1.

Height of the Retaing Wall above ground = 15 m

2. unit weight of Earth = 16 KN/m3
3. Angle of repose, φ = 30 Sin φ = 0.5 Cos φ = 0.866
4. Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil, qa = 280 KN/m2 tan φ = 0.577 Degree
5. Co efficient of friction, µ= 0.5 10
6. concrete, M 25 15
7. Foundation Depth = 1.50 m 16
8. Nominal Cover = 75 mm 17
Fe = 500 18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
 sin cos tan
0.174 0.985 0.176
0.259 0.966 0.268
0.276 0.961 0.287
0.292 0.956 0.306
0.309 0.951 0.325
0.326 0.946 0.344
0.342 0.940 0.364
0.358 0.934 0.384
0.375 0.927 0.404
0.391 0.921 0.424
0.407 0.924 0.445
0.422 0.906 0.466
0.500 0.866 0.577
0.573 0.819 0.700
0.643 0.766 0.839
0.707 0.707 1.000
0.766 0.643 1.192
0.819 0.574 1.428
0.866 0.500 1.732
0.906 0.423 2.145
1 Given Data,
h = 16.5 m
f = 30 0
µ = 0.5
g = 16 KN/m3
q = 280 KN/m2
Earth Pressure Co-efficient, Ca = 1 - Sinφ = 0.333333
1 + Sinφ

Cp = 1 + Sinφ = 3
1 - Sinφ
2 Preliminary Proportions

i The (triangular Shaped) counterforts are provided on the rear side of the wall, interconnecting the stem with the
heel Slab
Spacing of Counterforts ≈ one third to half of 'h'
= 1/3 h to 1/2 h
= 5.5 m to 8.25 m
Provide Spacing between = 5 m
counterforts
Thickness of counterforts ≈ 0.05h = 0.825 m
Provide thickness of counterforts = 0.3 m

ii Thickness of Heel Slab ≈ 0.05h = 0.825 m

Provide thickness of Heel Slab = 0.4 m

iii Thickness of Toe Slab ≈ 0.08h 1.32 m

Provide thickness of Toe Slab = 0.40 m

iv Thickness of Stem Slab ≈ .06h = 0.99 m

Provide thickness of Stem Slab at base = 0.9 m
Provide thickness of Stem Slab at top of the wall = 0.3 m

v For an economical proportioning of the length L of the base slab, it is assumed that the reaction R at the Base of
footing is in line with the front face of the Stem. For such a condition,

X = (√(Ca/3) x h = √(.33333/3) x 8.5

= 5.5 m
Assuming a triangular base pressure distribution,
L = length of the base Slab = 1.5 x X
= 8.25 m
Provide length of the base slab L = 14.00 m
3 Stability against overturning

i Forces due to active Pressure (per m length of the wall)

Pa = Ca x g xh2/2
= 726 KN
ii Overturning moment, Mo = Pa x h/3
= 3993.000 Kn-m (per m length of wall)

iii Line of action of resultant of vertical forces with respect to the heel can be located by applying statics,
considering 1 length of the wall (fig. 2)

distance from heel

Force (KN) moment (KN-m)
(m)

W1 = 16 x 2.7x (8.5-.45) = 3013.92 5.85 17631.432

W2 = 25 x 0.3x (8.5-.45) = 120.75 11.85 1430.888
W3 = (25-16) x 0.5x0.25x (8.5-.45) = 43.47 11.5 499.905
W4 = 25 x3.00x0.45 = 120 6 720.000
W5 = 25 x1.5x0.70 = 20 13 260.000
w = 3318.14 Mw = 20542.225

Distance of Resultant Vertical force from Heel

Xw = Mw/W
= 6.191 m
iv Stabilising Moment (about toe)

Mr = W (L-Xw)
= 25911.355 KN-m (per m length of wall)

