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Epidemiology / Etiology
The prevalence of SCFE is 10.8 cases per 100 000 children. [8][9]SCFE
presents bilaterally in 18 to 50 percent of patients[9]. The prevalence is
more common in boys than girls and varies widely among ethnic
groups (higher prevalence rate in blacks, Hispanics, Polynesians, and
Native Americans ), geographic locations (higher rates in the north and
western parts of the United States), and different seasons (late
summer and fall) [8][9].
Eventhough the pathogenesis is most likely multi-factorial, mechanical
factors (mainly obesity and growth surges/abnormal morphology of
the proximal femur and acetabulum) seem to play a key role. Other
factors that either reduce the resistance to shear or that increase the
stresses across the proximal femoral physis are endocrine disorders,
Obesity[10]
Femoral retroversion (>10°) [10]
Increased physis height [10]
More vertical slope of the physis[10]
Metabolic and pathological conditions such as: [10]
Renal failure osteodystrophy
Previous radiation therapy
The child usually presents with some combination of hip, knee, thigh,
and groin pain. The leg is typically externally rotated and an antalgic
gait is noted. The majority of patients will be able to bear weight and
will present with a limp [1][2][11] . When testing hip range of motion,
internal rotation, flexion, and abduction are limited. External rotation
and adduction are often increased and movement in all directions are
painful. Typically, the involved hip will fall into external rotation when
the hip is passively flexed beyond 90 degrees [11].
Differential Diagnosis
Other conditions to rule out:
Diagnostic Procedures
Imaging
CT scan[10]
provides a 3D image helpful in pre-surgical planning [10]
not always necessary in mild and moderate slips that only requires
pinning in situ [10]
very useful in severe slips in need of corrective surgery [10]
callus presence can easily be identified by CT scan and this may
indicate a chronic slip rather than an acute slip [10]
helpful to investigate the positioning of wires and screws to prevent
joint penetration [10]
Ultrasound[10]
may support the diagnosis of an unstable slip [10]
limited value in clinical practice [10]
MRI[10]
valuable in diagnosing SFCE in the pre-slip stage[10]
only way to detect early signs of avascular necrosis [10]
Blood tests
Classification of SCFE
Classification of the patient and hip affected with SCFE is essential to
advance treatment, and the selection thereof, as well as to improve the
outcome. Key factors to consider at initial diagnosis are: [3]
Physeal stability[3]
Mechanical stability of capital femoral physis and femoral head Uncertain, regardless of ability
Degree of Deformity[3]
Outcome Measures
Diagnostic Imaging
Radiographs[11][14][10]:
Anterior/posterior view
Lauenstein-projection
Wilson classification system
Bonescan (MRI, CT) [14][10]:
slipped femoral epiphysis
MRI[14][10]:
Epiphyseal avascular necrosis
Functional outcome measures
Functional Gait Assessment
International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT)
Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)
Examination
With passive movement, there will typically be a restriction with
internal rotation, and a remarkably large hip external
rotation.[17]Presentation may include a limp or vague pain in the hip,
thigh or knee. It is vital to remember that the complaint of knee pain
may be present because of referred pain from pathology at the hip.
Every child presenting with a complaint of hip, thigh or knee pain
must undergo a hip examination. Likewise, a "groin pull" is
exceedingly rare in children and must be a diagnosis of exclusion. [18]
On physical examination, the patient may be unable to bear weight
with a severe slip. Limited internal rotation of the hip is the most
telling sign in the diagnosis of SCFE. Obligatory external rotation is
noted in the involved hip of patients with SCFE when the hip is
passively flexed to 90 degrees. Sometimes also restricted abduction.
Unless the patient has bilateral SCFE, it is helpful to compare range of
motion with the uninvolved hip.[19]
Patients usually present with limping and poorly localized pain in
the hip, groin, thigh, or knee. Diagnosis is confirmed by
bilateral hip radiography, which needs to include anteroposterior and
frog-leg lateral views in patients with stable slipped capital femoral
epiphysis, and anteroposterior and cross-table lateral views in patients
with the unstable form [20]
Medical Management
Once the diagnosis of SCFE is made, the patient should be placed on
non–weight-bearing crutches or in a wheelchair and quickly referred
to an orthopedic surgeon familiar with the treatment of SCFE. The
initial goals of treatment are to prevent slip progression and avoid
complications.[21]
Prophylactic treatment of the contralateral hip in patients with SCFE is
controversial, but it is not recommended in most patients.
