HYDROSOL EXTRACT CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA FRUIT PEEL: REPELLENT

ACTIVITY AGAINST PERIPLANETA AMERICANA

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the Faculty of San Francisco High School
Senior High School
Misamis Street, Brgy. Sto. Cristo, Quezon City

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersions

Qua, Christian Vynn S.

March 2019
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to Robinson (2005), the issue of household pests within any virtual structures

occupied by man is a pertinent theme within urbanized localities. Giving importance to one of

many household pests, Rejitha (2014) mentioned in his study that there is one specific insect that

may be found within residential, dining, academic, industrial, agricultural, corporate and medical

institutions: the cockroach. In the setting of cockroach-infested locations, Rejitha pointed out that

the damages conceived in the vicinity include food supply and apparatus contamination; surface

and malodor staining; paper and fabric damage. In the rural setting, plants have taken the toll.

While frequent positive mutations may take place in the presence of cockroach-induced

environmental pressure, the strong progressive distribution of cockroaches would have

deteriorated a variety of agricultural plants before adaptive evolution takes over (Swan, 1977).

While over 4,000 species of cockroaches have been discovered in the world, and 40 to be

considered pests, the common Philippine-residing cockroaches are the Blatella germanica and

Periplaneta americana (Rentokil, n.d.). This study focused on the basement, food facility, grocery

store and restaurant omnivorous pest, Periplaneta americana.

Within the distress, as investigated by Gahukar (2017), insecticides with single chemical

species have been developed to exterminate and repel these household pests. In exemplification,

some synthesized insecticides include abamectin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and chlorfenapyr. Due to

its singly chemical composition, common commercial insecticides, according to Cornwell (1976),

resistance among the cockroach species emerged. With underlying issues about the use of

commercial pesticides, human health risks have also been taken into account. Consequently, plant-

2|P age
derived insecticides became a progressing topic for research (Thavara, Tawatsin, Bhakdeenuan,

Wongsinkongman, Boonruad, Bansiddhi, Chavalittumrong, Komalamisra, Siriyasatien, Mulla,

2007). A number of plants can function as a cockroach repellent; for example, Cymbopogon

nardus (Citronella) had been the center of public consumption in Europe and North America in

carrying out to mosquito repellency (Maia & Moore, 2011). More examples include Juniper

virginiana, Eucalyptus maculata, Pergonium reniforme, Cymbopogon excavatus, Mentha piperita,

Azadirachta indica, and Neonotonia wightii (Cochran, 1989; Yoon, 2009). While, mostly,

essential oils have been the focus of these studies, the researcher gives importance to its phytologic

origin. Therefore, carelessly disposed yet chemically-important parts of the plant will be given

limelight. In the Philippines, citrus fruits are commonly consumed; these fruits contain the

hydrocarbon, limonene, which, by weight, normally comprises 98% of the peel’s essential oil

(Burnham, 2008). Limonene, which is a monocyclic monoterpenoid found in citrus oils, had been

studied for its insecticidal properties against pests; Karr (1988) who had earlier studied the effects

of limonene against Blatella germanica concluded that the insecticidal properties of limonene were

limited. In this study, the rind of Citrofortunella microcarpa was used as the repellent.

As aforementioned, singly chemicals were not considered to be efficient repellents.

However, when mixed with different chemicals, the hydrosol of the rind of C. microcarpa may

employ a synergistic approach for repelling the common house pest, P. americana. Moreover, the

use of the word “citrus” within the discussion of the study at hand will pertain to the species, C.

microcarpa.

3|P age
Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to test the repellency of the hydrosol extracted from the rind of

calamondin fruit against the American cockroach through a linear olfactometer.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. Were the Periplaneta americana roaches repelled after the introduction of certain

concentrations of Citrofortunella microcarpa rind herbal distillate?

2. How did the concentration of the hydrosol extract of Citrofortunella microcarpa rind

affect its repellency against Periplaneta americana?

