6f Structural Repair Techniques C PDF

TECHNIQUES FOR
REHABILITATION OF MASONRY
CLEANING, PROTECTION, REPAIR
DECivil
GESTEC
AND STRENGTHENING
Pathology and Rehabilitation of Construction
Sub-chapters:
Introduction
Master Degree in Civil Engineering
Cleaning and protection

Non-structural repair techniques
Structural repair techniques
Strengthening techniques
Chapter conclusions
1/103
DECivil
GESTEC
STRUCTURAL REPAIR
AND BRICK MASONRY

TECHNIQUES IN STONE
2/103
STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION
1. Introduction
DECivil
GESTEC The structural repair techniques include the following tasks:
• consolidation - interventions meant to improve mechanical

characteristics of existing elements and their cohesion, without
adversely change the hydrothermal characteristics:
- impregnation of consolidants in elements;

- injection of binder grout in masonry;
- reinforced render in masonry;
- shotcrete / projected mortars
in masonry;
- ground consolidation.
Consolidation of
stony surface
3/103
1. Introduction
DECivil
GESTEC • collage of detached fragments;
• injection / repairing cracks or fractures (stabilized and non-stabilized);

• stabilizing larger elements with stainless steel bars;
• replacement of affected elements;
• replacement of volumes / plastering.
Introduction of
new stones 4/103
1. Introduction
DECivil
GESTEC
A) Consolidating actions:
They are intended primarily to minimize the degradation rate filling

the voids.
Various types of consolidation are possible:

• chemical - the intervention may consist in a treatment of depth
substances in solutions that after the solvent has evaporated, are
fixed to the material, increasing the strength parameters;
5/103
1. Introduction
DECivil A) Consolidating actions (cont.):
GESTEC
• cortical or superficial - the same substances are applied locally or,

more generally, on the surface of the material to restore the

cohesion between the degraded fractions and the sound adjacent
strata;
• structural - installation of rigid elements (by calculating and

implementing new elements to be placed alongside the degraded
elements) that release partially or completely the element of its
static function, compromised by degradation or inappropriate to new
service conditions (see also strengthening techniques: for instance,
consolidation with metal tie rods).
6/103
1. Introduction
DECivil
A) Consolidating actions (cont.):
GESTEC
The consolidation of masonry (especially suitable for the large

architectural value ones) should be undertaken in an integrated
manner, according to the following intervention levels:
• each material per se;
• elements with static functions

directly responsible for the
strength and structural stability;
• foundation grounds.
Consolidation of
stone masonry
7/103
2. Techniques
DECivil A.1) Consolidation of stone elements:
GESTEC
The consolidation is intended to reestablish the cohesion when the

stone lost it in such a degree that is in danger of crumbling and
only in this case should be applied. This process allows to increase

cohesion between the constituent particles and the mechanical
strength of the rock, reinstating the bond
strengths.
Factors in choosing a consolidant:

• efficiency and durability;
• depth and uniformity of penetration;
• consolidated stone dilation coefficient
similar to the nearby stone;
• not alter the external appearance of the surface
after treatment; Disaggregation (crumbling)
• allow adequate vapor permeability. of a stone element 8/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
A.1) Consolidation of stone elements (cont.):
GESTEC
The methods currently used result both from continuous improvement

of techniques used in the past, as the constant emergence of new
consolidant products especially in the field of organic chemistry.
Some application techniques:

• with a nebulizer (equipment capable of vaporizing the liquid under
pressure by means of a pneumatic-oil pump);
• with a paintbrush or a soft brush, till the maximum saturation;
• by percolation (distributor placed on top
of the surface to be treated, the product
tends to descend by gravity, impregnating
by capillary action);
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
Some application techniques (cont.):

• coat the surface with paper sheets held down with lightweight gluing
and constantly soaked in the consolidating product; evaporation is
avoided by coating the surface with plastic sheeting;
• cover the stone to be impregnated

with plastic sheet, creating vacuum;
then, apply the consolidant which
is thus more effectively absorbed
10/103
2. Techniques
DECivil A.1) Consolidation of stone elements (cont.):
GESTEC
• the penetration depth must be such that the consolidating product

reaches the sound stone, which is often difficult to achieve; it
depends essentially on the stone porometry, the type of consolidant

product and the application method;
• consolidants often fail to fill cracks with an width greater than a

few tenths of a millimetre or join fragments of larger volume; in this
case, it is necessary to resort to other (e.g.: appropriate putties and
adhesives);
• in certain cases, protective treatments are needed instead of

consolidation (e.g.: superficially eroded stone but still strong enough,
preserving its cohesion).
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
Consolidants form, within the stone, compounds that establish

connections between the stone grains, increasing its cohesion
(reducing the porosity).
Mostly used inorganic consolidants:

• calcium or barium hydroxide; sodium or potassium silicate; ethyl
silicate solutions.
Mostly used organic consolidants :

• aloxi-silanes solutions; silicones; acrylic polymers; epoxy resins;
polyurethane.
12/103
2. Techniques
DECivil A.2) Injections of binder grouts in masonry:
GESTEC
This consolidation technique consists of injecting, at variable

pressures for each type of intervention, of a grout capable of filling

the cracks and voids, replacing and / or integrating the original
mortar.
These injections can be made by pressure or by gravity, making

judiciously some holes, where is inserted the grout (cement mortar
stabilized with bentonite or lime; grout of potassium or sodium
silicate; epoxy or polyester resins).
Applications :
• more cracked resistant walls with serious
consolidation problems;
• localized crushing.
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2. Techniques
DECivil A.2) Injections of binder grouts in masonry (cont.):
GESTEC
Procedure:
1. opening the injection holes the drillings should be practiced in

correspondence with mortar joints and with a distance of

approximately 60 to 80 cm between them, depending on the
thickness of the masonry; drill holes to, at least, half the thickness
of the masonry.
Drilling of holes (usually 2 or 3 per Injection pipes

m2) 14/103
2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
2. all cracks and small cracks , among the various elements, must
be previously sealed;
3. before performing the injection, the masonry should be

washed up till saturation, using pure water, preferably deionized
and free of soil matter;
4. to control the volume of injected material, thin purge tubes should

be used, through which excess material may exit;
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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
5. during the washing phase, additional operations must be

performed (e.g.: joints repointing);
6. pre-consolidation, leaving a very fluid slurry flow

through a funnel or a wide pipe;
Opening cut of
degraded joints
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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
7. injection of grouts within the holes at low pressure;

injections from the bottom up, in order to avoid weight imbalances
and unpredicted static changes;
Injection of epoxy resin by pressure (caulk gun)