Prophylactic pinning may be indicated in patients at high risk of
subsequent slips, such as patients with obesity or an endocrine
disorder, or those who have a low likelihood of follow-up. [22]
Stable SCFE[23]
Unstable SCFE[24]
Unstable SCFE is a much more severe injury than stable SCFE. The
rate of osteonecrosis is as high as 20 to 50 percent in patients with the
unstable form. Treatment goals are similar to those of stable SCFE
with in situ fixation, but there is controversy as to the specifics of
treatment, including timing of surgery, value of reduction, and
whether traction should be used.
Resources
Welcome to Central Physical Therapy and Fitness resource about slipped capital femoral
epiphysis.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a condition that affects the hip in teenagers between the ages
of 12 and 16 most often. Cases have been reported as early as age nine years old. In this condition, the
growth center of the hip (the capital femoral epiphysis) actually slips backwards on the top of the femur
(the thighbone). If untreated, this can lead to serious problems in the hip joint later in life. Fortunately, the
condition can be treated and the complications avoided or reduced if recognized early.
Surgery is usually necessary to stabilize the hip and prevent the situation from getting worse.
Anatomy
The hip joint is where the thighbone (femur) connects to the pelvis. The joint is made up of two parts. The
upper end of the femur is shaped like a ball. It is called the femoral head. The femoral head fits into a
socket in the pelvis called the acetabulum. This ball-and-socket joint is what allows us to move our leg in
many directions in relation to our body.
Femoral Head
In the growing child, there are special structures at the end of most bones called growth plates. The growth
plate is sandwiched between two special areas of the bone called the epiphysis and the metaphysis. The
growth plate is made of a special type of cartilage that builds bone on top of the end of the metaphysis and
lengthens the bone as we grow. In the hip joint, the femoral head is one of the epiphyses of the
femur. The capital femoral epiphysis is somewhat unique. It is one of the few epiphyses in the body that is
inside the joint capsule. (The joint capsule is the tissue that surrounds the joint.)
The blood vessels that go to the epiphysis run along the side of the femoral neck and are in danger of
being torn or pinched off if something happens to the growth plate. This can result in a loss of the blood
supply to the epiphysis.
index
Causes
SCFE develops at a specific age. The changes occurring in the growing skeleton during puberty play into
the chances that a child will develop SCFE. The cartilage epiphyseal plate is weaker than the surrounding
bone. Children who are overweight are more prone to developing SCFE. This suggests that the main
cause of SCFE is from increased force on the hip at a time when the femoral head is not quite ready to
support these forces. The femoral head fails at the weakest point, through the epiphyseal plate. As a
result, a condition similar to a stress fracture develops.
SCFE may affect both hips. In fact, 20 to 40 percent of the time the condition is bilateral (meaning that it
affects both hips). Only one hip may be painful, so it is common for doctors to carefully watch the other hip
to recognize the disease as early as possible. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the more effective the
treatment. Studies have shown that the more severe the slip, the worse the long-term outcomes. The
earlier the diagnosis is made, the more effective the treatment.
index
Symptoms
Interestingly, problems in the hip sometimes do not cause pain in the hip itself. The knee is where the pain
is felt. This can be confusing both to patients and health care professionals. In general, a teenager with
knee pain who has no clear-cut reason to have knee pain should be examined for possible SCFE. This
usually includes X-rays of the hips to make sure that SCFE is not missed.
In general, the most common problem later in life is the development of arthritis in the hip joint. The type of
arthritis that develops in the hip is osteoarthritis (also known as wear-and-tear arthritis). Just like a machine
that is out of balance, the hip joint wears out and becomes painful.
There are two complications of SCFE that may occur immediately after the condition develops. The first
complication is chondrolysis, a condition where the articular cartilage of the hip joint is destroyed. Articular
cartilage is the smooth material that covers the joint surface. It is unclear why this condition develops. It
may occur if the SCFE has been treated with or without surgery. This condition results in narrowing of the
joint space and a painful, stiff hip.