(FS)overturning 0.9 Mr
=
Mo
= 5.84 > 1.40 OK
4 Soil Pressures at Footing Base
i Resultant vertical reaction R = W = 3318.14 KN (per m length of wall)
ii Distance of R from Heel Lr = (Mw+Mo)/R
= 7.395 m
iii Eccentricity e = Lr-L/2
= 0.395 < (L/6) = (2.33) OK
resultant lies Well inside the midddle
third of the base
=> 6e/L = 0.169
R
=> qmin = (1-6e/L)
=> qmin = (1-6e/L)
L
= 196.88759 KN/m2 > 0 OK
= 277.13241 KN/m2 < qa = 280 KN/m2
Safe
5 Stability against Sliding
i Sliding Force, Pa = 726 KN (per m length of wall)
ii Resisting force (ignoring Passive pressure), F = µR
= 1659.07 KN >
iii (F.S)sliding 0.9 x F
=
Pa
= 2.057 > 1.4 Safe Against Sliding
Hence a Shear key needs to be provided to generate the balance force through passive Resistance

Providing a Shear Key 400 mm X 300 mm at 2.40 m from Toe as shown in fig. 3

h2 = 1.2 + 0.3 + 2.4 tan(φ0)

= 2.89 m
Pp = Cpge(h2 -h1 )/2
2 2

= 165.891 KN

0.9 x (F + Pp)
=> (FS)sliding =
Pa
= 2.26 > 1.4 Safe Against Sliding
6 Design of Toe Slab
i The loads considered for the design of the toe slab are shown in fig.4
The net pressure acting upward are obtained by reducing the uniformly distributed self weight of the toe Slab
from the gross pressure at the base.

Self Weight loading = 10.00 KN/m2

ii The Net upword presure varies from 267.1 KN/m2 to 255.7 KN/m2 as Shown in fig.4
iii Assuming a Clear Cover of 75 mm and bar dia. 16 mm
effective depth, d = 317 mm
iv Applying a load fector of 1.5, the design shear force (at d = 617 mm from the face of stem) and the design
moment at the face of the stem are given by -
Vu ≈ 1.5 x (132.3+87)/2 x (2-0.617)
= 659.91 KN/m
Mu ≈ 1.5 x( (87x2 2
/2)+(132.3-87)x0.5x2.02x2/3
= 789.94 KN-m
v Nominal Shear Stress τc Vu
=
bd
= 2.082 MPa
For τc = 2.082 MPa the required P = 0.27 %
t

vi Mu
R =
bd2
= 7.861 MPa
(Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
 => = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
100 2x500
=> Pt = Err:502 Err:502 0.27 required for Shear
Therefore Pt = Err:502
=> (Ast)reqd. = Err:502 mm2
 * using 16 mm bars, spacing required = Err:502 mm
* using 20 mm bars, spacing required = Err:502 mm
Provide 16 φ bars @ 120 mm C/C Spacing at the bottom of the toe Slab.
The bars should extend by atleast a distance Ld = 752 mm beyond the front face
of the stem, on both sides.
* Distribution Steel
Provide 10 φ bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing for the transverse reinforcement.
7 Design of Heel Slab
i The loads (net pressures) considered for the design of the Heel slab are as shown in fig. 4.
The distributed loading acting downward on the heel slab is given by -
a) Overbarden @ 16 x (8.5-0.45) = 257.60 KN/m2
b) Heel Slab @ 25 x 0.45 = 10 KN/m2
=> w = 267.60 KN/m2
The net pressure acts downwards, varing between 54.088 KnN/m2 and 70.71
as shown in fig. 4
* Design of Heel slab for continuous beam action
Assuming a Clear Cover of 75 mm and 16 mm Bars,
Effective Depth, d = 317 mm
Considering 1 m wide strip near the free edge of the heel fig. 5
The intensity of pressure at a distance of 1 m from the free edge is 69.21 KN/m2
Therefore the average loading on the strip is 69.96 KN/m2
Applying a load fector of 1.5, Wu = 104.942 KN/m2
Effective Span, l = 5.317 m
Max. Negative moment occuring in the heel slab at the counterfourt location is given by,
Mu,-ve = Wul2/12
= 247.230 KN/m
Max. mid span moment may be taken as,
Mu,+ve = Wul2/16 ≈ 0.75 x Mu,-ve
= 185.422 KN/m
Design Shear Force
Vu = Wu x (Clear Span/2 - d)
= 229.088 KN/m
Design of top Reinforcement (for -ve moments) at the counterforts
* Nominal Shear Stress Vu
tv =
bd
= 0.723 MPa
for tc = 0.723 MPa With M 25 concrete
required pt = 0.33 %
* Mu
R =
bd2
= 2.460 MPa
 (Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
100 2x500
= 0.65% < 0.33 % required for shear
Therefore Ast = 1030 mm2 / m (required at 1m from the free edge)
Uising 16 mm Spacing required = 195 mm
12 mm Spacing required = 110 mm