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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
8. the injection pressure is conditioned to the depth to achieve and

to the wall deterioration degree; maintain a tight control over the

amount of injected material and the volume of the wall to inject;
9. the pressure must be kept constant until the grout does not
overflow out the adjacent holes to the pipes;
10. after the grout had hardened, the pipes are removed and the
holes sealed with suitable mortar.
11. provide for a series of tests to verify its effectiveness (e.g.

soundproof).
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
A.3) Reinforced render in masonry:
The use of reinforced render with

metallic mesh (protected against
oxidation), glass fibres, etc., allows to

confine / stirrup the masonry throughout
the wall thickness, thereby ensuring the
improvement of its existing structural
functions.
It is the most common solution in
rehabilitation actions of masonry
traditional walls (e.g.: stone and brick
bearing wall) - “consolidation with thin
retention walls”.
Appearance while applying reinforced
render with metal mesh
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2. Techniques
DECivil A.3) Reinforced render in masonry (cont.):
GESTEC
When justified, this solution can be further strengthened with the use
of anchors or transversal connectors, which best fix the layers of
reinforced render to the support, thus ensuring a better confinement

of the masonry (see strengthening techniques).
Procedure:
1. clearance and cleaning masonry;
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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
2. replacement of degraded material;
3. injection of cracks (complemented or not with steel clamps);
Replacement of degraded material Injection in cracks

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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
4. placing a metallic reinforcement (galvanized or stainless steel) or

glass fibre reinforcement (anti-alkaline protection) with or without
locking connectors;
Metalic mesh Glass fibre net

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2. Techniques
GESTEC
Procedure (cont.):
5. Application of render with mortar of suitable formulation.
Appearance while applying the render Final appearance

with metal reinforcement
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2. Techniques
DECivil A.4) Shotcrete / projected mortars:
GESTEC
For greater retention thicknesses (over 3 cm), one resorts to

shotcrete concrete / projected mortars.
After regularization and preparation of the surface to be coated, one

or more layers of projected product is applied, typically reinforced with
a stretched metal mesh, galvanized (thickness of about 5 cm).
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2. Techniques
DECivil A.4) Shotcrete concrete / projected mortars Protection of spans
GESTEC (cont.):
Procedure:
1. remove the coatings;
2. fix a mesh over the wall with overlays of

at least 10 cm;
3. projected the product onto the mesh in

Application of mesh
order to obtain a dense and homogeneous
mass;
4. the projection is performed with

dual-chamber or rotor devices.
Metalic mesh - galvanized for one-coat mortars or
in stainless steel for coating with lime mortars. 25/103
2. Techniques
DECivil A.5) Ground consolidation:
GESTEC
One of the possible solutions, when it intends to consolidate

foundations, is to intervene at the level of improvement of the

mechanical characteristics of the foundation soil.
This terrain improvement can be done by:
• substitution, by removal, of the surface layer by a better

characteristics layer, eventually compacted;
• the in situ compaction, where the treatment consists of inverting the
soil, spread it in layers and compact it again;
• strengthening the ground by consolidation injections with cement,
silica gel or polyurethane resins (hydroactive grouts).
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2. Techniques
DECivil A.5.1) Injection of cement grouts in the foundation grounds:
GESTEC
Increase of the load capacity of the ground, by densification or the

creation of watertight and resistant to impulses curtains.

Procedure:
• Introduction on the ground of the grout, successively in different

depth quotas and at controlled pressures.
Injection phase
(Cóias, 2007)
Placing the dual injection plugging device 27/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC B) Collages of stone elements :
In the collages (fixing detached fragments), appropriate pulps and

glues are used, it may be added a pigment to obtain the stone color;
• pulps are usually

comprised of a binder
and a suitable powder;
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC B) Collages of stone elements (cont.):
• epoxide resins have been largely used for its power of collage;
however, are likely to yellowing and weaken by the action of light
and some atmospheric actions; its use is recommended for treating

areas in depth, subsequently using acrylic resins for the surface
finishing;
Before After
Collage of elements
with resin
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2. Techniques
DECivil
• in cases of voids resulting from significant detachment, it is usual to

inject hydraulic fluid mortar with a low content of soluble salts;
• sometimes, only lime mortar is used;

cements are completely inadvisable because
they are rich in sulfates and alkali salts
favoring crystal formation.
Filling voids
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2. Techniques
DECivil
Procedure:
1. the surfaces to be joined must be well cleaned and degreased;

2. the glue or resin is applied in points, and should not cover more
than ¼ of the connecting surfaces;
3. during the drying time, both parts must be anchored so as not to
move and to put pressure on the glue or resin.
Fixing detached elements
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C) Treatment of cracks/ fractures :
• injection of cracks / fractures in bearing masonry or in the

constituents elements;
• bridging with mastic, mortar or synthetic paint;

• repairing with mechanical connection with a "bridge" reinforcement
or the introduction of metallic elements.
Before After
Injection of resin and

mechanical liaison
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.1) Injection of cracks / factures:
The epoxy resins have long been used for its power of collage;
however, are susceptible to yellowing and weaken by the action of
light and some atmospheric actions; its use is recommended for

treating areas in depth, subsequently using acrylic resin for the
surface finishing.
Drilling holes to proceed to the

crack filling
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.1) Injection of cracks / fractures (cont.):
Small cracks (less than 0.1 mm thick) can be filled with epoxy or
polyester resin, using the following techniques:
• gravity;
• pressure.
Pressure
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.1) Injection of cracks / fracture (cont.):
Procedure:
1. deep cleaning with compressed air for
cracks / fractures of greater depth;