Significance of the Study

This study will prove to be very important to occupants of buildings with potential to house

the pest P. americana.

• To the building owners, for acquiring valuable data that can be actualized to their area

for clearing away American cockroaches using common ingredients.

• To the residents and employees, for attaining results that may allow them to use the

calamondin peels for repelling P. americana.

• To the manufacturers, for discovering the features of the citrus rind that may help

them create new innovative products using biodegradable products.

4|P age
Scope and Delimitation

This paper encompassed the effectivity of two herbal distillates extracted from the rind of

Citrofortunella microcarpa against the common household pest Periplaneta americana.

Hydrosols will be collected via hydrodistillation, and P. americana will be collected in the locality

of Bgy. Alicia, Quezon City. The researcher made his own linear track olfactometer (Sakuma &

Fukami, 1985) with slight modifications to the original assay device.

5|P age
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Citrofortunella microcarpa. The Philippine calamondin, popularly known in the

Philippines as calamansi, is a ubiquitous fruit distributed throughout the country; whereas, it is the

hybrid of the species Citrus reticulata and Fortunella japonica (Morte & Acero, 2017). The

leading regions of production are situated in Luzon and Mindanao; with 46.29% solely for

calamondin cultivation, the Southern Tagalog garners most harvest from C. microcarpa

(Pabuayon, 2000). As noted by Pabuayon (2000), during 1994-1998, calamondin juices have been

one of the most important exports of the Philippines taking twenty percent (20%) of all the citrus

exports while expanding its growth at a pace of twenty-seven percent (27%) during the said period.

As a member of the citrus family, the calamondin shares a certain feature within its peel:

molasses, pectin, oils and, specially, limonene (Bocco, Cuvelier, Richard, Berset, 1998). Studies

relating to its effectivity as an insecticide or repellent has not been primarily established. However,

there are multiple evidences that may be correlated to its potency as a repellent. One of which is

the chemical essential oil, Limonene.

Citrus Distillate. One of the studies conducted to prove that the citrus fruits were

insecticidal was Ngoh’s (1998) investigation relating to the repellency and toxicity of nine volatile

essential oils found within different plants; one of the terpenes studied was limonene. He grouped

the benzene derivatives and terpenes separately for his bioassay. The apparatus he used was a

linear track olfactometer; the device was first made and tested by Sakuma and Fukami in 1985

(Sakuma & Fukami, 1985). However, in the study, he concluded that the benzene derivatives were

more potent as repellents rather that the terpenes. In contrast, Yoon’s (2007) investigation about

6|P age
the repellent activity of citrus oils against Blatella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and

Periplaneta fuliginosa had a different result. Using five different types of citrus oils, Yoon tested

the cockroaches against the chosen stimuli using the olfactometer assay device (Sakuma &

Fukami, 1985). Yoon (2007) concluded that the citrus oils, when compared with commercial

repellents, had no significant differences in terms of its potency to affect B. germanica, P.

fuliginosa, and P. americana.

Periplaneta americana. Counterintuitive to its colloquial name, the American cockroach’s

origin stems from the Middle East and Africa (Bell & Adiyodi, 1981). During commercial and

naval activity, the species have been introduced to America in, according to Bell and Adiyodi

(1981), 1625. The American cockroach is a relatively modern organism despite its survival dating

back from the Carboniferous period (Copeland, 2003). American cockroaches naturally reside

outdoors but will migrate inside houses to avoid extreme weather conditions and adjust to a

microclimate suitable as niche (Bell & Adiyodi, 1981). In the Philippines, like most countries, the

American cockroach is a pest. According to Bala (2012), medically-significant pathogens have

been found throughout the bodies of cockroaches and, therefore, were determined to be mechanical

vectors of disease. In a study, Su (2016) investigated the parasites infesting the integuments of the

P. americana found within selected areas of Metro Manila: Manila, Pasay and Quezon City. On a

positive note, he stated that there was a decrease of 36% on the overall parasite infection of the

Philippine-residing American cockroaches compared with the studies of other countries. However,

the occurrence of parasites within the external surfaces are deleterious enough to cause disease.

