps work for 24
minutes then the capacity of this reservoir may be between 30 minutes to 1 hour
(b) Design Criteria (U.S.R.)
a. Detention time = 1 to 4hr
b. Freeboard = 0.4 to 0.6m
(c) Design Calculations
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Assuming 6 compartments
Let depth = 4m
Area = 690m2
Area of each compartment = 115m2
Dimension = 12m x 10m
Free board = 0.5m
Provide 6 compartments of 12m x 10m x 4.5m
(d) Summary
1. Capacity of reservoir 2750m3
2. Total depth 4.5 m
3. Compartments 6
4. Size 12m x 10m x 4.5m
5. Detention time 4 hr
Where the areas to be supplied with treated water are a higher elevations than the treatment
plant site. The pressure requirements of the distribution system necessitates the
construction of ESR. The treated water from the underground reservoirs is pumped to the
ESR and supplied to the consumers.
(b) Design Calculations
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
(c) Summary
1. Number of tanks 1
2. Depth of tank 4.3m
3. Diameter of tank 9.40m
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
PHOTOGRAPH
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
CONCLUSION
The designed project deals with the design of a conventional water treatment plant
having a perennial river as the source. The design has been done for a perennial river as
the source. The design has been done for a predicated population of 40000 expected after
20 (2021 to 2041) years. Although this project and its data is totally hypothetical, this
exercise will help us when we many come across some such design in future.
The above treatment of the water make it possible to safe guard the health of the
people.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
REFERENCES
1. A.G.Bhole. “Low cost package water treatment plant for rural areas”
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