2. the crack / fracture must be well dry and
degreased at the time of the resin
injection;
3. sealing the joint through a reversible
non-greasy material and the continuous
injection of epoxy resin, through properly
located and executed holes;
Injection of cracks
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2. Techniques
DECivil
Crack cleaned and

sealing with lime
Threaded stainless
steel rod
Drillings grouted with

epoxy resin
Note: the fracture is not
“glued”
Injection of crack in a stone element
Injection of crack
in a solid brick
arch
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2. Techniques
DECivil
Procedure:
4. After drying the resin, the crack / fracture
surface must be plastered with proper mortar.
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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.2) Crack-bridging with mastic, mortar / paint:
Restore the initial structural resistances and / or prevent the

penetration of water through the crack / fracture bridging with:
• polyurethane mastic;
• hydraulic binder mortar, synthetic resins, silica and silica
fumes;
• synthetic paints.
Bridging with mortar
Wedge-shape open
Bridging with mastic Mastic
38/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.2) Cracks-bridging with mastic, mortar / paint (cont.):
Advantages:
• prevent water penetration;
• absorb any crack movements (e.g. mastic);

• do not require skilled labor.
(Martins & Pereira, 2006)

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2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.3) Introduction of mechanical connection :
Restore the initial structural strengths and / or prevent the

penetration of water, through the introduction of mechanical liaisons
in non-stabilized cracks /
fractures with :
• resort to a "bridge"
reinforcement over the crack;
• introduction of metallic
elements.
Metallic bars
40/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.3) Introduction of mechanical connection: (cont.)
Resort to a "bridge“ reinforcement over the crack:

• metallic;
• plastic;
• fiber glass.
Application of mesh in
areas with different
materials
Separation layer and coating

reinforcement
41/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.3) Introduction of mechanical conection: (cont.)
Resort to a "bridge“ reinforcement over the crack :

42/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC C.3) Introduction of mechanical connection: (cont.)
Introduction of metallic elements :

• metallic bars;
• anchors (dowels or cramps).
Metal bars, with a length of 500 mm on

Cramp (generally each side of the crack, and grout or
complementary to the crack resin injections in the mortar joints
injection)
43/103
2. Techniques
DECivil D) Stabilizing elements with stainless steel bars:
GESTEC
Process used in case there are larger unstable elements. Usually,

bolts are used in stainless steel threaded bars, soaked in epoxy resin,
with diameters and lengths suited for various situations. Finally, the
repointing of fracture lines is made with a suitable mortar.
Reinforcement of a guardhouse (Belém Tower) with steel

bars
44/103
2. Techniques
DECivil E) Replacement of affected elements:
GESTEC
This type of solution consists in removing the affected elements and

in its posterior reconstruction. It is used in cases with very advanced

damage and when the resistance of the elements in question is

already reduced.
• the original materials must be

respected and an efficient
connection between new and
existing elements be ensured.
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2. Techniques
DECivil E) Replacement of affected elements (cont).:
GESTEC
Procedure for stones replacement:

1. mark the location of the stones to remove of the wall;

2. place the attachment pieces on the stone rear, through holes in the
stone; the number and size depend on the stone (place two units at
least);
3. inject resin into the holes, avoiding completely cover the stone rear.
46/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC E) Replacement of affected elements (cont).:
Procedure for bricks replacement:

1. take out the damaged bricks, removing the mortar residues and
debris off the cavity;
2. wet the surface and apply the mortar;
47/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC E) Replacement of affected elements (cont).:
Procedure for bricks replacement (cont.):

3. place the brick, previously wet and with mortar on top;
4. remove excess mortar;
5. give the final shape to the joints.
48/103
2. Techniques
DECivil F) Replacement of volumes and plastering :
GESTEC
The replacement of volumes can be of two types:

• traditional method (replacement of the missing stone similar to the

existing one), coming from the quarry;

• replacement with "artificial stone”, obtained from mortar (most
current).
The plastering (mortar filling) is

applied at lower thicknesses;
also have the function
of cover shallow cracks and
discontinuities on the surface of
the stone.
49/103
2. Techniques
DECivil F) Replacement of volumes and plastering (cont.):
GESTEC
Properties of restoration mortars:

• ease to work with;

• similar to the stone texture and coloration;

• minimal setting retraction;
• good permeability to water vapor;
• maximum resistance to atmospheric agents;
• contain minimal soluble salts;
• mechanical strength similar to the stone to be
Lime for repair mortars
replaced;
• not retractable.
Restoration mortars binders: limes, hydraulic, mineral of two

component, synthetic of two component or solution polymers.
50/103
2. Techniques
DECivil F) Replacement of volumes and plastering (cont.):
GESTEC
Procedure for replacement of volumes (artificial stone):

1. pre-consolidate the stones which are not repaired;

2. cleanse the surface by removing fragments, dirt and other
substances;
3. moisten the stone; Cleansing Moistening
4. prepare the mortar according to
the manufacturer's instructions;
Should be tested small samples of

mortar, so that they can comply fully
with the adjacent stone (chemically
and chromatically).
51/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC F) Replacement of volumes and plastering (cont.):
Procedure for replacement of volumes (artificial stone) (cont.):

5. replacements of large dimensions, “skeletons” should be made

in threaded bars, stainless steel wire, polypropylene fiber mesh,
as well as successive fillings with weaker mortars;
6. apply the mortar (thickness not
Mortar
exceeding 3 cm from each
time) through small hand
tools;
Joint sealing, skeleton in

threaded bar
52/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC F) Replacement of volumes and plastering (cont.):
Procedure for replacement of volumes (artificial stone) (cont.):

7. shape the surface;