Following this, American cockroaches is an opportunistic feeder that prefer sweet foods; however,

in some cases, the cockroach will eat almost anything from old boots to putrid sake (Bell &

7|P age
Adiyodi, 1981; Jacobs, 2002). In conclusion, P. americana is a persisting pest that can contaminate

and migrate to almost anywhere.

Synthesis. By reviewing detailed investigations, P. americana is a pest that most building

and plantation owners deal with. To hamper the progressing distribution of these insects within

the peripheries of obligatorily clean institutions, the rind of the citrus fruit in study, C. microcarpa

was studied in pertinence to its activity as a repellent against the house pest P. americana.

Conceptual Framework

Data were presented in quantities of RP50 and RP90 which pertains to the concentration of

the herbal distillate of the product needed to repel at least 50% and 90% of all the sample,

respectively. However, before taking into account the variating concentration, the researcher was

obligated to test the efficacy of the hydrodistillate by constructing a linear track olfactometer as

described by Sakuma and Fukami (1985), and to manually count the number of cockroaches that

avoided the rind’s hydrosol. The hydrosol was placed on the entrance-exit hole for air circulation

by applying the extract to Whatman ® Filter Paper No. 1. As the analytical device would require

different doses administered to different testing phases, the researcher used six concentrations for

each hydrosol extract: 360, 432, 504, 576, 648 and 720μg/mL. Manually counting the number of

roaches that went to the preferred taxis was noted as the result for each changing dose of the herbal

distillate. By using the Probit analysis, RP 50 and RP90 was quantified.

8|P age
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Hypotheses
In alignment with the research questions, the researcher compared the results with a value

of a hypothetical 50:50 response whereas the treated side and untreated side would contain the

same number of roaches.

Ho: The untreated side, B, will have a less than or equal number of P. americana species in

comparison with the treated side, A, when using the C. microcarpa rind herbal distillate. (μA ≥ μB)

Ho: The concentration needed to repel 50% of the roach sample is greater than or equal to the dose

required to repel 90% of the cockroach sample. (RP50 ≤ RP90)

Ha: The number of roaches in the untreated side is more that the number of cockroaches in the

treated side when introduced with the hydrodistilled extract of the calamondin fruit peel. (μA< μB)

Ha: The Repellency dose for 90 percent population is greater than the concentration needed to repel

half of the P. americana roaches. (RP50 > RP90)

9|P age
Definition of Terms

Citrofortunella microcarpa. The calamondin is an important citrus fruit widely cultivated

in the Philippines where it is known by its local name “calamansi” (Morte & Acero, 2017). In the

study at hand, the researcher extracted the hydrosol of the calamondin’s rind, and continued by

using an assay device called the Linear Track Olfactometer (Sakuma & Fukami, 1985).

Consequently, analysis of the data will birth the concentration needed to repel half of the total

sample.

Periplaneta americana. The American cockroach is a common pest residing in residential

and commercial buildings (Barbara, 2008). With this species as the test subject, the researcher

used quantal variables, whereas the desired response to the extract stimulus is repellency. If the P.

americana failed to choose a choice between repellency and attraction, the cockroach will be

counted as “No choice” (Yoon, 2009).

Insect Repellency. Learning the dosage in which fifty percent (50%) of the sample will be

repelled is a substantial study that will be graded by professionals who are eager to make

environment-friendly insect repellents. In this study, repellency will be used as the mode of activity

the peels of the citrus fruits use against P. americana.

