ORGANOLOGY I

By :
Name : Devina Alifah
Student ID : B1B017010
Section : D1
Subgroup :4
Assistant : Alvi Sari Agita

PRACTICAL REPORT OF PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Organology study about the structure and function of the organs based on its
composer tissues (Sumardi, 1993). In the practicum organology, we used several
preparation of plants organs to be observed. In plants, just as in animals, similar cells
working together form a tissue. When different types of tissues work together to
perform a unique function, they form an organ; organs working together form organ
systems (Campbell, 2011).
According to Putra et al (2016), roots in plants have an important role. Root
is a plant organ that has function of supporting and strengthening the plant's body
and the growth of shoots. Roots are parts of the bottom plant, usually developing
under the ground even though there are also some roots that growing in the air (like
there are also stems which grows under the ground). Development arrangement and
of the primary tissue of roots and stems can be clearly distinguished for example the
development of epidermis.
Leaves are organisms that can carry out photosynthesis because in the leaves
there are stomata which can change carbon dioxide and water to glucose which
helped by sunlight and will be converted into energy.In the stem organs there are 3
main parts (epidermis and its derivatives, cortex, and stele) that develop and the
protoderm, procambium and basic meristem tissues (Campbell, 2003).

II. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of Organology I laboratory activity is to know the structure of

roots, stems, and leaves anatomy.
 III. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Material

The tools that used in Organology I laboratory activity are light microscope,
object glass, cover glass, drop pipette, razor, camera, stationery and work sheet.
Object used in Organology I laboratory activity are root of corn (Zea mays),
stem of sirih (Piper betle), leaf of orange (Citrus sp.), and leaf of corn (Zea mays).

B. Methods

Methods used on Oganology I laboratory activity are:

1. The equipments and object were prepared.
2. The cross section of corn’s root (Zea mays), sirih’s stem (Piper betle), orange’s
leaf (Citrus sp.), and corn’s leaf (Zea mays) were created by razor as thin as
possible, added into object glass.
3. The aquadest was dropped by pipette.
4. Covered by cover glass.
5. Observed under light microscope.
6. The type of vascular bundle is drawn and given some description.
 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Description :
1
1. Epidermis
2
2. Exoderm
3
3. Cortex
4 4. Endoderm
5 5. Pericycle
6. Xylem
7 7. Phloem
6 8. Pith

Type of vascular bundle:

Radial

Figure 1. C.S. Root of Corn (Zea mays) Magnification 100 x

Description :
1 1. Epidermis
2 2. Collenchyma
3 3. Sclerenchyma
4 4. Cortex
5 5. Peripheral bundle
6. Secretory gland
6
7. Medular bundle
7 8. Pith

8
Type of vascular bundle:
Closed collateral

Figure 2. C.S. Stem of Sirih (Piper betle) Magnification 100 x

 Description :
1. Upper epidermis
2. Palisade tissue
1 3. Vascular bundle
2 4. Sponge tissue
5. Lower epidermis
3 6. Bipyramide Ca- Oxalate Crystal

Figure 3. C.S. Leaf of Orange (Citrus sp.) Magnification 400x

Description :
1. Upper epidermis
1
2. Motor cell/ Bulliform cell
3. Non-glandular thricome
3
4. Meshopyl
2
5. Vascular bundle
5 6. Lower epidermis