8. joint sealing between the stones with suitable mortar;
9. repointing. Repointing
Surface treatment
53/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
What is the correct sequence for replacing volumes?
54/103
DECivil
GESTEC
1
2
3
4
55/103
2. Techniques
2. Techniques
DECivil
Know the facade rehabilitation of the Campo Pequeno
GESTEC
bullring
http://www.construlink.com/c_pequeno_obra.pdf
56/103
http://www.construlink.com/c_pequeno_obra.pdf 2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
Cleaning
phase
Partially
destroyed
terracotta
bricks
Condition prior to cleaning
57/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
1 - Identify the technique of structural repair
58/103
INJECTION OF BINDER SLURRIES IN 2. Techniques
MASONRIES
DECivil
GESTEC
By gravity By pressure (pump)

59/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
60/103
CONSOLIDATION 2. Techniques
DECivil Consolidation of masonry
GESTEC
with sprayed mortar Impregnation of
Welded mesh consolidants
Injections for
ground
consolidation Surface consolidants by
brushing
61/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
3 - Identify the repair techniques
62/103
TREATMENT OF CRACKS / CREVICES 2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC Injection of cracks with Bridging cracks stabilized with
epoxy resin
mastic
Bridging of non stabilized

cracks with fiberglass mesh
63/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
64/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC REPLACEMENT OF AFFECTED ELEMENTS
Occasional substitutions. The new stones

subjected to wear shall look, after a few
decades, similar to the existing ones
65/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC
5 - Identify the repair technique
66/103
2. Techniques
DECivil
GESTEC STABILIZATION WITH STAINLESS STEEL BARS
67/103
3. Conclusions
Some techniques:
DECivil
GESTEC
ANOMALY TYPE OF INTERVENTION
Bridging with polyurethane mastic, repair mortars or

synthetic paints
STABILIZED OR NON STABILIZED

CRACKS Repair with metal bars
Dowels or clips
Consolidation of foundation ground
Strengthening the foundations (see reinforcement chapter)

Replacement of faulty materials
Injection of binder pastes
CRACKS, CRUSHES AND Sprayed mortar / concrete
DETACHMENTS Consolidation of
masonries / elements
Consolidation by impregnation of
inorganic and organic consolidants
68/103
3. Conclusions
DECivil
GESTEC
. Interventions in brick masonries (holed or solid) may include:

cleaning, consolidation, protection (water repellents), repairs,

replacements and reinforcements (to the gravitic and seismic
actions).
. Any intervention should respect the following principles: be

reversible, do not prejudice any future intervention, do not change
the visual appearance, be documented, maintain the historical
evidence, minimal intervention and stability to chemical agents.
. The repair and reinforcement techniques are used when you want
to restore the initial level of structure performance and increase the
bearing capacity of the structure, respectively.
69/103
DECivil
GESTEC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
70/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Publications in descending chronological order
DECivil
GESTEC
• CÓIAS, Vítor (2007), “Reabilitação Estrutural de Edifícios Antigos”,
ARGUMENTUM / GECoRPA, 2007, 379 p.
• FLORES, Inês; and BRITO, Jorge de (2004), “Diagnóstico, Patologia e

Reabilitação de Construção em Alvenaria de Pedra”, backing sheets to
the Master Degree in Construction Science, FCTUC, Coimbra

• FLORES, Inês; and BRITO, Jorge de (2004), “Diagnóstico, Patologia e
Reabilitação de Construção em Alvenaria de Tijolo”, backing sheets to
the Master Degree in Construction Science, FCTUC, Coimbra
• VÁRIOS, (2004), “Materiais Pétreos e Similares - Terminologias das
formas de alteração e degradação”, ITPRC2, LNEC, Lisbon
• CAMPANELLA, Christian (2003), “Obras de Conservação e restauro
Arquitectónico: Condições Técnicas Especiais”, Coordination and
Adaptation of João Mascarenhas Mateus, CML, Lisbon
• APPLETON, João (2003), “Reabilitação de Edifícios Antigos -
Patologias e Tecnologias de Intervenção”, Edições Orion, Amadora
71/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil
GESTEC
• ALVES, Sérgio and SOUSA Hipólito de (2003), “Paredes Exteriores de
Edifícios em Pano Simples”, LIDEL Edições Técnicas, Lisbon
• GOMES, João Ricardo (2003), “Reabilitação de Construções de

Alvenaria Ordinária de Pedra”. Monograph of the 12th Master in
Construction, IST, Lisbon

• CRAVINHO, Ana (2003), “Reabilitação de Construções de Alvenaria de
Pedra à Vista”. Monograph of the 12th Master in Construction, IST,
Lisbon
• OLIVEIRA, Fernanda (2003), “Diagnóstico de Patologia em Alvenaria
Ordinária de Pedra e Alvenaria de Pedra À Vista”. Monograph of the
12th Master in Construction, IST, Lisbon
• GASPAR, Florindo (2003), Monograph of the technical class of
Inspection and Structural Evaluation of the 12th Master in Construction,
IST, Lisbon
72/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil
• REDIN, Célia Natasha (2003), “Reabilitação de Estruturas de Alvenaria
GESTEC
de Tijolo Cerâmico Vazado e Maciço”. Monograph of the 12th Master in

• DIAS, Pedro (2003), “Diagnóstico de Patologia de Alvenaria de Tijolo
Cerâmico Vazado e Maciço”. Monograph of the 12th Master in

• BRITO, Jorge de and FLORES, Inês (2003), “Paredes de Alvenaria de
Pedra Natural”, backing sheets to the class of Technology of
Contentions and Foundations, IST, Lisbon
• CORREIA, João and BRITO, Jorge de (2003), “Paredes de Alvenaria de
Tijolo”, backing sheets to the class of Technology of Contentions and
Foundations, IST, Lisbon
• PINHO, Fernando S. (2002), “Reabilitação de Construções em
Alvenaria de Pedra Tradicional”, 2nd session of the Course of Stone and
Dirt Masonry Constructions : Reasons for its viability in Portugal,
FUNDEC, Lisbon
73/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil
GESTEC
• LOURENÇO, Paulo B. (2002), “Aspectos Sobre a Construção em
Alvenaria Estrutural”, National Structures Congress 2002 - “Os Novos
Desafios na Qualidade das Obras”, APPE, LNEC, Lisbon