Minimum Ast = 0.12 % bd

= 480 mm2 / m < 1030 mm2 / m OK
At a distance beyound 1 m from the free edge, only minimum rft. Need to be provided
Spaceing of 12 mm bars required for min. rft. = 236 mm

* Provide 12 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c Spacing at the top of the Heel Slab throughout, and
introduce additional 12 mm bars in between two adjecent bars at the counterforts near the free edge
over a distance of app. 1 m.
* Design of Bottom Reinforcement (for +ve moment) at mid -Span of heel slab

R ≈ 0.75 x R (required for (-) ve moment)

= 1.845 MPa
(Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
100 2x500
= 0.47%
Therefore Ast = Minimum Ast =
1484 mm2/m > 480
Spaceing of 12 mm Spacing required = 76 mm
* Provide 12 mm bars @ 150 mm C/C Spacing at the bottom of the heel slab throughout
Distribution Steel
Provide 12 mm bars @ 200 C/C Spacing

* Design of Heel Slab for Cantilever action

Cosidering a triangular loading on the heel slab Fig.5 to be carried by cantilever action with fixity at the face of
the stem.
The intensity of loading at the face of the stem = 54.09 KN/m2
The intensity of load at a distance of 2.50 m from the face of the stem is 57.83
Total B.M due to loading on the triangular portion

= (½ x3.0x1.5) x [(41.25x1.5/3)+(79.77-41.25)x1.5/(2x3)]
= 291.459 KN/m2
This moment is distributed non uniformly across the width of 3.0 m. For design purpose, the max moment
intensity may be taken as two times the average value.
=> Mmax = 194.306 KN/m2
Effective depth,d = 305 mm (for 12 mm bars)
Applying a load factor of 1.5,
Mu
R =
 R =
bd2
= 2.089 MPa
(Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
100 2x500
= 0.54%
Therefore Ast = Minimum Ast =
1641 mm2/m > 480
12 bars @ 236 mm
Provide 12 bars @ 180 mm c/c Spacing at the top of the Heel Slab throughout
* Design of Vertical Stem
Height of Stem above base, h = 16.1 m
Intensity of Earth Pressure at the base of the Stem is
Pa = C a ɣ e h
= 85.87 KN/m2 (Linearly varing to zero at the top)
Applya load factor of 1.5
Wu = 128.80 KN/m2 at base
Clearing spacing between counterfourts, = 5.00 m