10 | P a g e
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design

In the pursuit of identifying the repellent activity of C. microcarpa against P. americana,

the researcher made use of an experimental design; specifically, a utilization of the posttest-only

group design. The rationale was entirely in view of the fact that each result of the after-treatment

is the paramount datum of the research paper. The posttest-only group design solely reviews the

effects of the intervention when introduced to the sample. Without the use of pretesting, the

researcher was able to efficiently gather the results that was originally described. In relation to

this, the control group supported the notion that the citrus fruits did not coincidentally affect the

behavior of P. americana within the experiment due to unknown errors.

E (R) X O2
C (R) O2

Figure 2. Posttest-only Group Design Diagram

where:

R – Group E - Experimental C – Control X - Intervention O2 - Posttest

With the focal point directed to the repellent activity of the citrus fruits to P. americana,

the only general weakness left of the design was the lack of pre-tests that can determine equality

of all samples before the inception. However, in the actualization of the experiment, the

background and quantity of the species when captured within the same environment remained

constant in all testing phases.

11 | P a g e
The Sample
The amount of cockroaches placed within the olfactometer was constant. However, the

cockroaches that were used ranged from 3 to 5cm. External factors before capturing the

cockroaches were present such as history of insecticides and tolerance to repellents; therefore, the

researcher captured the cockroaches within one locality and separated from the households in the

vicinity. To avoid causing stress to the insects, tweezers were not used for transferring the

cockroaches to the olfactometer. Animal behaviors may change due to the sudden stress; therefore

the use of bait traps within the rearing cage was used to transfer one roach to another rearing cage.

The Instruments

The chief instrument used in this study was the linear track olfactometer (See Appendix A)

which, when manually counted, was sufficient enough to note down the results. The linear track

olfactometer was developed by Sakuma and Fukami in 1985 (Sakuma & Fukami, 1985). The

pipework made of clear plastic and stainless steel made it possible for the researcher to identify

which side the cockroach went to: the side with the hydrosol or the side without any treatment.

Rind of C. microcarpa

The citrus fruit peel used in this study was the ubiquitous Philippine Citrofortunella

microcarpa. In determining its repellent activity against the common American cockroach, the

researcher chose the rind as the main source of its hydrosol. In the course of the study, the herbal

distillate was solely extracted from the rind of the citrus fruits and separated into different

containers. For testing the hydrodistillates, serial dilutions will be made in this order: 360, 423,

504, 576, 648 and 720μg/mL.

12 | P a g e
Data Collection Procedure

In order to yield the desired results, all steps in the data collection procedure, except

collection, were done within controlled settings inside a residential area.

1. Plant Collection. The fruits were bought in a local market in Tandang Sora, Quezon City.

Consecutively, the calamondin was cut and squeezed, and the peels were left for the

experiment.

2. Construction of the Linear Track Olfactometer. Materials were bought from Muñoz and

Bambang and was constructed using epoxy adhesive. Only plastic and steel were handled

and epoxy adhesive was used to prevent unwanted outside air from entering the assay

device.

3. Hydrodistillation. The calamondin was subjected to hydrodistillation using stainless steel

materials constructed to extract the essential oils of the citrus fruits. The essential oils were

placed into separate vials (See Appendix B).

4. Cockroach collection and rearing. American cockroaches were bought from a pet shop and

placed into a well-ventilated plastic container. Starchy foods and water were fed to the

cockroaches during the rearing phase. This is to ensure that the cockroaches were at a

healthy state before the test.

5. Testing. Using the olfactometer, the researcher manually counted the number of

cockroaches on either the treated or untreated side and noted it down for further analysis.

If the roaches reach the untreated side, then the treatment worked in terms of the

experimental assay. The repellency test will span for 1 hour per batch while different

cockroaches will be used by relocating the finished cockroaches into a new container.