• VARIOUS (2002), “Paredes de Alvenaria - Situação Actual e Novas
Tecnologias”, Livro de Actas, edited by Paulo B. Lourenço and Hipólito

de Sousa, Fundação Cupertino Miranda, Porto
• VARIOUS (2002), Seminar “A Intervenção no Património; Práticas de
Conservação e Reabilitação”, FEUP / DGEM, Porto
• PINHO, Fernando F. S. (2001), “Paredes de edifícios antigos em
Portugal”, Vol. 8, 3rd edition, col. “Edifícios - Conservação e
Reabilitação”, LNEC, Lisbon
• FREITAS, Ana Cristina (2001), “Viabilidade Técnico-Económica de
Construções Novas em Alvenaria de Pedra”, Dissertation for the degree
of Master of Construction, IST, Lisbon
74/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil
GESTEC
• AIRES-BARROS, Luís (2001), “As Rochas dos Monumentos
Portugueses - Tipologias e Patologias”, IPPAR, Lisbon
• SILVA, Vítor Cóias (2001), “Viabilidade Técnica de Execução do

Programa Nacional de Redução da Vulnerabilidade Sísmica do
Edificado”, Meeting on the Reducing the Seismic Vulnerability of

Building, Ordem do Engenheiros, 2001
• VARIOUS (2000), “Manual de Alvenaria de Tijolo”, APICER, CTCV,
FCTUC, Coimbra
• PAIVA, José (2000), “Medidas de Reabilitação Energética em Edifícios”,
LNEC, Lisbon
• VARIOUS (2000), 5th International Congress of Restoration of
Architectural Firenze Heritage, Florence, S. Verdiana
75/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • VARIOUS (1999), “Metodología de la Restauración y de la

GESTEC Rehabilitación”, UPM, Editorial Munilla-Lería, Madrid
• LOURENÇO, Patrícia (1999), “Reabilitação de Estruturas de Madeira.

Estudo de um Caso - 2ª Parte”, Masters Degree in Construction, IST,
Lisbon
• FLORES, Inês (1999), “Reabilitação de Construções - Estudo do
Claustro da Sé de Lisboa”. Monograph of the 8th Master in Construction,
IST, Lisbon
• CORVACHO, Maria Helena (1999), “Catálogo de Pontes Térmicas”.
Technical Information Note - NIT 003, FEUP, Porto
• JUAN, Juan Ignacio (1998), “Restauración de las Portadas góticas de la
Catedral de Santa Maria de Castellón”, Loggia - Arquitectura &
Restauración, ano II, n.º 5, Valência
• TEIXEIRA, Gabriela e BELÉM, Margarida (1998), “Diálogos de
edificação: técnicas tradicionais de construção”, CRAT - Centro
Regional de Artes Tradicionais, Porto
76/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • VARIOUS (1998), Proceedings of the 1st Day about the “Prática da
GESTEC
Conservação e Restauro do Património Arquitectónico”, GECoRPA,
Sintra
• VARIOUS (1998), “The Tower of Belém”, International Journal for

Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, Vol. 4, Nº6

• ASHURST, John and DIMES, Francis (1998), “Conservation of Building
& Decorative Stone”, Oxford
• CUSA, Juan (1998), “Renovação de Casas I”, Plátano Edições
Técnicas, Barcelona
• SILVA, J. Mendes (1998), “Fissuração das alvenarias. Estudo do
Comportamento das Alvenarias sob Acções Térmicas”, Doctoral Thesis
in Civil Engineering, Universidade de Coimbra
• AGUIAR, José; CABRITA, A. and APLLETON, João (1998), “Guião de
Apoio À Reabilitação de Edifícios Habitacionais”, LNEC, Lisbon
77/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • FREITAS, Vasco Peixoto de; PINTO, Manuel (1998), “Metodologia para
GESTEC
a Definição Exigencial de Isolantes Térmicos”. Technical Information
Note - NIT 001. LFC, FEUP, Porto
• SILVA, Vítor Cóias (1997), “Um Novo Modelo (e uma Nova Visão) do
Edificado Pombalino”, Monumentos, n.º 6, Lisbon

• AGUIAR, J. et al (1997), “Guião de Apoio à Reabilitação de Edifícios
Habitacionais”, LNEC, Lisbon
• WEAVER, Martin (1997), “Conservation Buildings: A Manual of
Techniques and Materials”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, USA
• RODRIGUES, Delgado and COSTA, D. (1996), “Conservation of
Granitic Rocks”, LNEC, Lisbon
• VÁRIOS (1995), “Processes of Urban Stone Decay”, Donhead, Belfast
78/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • CEN (1995), “Eurocode 6 - Design of Masonry Structures - Part 1-1:

GESTEC General Rules for Buildings - Rules for reinforced and unreinforced
masonry”. CEN, prENV 1996-1-1
• HENRIQUES, Fernando M. A. - “Humidade em Paredes”, Edifícios -

Série Conservação e Reabilitação, nº1, LNEC, Lisbon

• PINTO, Ana Paula (1993), “Conservação de Pedras Graníticas: Estudo
da Acção dos Hidrófugos”, Doctoral Thesis , IST, Lisbon
• CEN (1993), “Eurocode 8 - Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures -
Part1: General Rules for Buildings”. CEN, prENV 1996-1-1
• VÁRIOS (1992), “7th International Congress on Deterioration and
Conservation of Stone, LNEC, Lisbon
• VÁRIOS (1991), “Curso de Patología”, Tomo 1, Colegio Oficial de
Arquitectos de Madrid, Madrid
79/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • CASTRO, Elda et al (1991), “Estudos sobre a acção dos pombos

