Classical switched-mode DC-DC converters

Exercises:

1. A Buck converter is driven by a constant input voltage 30V. The switching frequency
is 10kHz, the L and C of the converter are 1mH and 10μF. Calculate the output ripple
voltage when duty ratio of the transistor is 0.5.

Hence, sketch the a graph of ripple voltage as D varies between 0.1 to 0.9. You may
assume the converter is operated in continuous inductor conduction mode.

Soln:
2
Vo (1  D) 2  fc 
  
Vo 2  fs 
1 1
Vo=VinD=30*0.5V=15V, f C    1.59 kHz, D=0.5, fs=10k
2 LC 2 1m *10
Vo (1  0.5) 2  1.59 
2
  
15 2  10 
Vo =0.936V
For Vin is constant,
2 2
(1  D) 2  fc  (1  D) D 2  fc 
Vo    Vo    Vin
 f   f 
2  s 2  s

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
ΔVo

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
The maximum occurs at D=0.5 which gives VO=0.936V

2. The parameters of a Buck converter are:

Vs=48V, Vo=10V, L=0.5mH, C=10μF, fs=20kHz
Calculate the load resistor R for discontinuous mode operation.

Soln:
K  (1  D)
2L V
 (1  o )
RT s Vin
2 * 0 .5 m 10
 (1  )
R *10 48
R>126.3
1
 Classical switched-mode DC-DC converters

3. Calculate the minimum value for K such that a Boost converter is always operated in
continuous inductor conduction mode.

Soln:
For continuous mode:
K  (1  D) 2 D
d
dt
(1  D) 2 D  2 D(1  D)(1)  (1  D) 2  0
1
D
3
Therefore the minimum K=
1 1 4
(1  D) 2 D  (1  ) 2  =0.148
3 3 27

4. A Boost converter has an L=10μH, input voltage = 30V, output voltage = 60V and
switching frequency fs = 100kHz. Calculate the value for minimum load current such
that the converter is always operated in continuous inductor conduction mode for all
conditions..

Soln:
Following from (3), minimum K=0.148
2L 2 *10
K 
RTS R *10
R>13.5
Minimum load current = Vo/R=60/13.5A=4.44A

5. Derive the condition for discontinuous inductor conduction mode for Boost converter
in term of k and D. (Note that to derive using voltage conversion ratios for the
continuous and discontinuous mode can only give the boundary condition)

Soln:
Discontinuous mode happens when half of the inductor ripple current is less than its
current
i L
 I in
2
I V i L
but O  in  1  D and  I in
I in VO 2

(Vo  Vin )(1  D)TS Vo 1


2L R 1 D
(Vo  Vin )(1  D) TS
2
2L

Vo RTS
Vin 2L
(1  )(1  D ) 2 TS  K
V0 RTS
(1  D) 2 D  K

2
 Classical switched-mode DC-DC converters

6. Design a Buck/Boost converter such that the specification is:

Vo=12V, Vin=5V, Io=10A, ΔVo=0.5V, ΔiL=0.5, f=100kHz

Soln:

Vo D

Vin 1  D
Vo 12
Vin
D  5  0.706
Vo 12
1 1
Vin 5
The ripple current of the inductor is:
Vin DT s
i L 
L
5 * 0.706 *10
0.5 
L
L=70.6 μH
V o 12
R   1. 2
I o 10
The ripple voltage of the capacitor or output is:
Vo DTs

Vo RC
0.5 0.706 *10

12 1. 2 * C
C=141.2 μF

7. A Buck/Boost converter is operated in the following condition/parameter:

Vin=48V, Vo=24V, fs=100kHz, L=10μH, C is large
(i) How much is the load resistance dropped to for discontinuous inductor conduction
mode to happen. (ii) Derive the expression of the ratio of output voltage ripple when
discontinuous mode happens to when load current is large Hence calculate the ratio.

Soln:
(i)
D V 24
 o   0 .5
1  D Vin 48
Vo
Vin 0.5
D   0.333
Vo 1  0.5
1
Vin
For discontinuous mode:
K  (1  D) 2  (1  0.333) 2  0.445
2L
 K  0.445
RT
2 *10
 0.445
R *10

R>4.5
Therefore it happens when the resistance drops to 4.5

3
 Classical switched-mode DC-DC converters
(ii)
During continuous or at the boundary mode:
IO
iL 
1 D
During the discontinuous mode or the at the boundary mode:
T (i  I o ) 2
Vo  s L
2Ci L
During the boundary mode, the inductor current is:
2I o
i L  2i L 
1 D
and the output ripple voltage can be expressed as:
2I o
(1  D)Ts (  I o ) 2 I T (1  D) 2
Vo  1 D 
o S
2I o 4C
2C
1 D
The output ripple voltage under continuous inductor conduction mode and the load
current is large is:
Vo DTs

Vo RC
DT s I DT
Vo  Vo  o S
RC C
The ratio of output voltage ripple when discontinuous mode happens to and when load
current is large :
I o TS (1  D) 2
4C (1  D) 2
R dis con   =1.33
I o DTS 4D
C