Fifteen cockroaches were used per batch. The cockroaches will be classified into three:

13 | P a g e
 Treated Side, Untreated Side and No Reaction. Aforementioned in the study, the

classifications are simply the taxes of the roaches when they interact with the odor of the

C. microcarpa peel hydrodistillate.

Data Analysis Procedure

Values taken from the sample, P. americana, were the total amount of roaches that moved

to either of the two sides. Consequently, the study incorporated Probit Analysis to generate the

statistics which supported inferences in reference to the general population of P. americana. The

use of Probit Analysis enabled the researcher to validate if the rising value of concentration has an

effect to the amount of cockroaches repelled within the test. Due to the nature of the experiment,

repetitions were not made and Descriptive Statistics were unavailable. The values for RP50 and

RP90 were not manually computed due to its complexity; to account for this limitation, the

researcher utilized the software, Microsoft Excel 365. In the software, Regression Analysis was

used preceding the formula:

Statistics Used Formula

Probit Analysis Calculation for RP50 and RP90. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Table 1. Statistics used in the Study

14 | P a g e
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Research Question 1: Were the P. americana roaches repelled after the introduction of certain

concentrations of C. microcarpa rind herbal distillate?

The number of cockroaches found within the sides of the olfactometer was as follows:

Hydrosol Concentration Treated Side No Reaction Untreated Side

720μg/mL 1 3 11
648 μg/mL 1 4 10
Calamondin 576 μg/mL 2 5 8
Peel 504 μg/mL 2 8 5
432 μg/mL 3 6 6
360 μg/mL 2 7 6
Control 0 1 14 0
Table 2. Olfactory Response of Periplaneta americana to the Calamondin peel hydrosol extract

Before the variating calamondin peel hydrosol concentrations were used, the experimental

assay was used without the hydrosol. The result was recorded as the control of the experiment; this

was used to prove that there were no biases in the study.

Olfactory Response of P. americana to Herbal Distillate

12

10

0
720 μg/mL 648 μg/mL 576 μg/mL 504 μg/mL 432 μg/mL 360 μg/mL

Treated Side Untreated Side No Reaction

Figure 3. Olfactory Response of P. americana against C. microcarpa hydrosol

15 | P a g e
 By analyzing the graph visually, the researcher was able to compare the number of

cockroaches in either of the sides of the linear track olfactometer.

Hydrosol Concentration Treated Side (A) Untreated Side (B) B in relation to A

720μg/mL 1 11 10 more than A
648 μg/mL 1 10 9 more than A
Calamondin 576 μg/mL 2 8 6 more than A
Peel 504 μg/mL 2 5 3 more than A
432 μg/mL 3 6 3 more than A
360 μg/mL 2 6 4 more than A
Table 3. Summary of the Relationship of Treated Side with Untreated Side

The null hypothesis stated that the untreated side, B, will have less than or equal number

of P. americana species in comparison with the treated side, A, when using the C. microcarpa rind

herbal distillate. However, in this study, the results conveyed that the cockroaches within the

untreated side for all six experimental set-ups were greater in value than the amount of P.

americana present within the section of the treated side. Therefore, the null hypothesis was

rejected, and the Calamondin proved to be a potent repellent against the species, Periplaneta

americana.

Research Question 2: How did the concentration of the hydrosol extract of C. microcarpa rind

affect its repellency against P. americana?

Aforementioned in the study, the results (See Table 2) were used to continue the Probit

Analysis. In addition, the Transformation of Percentage to Probits table (See Appendix C) was

used. The Probit value is substantial to calculate the RP50 and RP90.

Concentration (μg/mL) log10(Concentration) % repel Probit

360 2.556302501 40 4.75
432 2.635483747 40 4.75

16 | P a g e
 504 2.702430536 33 4.56
576 2.760422483 53 5.08
648 2.811575006 67 5.44
720 2.857332496 73 5.61
Table 4. Identification of Probit Values

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value

Intercept -3.457276797 2.815680814 -1.227865311 0.286810316
X Variable 1 3.120256982 1.034217059 3.017023318 0.039278008
Table 5. Regression Analysis

Using Microsoft Excel, the values after Regression Analysis were taken. Only the Intercept

and X Variable 1 were important to the study at hand.