GESTEC
sobre a pedra das Igrejas do Carmo e das Carmelitas, no Porto, e de
São Gonçalo, em Amarante”, LNEC 113281, Lisbon
• ALCALDE, Manuel et al (1990), “Diagnosis y Tratamiento de la

Piedra: la Alteracíon de la Piedra de los Monumentos”, Instituto

Eduardo Torroja de la Construcción, Madrid
• NORMAL 1/88 (1990), “Alterazioni Macroscopiche dei Material
Lapide”, CNR-ICR, Rome
• ASHURST, John e ASHURST, Nicola (1989), “Practical Building
Conservation”, Vol1, Gower Technical, Aldershot
• CASTRO, Elda et al (1988), “Étude du Nettoyage d’un Monument en
Granite”, Memória nº 715, LNEC, Lisbon
• VÁRIOS (1989) “Manual da Técnica Construtiva”, Edições CETOP,
Barcelona
80/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • CABRITA, Reis and AGUIAR, José, “Monografia Portuguesa sobre

GESTEC Inovação e Reabilitação de Edifícios”, LNEC - ITE 17, Lisbon
• CARVALHO, Cansado de e OLIVEIRA, Sousa, “Construção Anti-

Sísmica Edifícios de Pequeno Porte”, Publication ITE 12, LNEC, Lisbon
• RODRIGUES, J. Delgado (1989), “Perspectivas sobre a Conservação

de Monumentos de Materiais Graníticos”, LNEC, Lisbon
• HORIE, C.V. (1987), “Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants,
Adhesives and Coatings”, Butterworth, London
• CASTRO, Elda de (1985), “Estudos sobre tratamentos de protecção de
pedras contra a vegetação infestante de tipo musgos, líquenes e
algas”, Report 227/85, LNEC, Lisbon
• CASTRO, Elda de (1985), “Estudos sobre tratamentos de protecção de
pedras contra os agentes atmosféricos e a poluição”, Report 241/85,
LNEC, Lisbon
81/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • COLLOMBET, R. (1985), “Humidité des Bâtiments Anciens: Causes et

GESTEC Effets, Diagnostic, Remèdes”, Moniteur, Paris
• CASTRO, Elda de (1984), “A Conservação de Monumentos em Pedra -

Estado Actual dos Conhecimentos” Memória nº 627, LNEC, Lisbon
• CASTRO, Elda de (1984), “Tratamentos de Conservação de Pedra em

Monumentos”, ITG2, LNEC, Lisbon
• CASTRO, Elda de (1983), “Studies on Stone Treatments”, Memória nº
584, LNEC, Lisbon
• PAZ BRANCO (1981), “Manual do Pedreiro”, Publication M-3, LNEC,
Lisbon
• NP 80 (1971), “Tijolos de Barro Vermelho para Alvenaria. Formatos.
July Edition, IPQ, Lisbon
• NP 80 (1964), “Tijolos para Alvenaria. Características e Ensaios “, Oct.
1975 Edition, IPQ, Lisbon
82/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DECivil • GOMES, Ruy J (1961), “Nota sobre o Problema da Alteração da Pedra

GESTEC em Monumentos e Edifícios de Interesse Histórico e Artístico”, Memória
165, LNEC, Lisbon
• Leitão, Luiz Augusto, “Curso Elementar de Construções”,Imprensa

Nacional, 1896, Lisbon
83/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links
DECivil
GESTEC
• ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and Sites
http://www.icomos.org/ICOMOS_Main_Page.html
• ICCROM - International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the
Restoration of Roma
http://www.iccrom.org/
• DOCOMOMO - International working party for documentation and

conservation of buildings, sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement
http://www.ooo.nl/docomomo/
• Journal of Architectural Conservation

http://www.donhead.com/Journal%20of%20Architectural%20Conservation.htm
• DGEMN - Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais

http://www.monumentos.pt/indice.html
84/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• CNRC-NRC - “Rehabilitation of Solid Masonry Walls” by M.Z. Rousseau

and A.H.P. Maurenbrecher, originally published in "Construction Canada"

32(5), 1990, p. 15-20
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/practice/wal1_E.html
• Carta de Veneza de 1984 (in Portuguese) - Fundamental doctrinal text of

ICOMOS
http://www.paulojones.com/tecnicas/carta-veneza.html
• Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Torre de Belém e Capela de São Jerónimo

http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/
• GECoRPA - Heritage Guild (several associated companies)

http://www.gecorpa.pt
85/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC • Project COMREHAB - Decreasingly intrusive techniques in the application
of composite in the seismic rehabilitation of old buildings
http://www.stap.pt/n_17.html
• Richtergard - The Ultimate Masonry Protecting System

http://www.richtergard.com/home2.html
http://www.richtergard.com/RichterGardBrochure.pdf
• Degussa Construction Chemicals MBT

http://www.masterbuilders.com.br/mbt_viewprojetos.asp?idProjetos=22
• Oz - Levantamento e Diagnóstico (tests)

http://www.oz-diagnostico.pt/caracterizacao_elementos_resistentes.html
• Anti-graffiti Systems (graffiti removal)

http://www.agsgraffiti.co.uk/services.html
86/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• Tower of London (special projects)
http://www.hrp.org.uk/webcode/content.asp?ID=602
• AMC - Architectural Materials Conservation Masters, Bournemouth

University, England (Cleaning, consolidation, repair versus restoration, AMC
projects)
http://www.induni.net/materials.html
• Preserving Historic Stone Monuments at Vicksburg National Military Park,

Louisiana, Mississippi
http://www.nps.gov/vick/preserve/mnts/stonewrk.html
• Engineering Geology - Application Case - The Rocks as Building Material,