Figure 4. C.S. Leaf of Corn (Zea mays) Magnification 400x

B. Discussion

According to Doblas (2017), the endodermis is the innermost cortical cell

layer surrounding the central vasculature, has been considered to play a central role
in plant nutrition by forming a selective barrier for water and nutrients The
endodermis composed by a single layer of cells that physiologically different,
structure and the function of the cell layer in the vicinity. The exodermis is derived
from the modification of cortical layer next to the epidermis. Its cells are distinct
from those of the central cortex. Unlike the endodermis, in which the casparian bends
form within a few millimeters of the tip, the casparian bands of the exodermis may
form several centimeters from the root tip. In, the root epidermis often dies leaving
the exodermis, with its protective suberized walls, as the outermost layer of root
(Mulyani, 2006).
The primary tissue arrangement in roots at a certain distance from the root
apical can be distinguished in various zones, namely the root hood, epidermis, root
cortex and cylindrical vessels or middle cylinders (Fahn, 1991). The root hood is
located at the root tip, which functions to protect the root promeristem and helps to
penetrate the soil by roots. In most roots, the epidermis has thin walls. The root
cortex generally consists of parenchymal cells during its development, the size of
cortex cells are undergoing differentiation, before vacuolization occurs in these cells
(Iserep, 1993).
In general, the stem is composed of the epidermis which have a cuticle and
sometimes stomata, the basic tissue system in the form of cortex and pith, and the
vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Xylem and phloem are arranged
differently in both classes of plants. In the stem there is a book (node) or place of
leaves attached and internodes (i.e.), which is the part of the stem that is located
between the books. In addition to books and segments, there is also a bud on the stem
(Agustina, 2010).
The leaves are usually composed of various types of tissue, in general, the
leaves are composed of protective tissue (epidermis and its derivatives), mesophile
tissue, transport tissue, support tissue and secretory tissue. Generally there are two
types of leaves, namely dorsiventral leaves and isobilateral leaves. The leaves are
said to have a dorsiventral type if the palisade tissue is only found on the upper side
of the leaf,whereas isobilateral leaves are leaves that have palisade tissue on the
upper and lower sides (Kamil, 1982).
According to Yusuf (2007), differences in the anatomical structure of roots,
stems, and leaves of monocots and dicots. Roots in dicotyledonous plants that have a
tap root system consisting of primary roots that grow vertically and produce smaller
lateral roots. Fiber root which is owned by monocot plants. In monocot plants, the
life span of the primary root is very short. The primary root is replaced by a group of
root mass that emerges from the roots. So that the fiber root system does not have
primary roots. The stem structure of dicotyledonous plants is woody and has many
branches. Such structures are influenced by the presence of secondary meristem
tissue, cambium. Dicotyledonous plants have cambium tissue which is responsible
for secondary growth. So that the dicotyledonous stems have a larger size and can
increase in diameter. The cambium is located between the transport network,
separating the xylem and phloem network. So that it forms a type of opened
collateral vascular bundle, which looks regularly in a circle. In monocot plants have a
stem structure that is not branched, but is segmented. Monocotyledons are not woody
because monocots do not have woody tissue (cambium). The vascular bundle
arrangement in the monocot is a closed collateral type, which is arranged in a
complex and dispersed. The anatomy of monocotyledons and dicotyledonous leaves
is the repetition of monocotyledon leaves which are parallel or curved while those in
dicotyledon are runny or pinnate. In monocots the mesophyll parenchymal it is
generally undifferentiated into pole tissue and sponges whereas in dichotiles it is
differentiated (Fahn, 1991).
Zea mays are monocots. Its root structure consist of epidermis, exodermis,
cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, pith. The vascular bundle type of
corn’s root is radial, it’s not accordance to Yusuf (2007) the vascular bundle
arrangement in the monocot is a closed collateral type, which is arranged in a
complex and dispersed. According to Santos et al (2018), Piper callosum showed
collateral vascular bundles in a more or less straight line, centrally located in the
ground parenchyma; and a solitary bundle, based on the observation that we obtain
the vascular bundle of sirih’s stem is closed collateral type.
 V. CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that the root
anatomical structure consist of root hood, epidermis, root cortex and cylindrical
vessels or middle cylinders. The stem anatomical structure consist of epidermis
which have a cuticle and sometimes stomata, the basic tissue system in the form of
cortex and pith, and the vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. The leaf
anatomical structure consist of protective tissue (epidermis and its derivatives),
mesophile tissue, transport tissue, support tissue and secretory tissue.

B. Suggestion

Suggestion for this laboratory activity is student should be made and kept on
good condition. So, its structure could be easily observed.
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