Probability Plots for Percent Repelled and Concentration

100
90
80
70
60
Percent

50
40
30
20
10
0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710
Concentration of C. microcarpa

Figure 4. Probability Plots for Probit Analysis

After identifying the Probit values and taking the coefficient values of the intercept and X

Variable 1 through Regression Analysis, the researcher proceeded to calculate the RP50 and RP90.

The result will be compared with RP90 to conclude what hypotheses will be accepted.

17 | P a g e
 Steps RP50 Procedure
y = ax + b
1 y =(3.12025698216019)x + ( -3.45727679698992)
2 5 =(3.12025698216019)x + ( -3.45727679698992)
3 x = (5 + 3.45727679698992) / 3.12025698216019
x = 2.7104424
4 RP50 = anti log (2.7104424)
5 RP50 = 10(2.7104424)
RP50 = 513.384083420487 μg/mL
Table 6. Procedure for the Calculation of RP50

Using the calculation above, it can be said that for a given population of P. americana,

applying approximately 513 μg/mL of Calamondin peel hydrosol to the roach species can repel

half of the roaches’ population.

Steps RP90 Procedure

y = ax + b
1 y = (3.12025698216019)x + ( -3.45727679698992)
2 6.28 = (3.12025698216019)x + ( -3.45727679698992)
3 x = (6.28 + 3.45727679698992) / 3.12025698216019
x = 3.120665
4 RP90 = anti log (3.120665)
5 RP90 = 10^(3.120665)
RP90 = 1320.2768 μg/mL
Table 7. Step by Step for the Calculation of RP90

The calculation suggested that when introducing 1320 μg/mL to a population of P.

americana, 90% of the population will be repelled from the source of the hydrosol odor.

18 | P a g e
 Comparison between of RP50 and RP90
1400
Concentration in μg/mL 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
RP50 RP90

RP50 RP90

Figure 5. Comparison between the concentration values RP50 and RP90

By examining Figure 5 and Tables 6 and 7, the null hypothesis can be accepted or rejected.

The null hypothesis stated that the concentration needed to repel 50% of the roach population is

lesser than or equal to the dose required to repel 90% of the cockroach population. However, as

seen in the graph, the RP50 was less than the value of the RP90. Therefore, the researcher can

conclude that increasing the concentration of the herbal distillate can amplify the results of

repulsion as seen in the experiment. In conclusion, the null hypothesis was rejected.

19 | P a g e
 Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Summary

In the Philippines, households are infested by P. americana which wreak havoc and

malodor to residential, dining, industrial, agricultural, corporate, medical and academic institutions

(Rentokil, n.d.; Rejitha, 2014). In pursuit of mitigating the destructive effects of the roach pest, the

researcher sought to solve the problem by means of controlling insect behavior through the

calamondin peel. Singly chemical species were unentertained due to its potential to increase the

tolerance of the insect species (Cornwell, 1976). Therefore, the decision was to use botanical

ingredients to synergize the chemicals rendering them complex and difficult to adapt to (Thavara

et al., 2007). The rind was chosen as the source of repellency due to its underusage when used in

cooking. Also, a study conducted by Bocco (1998) have concluded that fruits from the citrus trees

gain their limonene from its peel. Therefore, the strong presence of the natural insect repellent,

Limonene, founded the rationale of the study.

To actualize the study, the extraction of the calamondin peel was substantial; the method

used was hydrodistillation. In doing so, the calamondin fruits were soaked in water and was brung

to a boil. The product of the condenser was called herbal distillate or a hydrosol. The cockroaches

were collected in the Barangay of Alicia where they were taken out from random drainage systems.