Brazil
http://planeta.terra.com.br/educacao/br_recursosminerais/materiaisconst.html
87/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• David John Frost - Cleaning & Restoration of Historic Buildings (London)
http://www.historicbuildingslondon.co.uk/door/index.html
• Tecnocrete (technical conditions for Conservation of Architectural Heritage)

http://www.tecnocrete.pt/index6.html
• Era - Archaeology, Conservation and Heritage Management

http://www.era-arqueologia.pt/projectos.html
• Champs d'activités du laboratoire de Lausanne

http://expert-center.epfl.ch/activites/champs_activites.html
• ER-BU Construction / Turkey, “Reconstruction of the Old Bridge in Mostar”,

Newsletter 15, September, 2003, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
http://users.tyenet.com/kozlich/newsletter15.html
88/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• APEX Scaffolding - Kentisbeare Church (stone repairs to tower)

http://www.apexscaffolding.co.uk/kentisbeare_church.html
• PROMASIL - Cleansing walls and ceilings

http://www.artecom.pt/restauro/bleu_line/promasil/
• BRE (frequently asked questions, further information)

http://www.bre.co.uk/askbre/faqs/faq.jsp?categoryid=18&questionid=2
• Conservation Artisans (photos)

http://www.conservationartisans.com/photoalbum.html
• National Park Service Building Exterior Masonry

http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/tax/rhb/masonry01.html
89/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• Connecticut Gravestone Network (examples of bad repairs)

http://www.ctgravestones.com/Conservation/bad_repairs.htm
• Cleaning and graffiti-removal (photos)

http://www.graffiti-removal.org.uk/
• Ingram Consultancy (projects, publications)

http://www.ingram-consultancy.co.uk/materials/
• Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal - Claustros (cleansings photos)

http://www.ips.pt/claustros/imagens.html
• Topbond PLC Group (photos)

http://www.topbond.co.uk/projects/abseiling.html
90/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• Ringling Museum South Loggia (photos of the roofing repair work)

http://www.mldarchitects.com/archives/639%20ringling%20s%20loggia/639.ht
m
• “Rehabilitation of the Old Bridge Mostar”, Newsletter 12, June 2003, Mostar,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
http://www.pcu.starimost.ba/biddings/Biltens/News-12.htm
• “Rehabilitation of the Old Bridge Mostar”, Newsletter 7, January 2003,

Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
http://www.pcu.starimost.ba/biddings/Biltens/Newsletter07.htm
• Analysis of stone materials in historic buildings (research projects)

http://www.ugr.es/~monument/eng/research.html
91/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC • Masonry Preservation Group - Restoration of the University Chapel 2001-
2002 (photos)
http://www.princeton.edu/~paw/web_exclusives/features/chapel/features_cha
pel.html
• Weathering Research Group “Urban Stone Decay and Acid Deposition: Na

Introduction to the Problems and its Causes”, by B.J. Smith & J.P. McGreevy
http://www.qub.ac.uk/geog/documents/research/weathering/usd.html
• “Cleaning tests on the stone material” by Francesca Matera

http://www.santiquattrocoronati.org/aggiornan/materai.html
• Bird Protection Netting

http://www.unionindustries.co.uk/trading/net_birdprotect.html
• Mineral Based Natural Repair Mortars (fichas)

http://www.usheritage.com/mineral/mineral.html
92/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• “Sandstone consolidants and water repellents”, Report to Historic Scotland

http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/miconsol.html
• “Long term consequences of stone cleaning”, Historic Scotland

http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/milong.html
• “Stone cleaning - Effects of stone cleaning methods on Scottish

sandstones”, Historic Scotland
http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/misst.html
• Sistema multidireccional Bellver AdaptDe configuración multidireccional

(formworks)
http://www.interempresas.net/ObrasPublicas/FeriaVirtual/ResenyaProducto.a
sp?R=8152
93/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• “Assessing Cleaning and Water-Repellent Treatments for Historic Masonry

Buildings” by Robert C. Mack, FAIA Anne Grimmer, Washington,

DC November, 2000
http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/briefs/brief01.html
• Masonry Cleaning Systems

http://www.gbf-masonry-cleaning.co.uk/methods.html
• Monumenta - “Tecnologia Laser na Limpeza da Pedra de Monumentos e

Edifícios Históricos”
http://www.monumenta.pt/novas_tecnologias.html
• Ruredil - Prodotti Chimici per L’edilizia

http://www.ruredil.it/default.html
94/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
• The Environmental Effects of Air Pollutants
GESTEC
http://www.dsp.pub.ro/leonardo/itc-
incsee/Chapter%201/Level%201/SubChapter1.2/SubChapter1.2.html
• Edifici esistenti e interventi di ripristino (tests)

http://www.lpm.polimi.it/murarie/edifici.html
• Corrosion Threatens London's Buildings

http://www.payestone.co.uk/presstsb.html
• Bibliography of Patrimonial Letters (letters, appointments, conventions,

declarations, recommendations and resolutions), source IPHAN
http://mestrado-reabilitacao.fa.utl.pt/BibliografiaCartas.html
• Brick Institute Association

http://www.bia.org
95/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
•Arq. Garín J. J. - Rehabilitation and Treatment of moisture
GESTEC
http://members.tripod.com.ar/rmc2000/garin.htm
• Centro Tecnológico da Cerâmica e do Vidro

www.ctcv.pt
• Dudley Cleaning Ltd

http://www.vicgilmore.co.uk/dudley/
Historic Masonry Restoration Grouting At Two Structures

http://www.usl-1983.com/Portfolio/Case_Histories/G14.html
Masonry Reinforcement
http://www.brc-building-
products.co.uk/public_html/masonryreinforcement.html
96/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC • February 28, 2001, Mw 6.8 Nisqually, Washington Earthquake (fotos)
http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/data_sets/20010228_1/20010228_seattle_pics.html
• Case Study: Engineering Link Buildings, University of Sydney

http://www.brickbydesign.com/case-studies/engineering-link/
• CCI Industries (design and specification)

http://www.cci-industries.com/Pages/Design.html
• CMHC-SCHL “Exterior Masonry Wall Repair, Ville St-Laurent, Quebec”

http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/imquaf/himu/bebufa_029.cfm
• CMHC-SCHL “Brick Wall Reconstruction and General Renovation of a 3-