* Design of Stem for continuous Beam Action

At Base
Assuming a clear cover of 50 mm and 20 f bars
effective depth, d = (900 - 50 - 20 )
= 830 mm
and effective Span l = 5 + 0.83
= 5.83 m
Max. -ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by,
Mu,-ve = Wul2/12
= 364.81 KNm/m
Max. +ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by,
Mu,+ve = Wul2/16
= 273.61 KNm/m
Design Shear force
Vu = Wu x (clearspan/2 - d)
= 215.096 KN/m
Design of (rear face) reinforcement for -ve moments at the counterforts
Mu
R =
bd2
= 0.53 Mpa
(Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) = 0.001249
100 2x500
=> (Ast)reqd. = 1037 mm2/m
0.12
Minimum Ast = ( 1000 ) ( 900 )
100
= 1080 mm2/m > 1037 mm2/m
Check for shear at base
Vu
tv =
bd
= 0.259 MPa < 0.29 MPa
(for minimum pt = 0.15)
OK
Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moment in the mid span of Stem
The minimum reinforcement requirment will govern the design on both faces,
Since Mu,+ve < Mu, -ve
Using 12 mm bars, spacing required = 105 mm
Provide 12 mm bars (horizental) @ 170 mm C/C Spacing
on both faces of the stem (upto one - third height above base)
 At one third height above base
depth of Stem at one third portion, d = 1000 mm
Effective Span, I = 6m
Mu,-ve = Wul /12
2

= 257.60 KNm/m
Mu
R =
bd2
= 0.258 MPa
(Pt)required 25
=> = (1 - √(1 - 4.598 x R/fck))
100 2x500
= 0.0005994
=> (Ast)reqd. = 600 mm2/m
0.12
Minimum Ast = ( 1000 ) ( 1000 )
100
= 1200 mm2/m > 600 mm2/m
Using 12 mm f bars, spacing required = 95 mm
Provide 12 mm f bars(horizental) @ 200 mm C/C Spacing on both faces
of the stem (in the middle one third Height)
At two third heights above base
0.12
Min. Ast = ( 1000 ) ( 800 )
100
= 960 mm2/m
Using 12 mm f bars, spacing required = 118 mm
Provide 12 mm f bars(horizental) @ 250 mm C/C Spacing on both faces
of the stem (in the Upper one third Height)
* Design of Stem for Cantilever action
Considering the triangular loading on the stem (fig. 6) to be carried by Cantilever action about
the face of the Stem as follows
The intensity of horizental pressure at the base of the stem = 85.87 KN/m2
The intensity of horizental pressure at a distance 2.50 m from the base of the stem is
= 72.53
ng the stem with the

tion R at the Base of

ngth of wall)

ng statics,

nside the midddle

 Pa

ght of the toe Slab

as Shown in fig.4

and the design

he front face

KnN/m2
oughout, and
ar the free edge

mm2/m

fixity at the face of

KN/m2

e max moment
mm2/m
KN/m2
 G
300 11700 L

W1
15000
W2 Counterforts @ 5.00 m
Spacing

16500
GL W3 Pa
1500

h/3
W5
400

900 W4 400

2000 12000 Cageh

L= 14000

Fig. 1 : Forces on Retaing Wall with preliminary proportions

W = 3318.14 KN
Mo = 3993.000 Xw = 6191 m
2000

196.89 KN/m2
277.13KN/m2 W=R
7395
L/2 =7000
e = 395
L = 14000

Fig. 2 : Calculations of Soil Pressures

300 mm Neglected
GL

2000
h1 = 1200
h2

300
Pp 2400
400
 Shear Key
Cageh
Fig. 3 : Design of Shear Key
 2000 900 11100

10.00
267.60

196.89
277.13

265.6692 213.512

70.71

267.13 54.088

255.67

Fig. 4 : Net soil pressure acting on base slab 70.71

54.09 57.83 69.21

Stem
Stem
300

Counterfort
45
5000

Heel Slab
TOE SLAB

TOE SLAB

Heel Slab
45
300

Counterfort

2500 1000
2000 900 11100 2000 900 11100

(a) Cantilever action (a) continuous beam action

 Fig. 5 : Loading consideration for simplified analysis of Heel slab

Stem

Counterfort
h= 16100

72.53 KN/m2

2500

400 Heel Slab

85.87 KN/m2
5000
300 300

Fig. 6 : Loading consideration for simplified analysis of Stem