By utilizing the hydrosol, testing the odor’s effect on the species P. americana was

systematic. Consecutively, the researcher aimed to understand the relationship of the concentration

with the amount of cockroaches repelled in one hour. Because of this, Probit analyis was used to

help visualize the Repellency dosages of the hydrosol of the rind of C. microcarpa against P.

americana. Using Microsoft Excel 365, the Probit Analysis was calculated along with the

Regression Analysis in the preceding step. The researcher used the values of RP50 and RP90 to

20 | P a g e
identify the percentage of the repelled roach population when subjected to the hydrosol in the

study. Concentrations were given importance as it answered how the calamondin rind had potential

in becoming a natural insect repellent. The concentrations in the study were as follows: 360, 432,

504, 576, 648 and 720μg/mL.

Conclusion

The research questions in the study were answered and fulfilled in the span of the study.

C. microcarpa had shown repellent activity against P. americana in the posttest-only experimental

test. In the same manner, the act of repelling cockroaches in correlation to the concentration of the

rind hydrosol had been tested. The two null hypotheses were rejected by the researcher. Therefore,

it was concluded that the C. microcarpa fruit rind hydrosol had repellant activity against the P.

americana.

Recommendations

The essential oil can still be extracted through steam distillation within a specialized assay

after hydrodistillation. Because of this, the researcher suggests that extraction of the essential oil

of the calamondin will give more specifications to the study at hand.

The utilization of the linear track olfactometer was a success; however, the discrepancies

arose when the cockroaches purely stay within “No Choice”. Due to this, there may be less roaches

going to either side of the olfactometer.

21 | P a g e
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bala, A., Sule, H. (2012). Vectorial potential of cockroaches in transmitting parasites of medical
importance in Arkilla, Sokot, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,
20(2), 111-5.
Barbara, K. (2008). American cockroach – Periplaneta americana. Retrieved from
https://www.entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/roaches/american_cockroach.htm
on December 29, 2018
Bell, W., Adiyodi, K. (1981). American Cockroach. Springer, 1-4.
Bocco, A., Cuvelier, M.-E., Richard, H., & Berset, C. (1998). Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic
Composition of Citrus Peel and Seed Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 46(6), 2123–2129.doi:10.1021/jf9709562
Burnham, P. (2008). Limonene. Retrieved from
https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/limonen/limoneneh.htm on December 29, 2018
Cochran, D. (1989). Monitoring for Insecticide Resistance in Field Collected Strains of the
German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(2),
336-41.
Gahukar, R. (2017). Use of plant-derived products to control household and structural arthropod
pests. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 22-8.
Jacobs, S. (2002). Insect Advice from Extension: American Cockroaches. Retrieved from
https://ento.osu.edu/extension/factsheets/american-cockroaches on December 29, 2018.
Karr, L., Coats, J. (1987). Insecticidal Properties of d-limonene. Journal of Pesticide Science, 13,
287-90
Maia, M., Moore, S. (2011). Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy development
and testing. Malaria Journal, 10(1).
Morte, M., Acero, L. (2017). Potential of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruit Peels
Extract in Lowering the Blood Glucose Level of Streptozotocin Induced Albino Rats
(Rattus albus). International Journal of Food Engineering, 3(1).
Ngoh, S., Choo, L., Pang, F., Huang, Y., Kini, M., Ho, S. (1998). Insecticidal and Repellent
Properties of Nine Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils against the American Cockroach,
Periplaneta americana (L.). Pesticide Science, 54, 261-8.
Pabuayon, I. (2000). Fruits Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization: Background
Analysis. Philippines Institute for Development Studies (Draft Report).
Rejitha, T., Reshma, J., Mathew, A. (2014). Study of Repellent Activity of Different Plant
Powders against Cockroach (Periplanata americana). International Journal of Pure &
Applied Bioscience, 2(6), 185-94.