Storey Building”
97/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• CMHC-SCHL” Project: High-Rise Masonry Wall Rehabilitation”
• Cultural Heritage Oriented Research Projects

http://www.arcchip.cz/CH_projects.shtml
• Nawkaw Heritage Restoration

http://www.nawkaw.com.au/nawkaw-service-restore-b.asp
• Bearing Walls: Monolithic Masonry Construction

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/BT/EEI/MASONRY/masonry1.html
• Damage Due to Structural Vibration

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/bertero/html/damage_due_to_structural_vibration.html
98/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• Helibeam System (repair and reinforcement techniques)
http://www.helifix.co.uk/main/mainpages/helibeamsystem.htm
• “How to Replace a Damaged Brick” - Home Improvement Encyclopaedia

http://www.bhg.com/bhg/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/bhg/step-by-
step/data/hie_1219.xml&catref=cat820064&page=1
• Indagini Diagnostiche Edifici Storici

http://www.idesweb.it/index.html
• Seismic Issues Assessing Chimney Damage

http://www.rumford.com/certification/eval.html
• Controlli Strutture e Fabbricati - ISTEDIL - Istituto Sperimentale per l'Edilizia

http://www.istedil.it/serv.html
99/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• Interclean - Graffiti Management Systems

http://www.interclean.ie/Graffiti.html
• Reyntjens Laboratory - Laboratory Activities Geo-electrical measurements

http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/bwk/materials/Reyntjens_Laboratory/Geo_elec.html
• The Old House Web “Dangers of abrasive cleaning to historic buildings”

http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/12241.shtml
• The Old House Web “Assessing cleaning and water-repellent treatments for
historic masonry buildings”
• CMHC-SCHL ”Repair of Spalling and Leaking Clay Brick Building Walls”

100/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil
GESTEC
• The Old House Web “General masonry inspection”
• Masonry Facade Repair - Case Study

http://www.restruction.com/projects_results.asp?Case_ID=6
• Haroutunian Masonry
http://www.thebrick.ca/chimney.html
• CBR - Masonry Reinforcement Mesh

http://www.strongtie.co.uk/catalogue/categorie.php?fam=9&cat=89
• Bekaert - Masonry-reinforcement
http://www.bekaert.com/building/frameset_overzicht.asp?groep=2&groep_lan
d=4&taal=7&land=1
101/103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some Links (cont.)
DECivil • Repair Brick Walls: 6 Steps
GESTEC
http://houseandhome.msn.com/Improve/RepairBrickWalls6Steps0.aspx
• Masonry Testing and Inspection

http://www.skgeotechnical.com/masonry.htm
• Bruno's Tuckpointing Projects

http://www.brunostuckpointing.com/projects.html
• Mineral Based Natural Repair Mortars (fichas)

http://www.usheritage.com/mineral/mineral.html
• Chemical Cleaning Photos

http://www.tuckpointing.com/services/chemicalcleaning/photos/
• Ruredil - Prodotti Chimici per L’edilizia

http://www.ruredil.it/default.html
102/103
DECivil
GESTEC
Work performed with the support of the

Information Society Operational Program - POSI
103/103

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TECHNIQUES FOR

Cleaning and protection

AND BRICK MASONRY

• consolidation - interventions meant to improve mechanical

adversely change the hydrothermal characteristics:

- impregnation of consolidants in elements;

• injection / repairing cracks or fractures (stabilized and non-stabilized);

• stabilizing larger elements with stainless steel bars;

• replacement of affected elements;

• replacement of volumes / plastering.

They are intended primarily to minimize the degradation rate filling

Various types of consolidation are possible:

• cortical or superficial - the same substances are applied locally or,

more generally, on the surface of the material to restore the

• structural - installation of rigid elements (by calculating and

The consolidation of masonry (especially suitable for the large

manner, according to the following intervention levels:

• each material per se;

• elements with static functions

The consolidation is intended to reestablish the cohesion when the

only in this case should be applied. This process allows to increase

Factors in choosing a consolidant:

The methods currently used result both from continuous improvement

consolidant products especially in the field of organic chemistry.

Some application techniques:

Some application techniques (cont.):

• cover the stone to be impregnated

• the penetration depth must be such that the consolidating product

depends essentially on the stone porometry, the type of consolidant

• consolidants often fail to fill cracks with an width greater than a

• in certain cases, protective treatments are needed instead of

Consolidants form, within the stone, compounds that establish

(reducing the porosity).

Mostly used inorganic consolidants:

Mostly used organic consolidants :

This consolidation technique consists of injecting, at variable

pressures for each type of intervention, of a grout capable of filling

These injections can be made by pressure or by gravity, making

1. opening the injection holes the drillings should be practiced in

correspondence with mortar joints and with a distance of

Drilling of holes (usually 2 or 3 per Injection pipes

3. before performing the injection, the masonry should be

4. to control the volume of injected material, thin purge tubes should

5. during the washing phase, additional operations must be

performed (e.g.: joints repointing);

6. pre-consolidation, leaving a very fluid slurry flow

7. injection of grouts within the holes at low pressure;

and unpredicted static changes;

Injection of epoxy resin by pressure (caulk gun)

8. the injection pressure is conditioned to the depth to achieve and

to the wall deterioration degree; maintain a tight control over the

11. provide for a series of tests to verify its effectiveness (e.g.

The use of reinforced render with

oxidation), glass fibres, etc., allows to

reinforced render to the support, thus ensuring a better confinement

2. replacement of degraded material;

3. injection of cracks (complemented or not with steel clamps);

Replacement of degraded material Injection in cracks

4. placing a metallic reinforcement (galvanized or stainless steel) or

Metalic mesh Glass fibre net

5. Application of render with mortar of suitable formulation.

Appearance while applying the render Final appearance