22 | P a g e
Rentokil. (n.d.). Common Cockroach Species. Retrieved from https://rentokil.com.ph/cockroac
hes/species/ on December 29, 2018.
Robinson, W. (2005). Urban insects and arachnids: A handbook of urban entomology.
Cambridge University Press: London, UK.
Sakuma, M., Fukami, H. (1985). The Linear Track Olfactometer: An Assay Device for Taxes of
the German Cockroach, Blatella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) toward Their
Aggregation Pheromone. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 20(4), 387-402.
Su, G., Carillo, N., Pera, D., Sison, S., Tanalgo, B., Su, M., Mistika, M. (2016). Parasitic
Infestation in Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) Obtained in Selected Areas of Metro
Manila. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 13(4), 1-4.
Swan, T. (1977) Secondary Compounds As Protective Agents, A Review Of Plant Physiology,
28, 497-501.
Thavara, U., Tawatsin, A., Bhakdeenuan, P., Wongsinkongman, P., Boonruad, T., Bansiddhi, J.,
Chavalittumrong, P., Komalamisra, N., Siriyasatien, P., Mulla, M. (2007). Repellent
activity of essential oils against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and
Blaberidae) in Thailand. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public
Health, 38, 663-7.
Yoon, C., Kang, S., Yang, J., Noh, D., Indiragandhi, P., Kim, G. (2009). Repellent activity of
citrus oils against the cockroaches Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and P.
fuliginosa. Journal of Pesticide Science, 34(2), 77-88.

23 | P a g e
 APPENDIX A
LINEAR TRACK OLFACTOMETER

24 | P a g e
 APPENDIX B
EXECUTION AND APPARATUS OF HYDRODISTILLATION

25 | P a g e
 APPENDIX C
FINNEY’S TABLE

26 | P a g e
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Christian Vynn Sales Qua
Grade 12 Senior High School
San Francisco High School
LRN: 406417150196
Mobile: 0966-364-9915
Email: christianq075@gmail.com
ACHIEVEMENTS
o 2018-2019
• Champion, SFHS English-themed pageant entitled “Search for gods & goddesses”
• Champion, SFHS Science Quiz Bee
• 1st Runner up, SFHS Concept Paper Writing Contest
• 1st Runner up, SFHS Science Essay Writing Contest
o 2017-2018
• Champion, District Best News Presenters in Radio Broadcasting
• Champion, District Radio Broadcasting
• President of Kagawaran ng Filipino at Kapisanan ng Diwa at Panitik (KADIPAN)
• Ranked 1st in whole batch
o 2016-2017
• Champion, RCBN-ES Interschool League of Champions Quiz Bee
• 1st Runner up, University of the Philippines Lib-speak Quiz Bee
• Special Programs and Projects Officer of Student’s Coordinating Board
• Participant of Manila Archdiocesan and Parochial Schools Association annual
gathering themed “Corporal Works of Mercy: Feed the Hungry”
• Grade 10 Completer, Ranked 4th in whole batch
o 2015-2016
• Ranked 4th in Top Performing Students of the whole batch
• Best in Biology and English
o 2014-2015
• Ranked 3rd in the CDSL Sequentialist Panel of the whole batch
• Best in Biology, Geometry and English

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES AND SKILLS

o Strongly Self-motivated
o Works with aplomb
o Critical Thinking
o Communication Skills
o Observation Skills
o Computer Literacy

27 | P a g e
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
o Senior High School : San Francisco High School
o Junior High School : Colegio de San Lorenzo
o Elementary : Aquinas School of San Juan

PERSONAL DATA
o Date of Birth: July 21, 2000
o Age: 18 years old
o Birthplace: Municipality of Virac
o Gender: Male
o Height: 169cm
o Weight: 65kg
o Civil Status: Single
o Nationality: Filipino
o Religion: Roman Catholic
o Mother’s Name: Maria Theresa Sales
o Father’s Name: Benjamin M. Qua

INTERESTS
o Medical Science
o Biology
o Chemistry
o Microscopy
o Problem Analyses
o Research
o Reading
o Writing

28 | P a g e