The other possible complication is called avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis. This usually
occurs when the blood vessels that provide blood to the epiphysis are damaged, torn, or pinched. This can
happen when the SCFE develops very rapidly and presents like a true fracture. This can also occur when
attempting to reduce, or align, the two parts of the femoral head before inserting a screw. The result is that
the epiphysis dies and the bone collapses causing further deformity. This can lead to early arthritis in the
hip joint.
Avascular Necrosis
index
Diagnosis
At Central Physical Therapy and Fitness your Physical Therapist will initially take a thorough history of
when and how your child’s pain started. It is important to for us to determine if the pain began insidiously
(for no particular reason) or occurred as a result of a trauma (i.e.: a fall or specific incident.) SCFE pain is
generally of insidious onset. In deducing the cause of the pain it is also important for us to determine if the
pain is constant or occurs only with specific activities. Pain caused by SCFE is more likely to be relatively
constant but can increase during weight bearing activities. If your child is walking with a limp or with an
altered foot position due to the pain, your Physical Therapist may ask to watch your child walk to assess
the limp during the gait cycle.
Next your Central Physical Therapy and Fitness Physical Therapist will then palpate around any areas of
pain. . As mentioned above, the pain from SCFE is most often felt in the hip but may also cause pain in the
knee. For this reason we may also palpate around the knee. We may also need to examine related areas
such as the low back or anywhere along the lower limb in order to identify the location of the actual
problem.
Following palpation your Physical Therapist will assess the range of motion of your child’s joints and
compare them to the other side. They will also check the strength of the muscles on both sides and may
check for the integrity of the ligaments around the joints.
The history, and physical examination are usually enough to make a health care professional highly
suspicious about the diagnosis of SCFE in children of the appropriate age. If SCFE is suspected, your
Central Physical Therapy and Fitness Physical Therapist will recommend that your child is reviewed by a
doctor for investigative tests to confirm or rule out this diagnosis.
Central Physical Therapy and Fitness provides services for Physical Therapy in Seattle.
index
Our Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment
Treatment of SCFE usually requires surgery. If surgery is absolutely not possible for other reasons, then
placing the child in a type of body cast called a hip spica may be an option. This is not as successful as
surgery and is not the preferred choice.
index
Surgery
The primary goal of the treatment of SCFE is to stop any further slippage of the capital femoral epiphysis.
The less slip, the lower the risk of problems in the hip during the child's life.
Once the epiphysis has closed, slippage will stop. Epiphysis closure occurs when the two areas of bone,
the epiphysis and metaphysis, join, or fuse, into one single bone. At that point there is no cartilage growth
plate remaining between the two parts of the femur. Surgery usually speeds up the process of epiphysis
closure.
The preferred method for stopping the epiphysis from slipping further is to place a large screw into the
epiphysis to hold it in place. This screw is placed using a special X-ray machine called a fluoroscope. The
fluoroscope allows the surgeon to see an X-ray image on a TV monitor while doing the surgery. In this
way, the surgeon is able to accurately place a screw into the epiphysis using a small incision in the side of
the thigh.
Other types of surgery have been used in the past. For many years surgeons thought it necessary to use
two or three screws to hold the epiphysis. This has been shown to be unnecessary in most cases. Using
additional screws may actually increase the risk of complications. Open operations using much larger
incisions have also been used in the past. These procedures have been abandoned because using a
single screw works better and is easier to do.
If there is a serious structural change in the anatomy of the hip, there may need to be further surgery to
restore the alignment closer to normal. This procedure is usually not considered until the child is done
growing. As a child grows, there will be some remodeling that occurs in the hip joint. This may improve the
situation such that further surgery is unnecessary.
In the case of unilateral (one-sided) SCFE, experts also recommend pinning the normal hip. This is called
prophylactic pinning. The child with moderate to severe unilateral SCFE is at risk for slippage to occur on
the other side.
Prophylactic treatment is easy to do and can be done at the time of the operation on the involved side.
Taking this step reduces the need for repeated X-rays to check the normal side for any sign of SCFE. The
child can remain more active without constant worry that the hip will slip. The complications of
chondrolysis, avascular necrosis, and/or degenerative arthritis can also be avoided.
Post surgically the surgeon will take X-rays to make sure that the screw remains in the right place. The X-
rays are also required to determine when the epiphyseal plate fuses. At that point, there won't be any
chance that the slip will get worse. When it is confirmed that the plate has fused, the follow up visits will be
focused on whether the abnormality is likely to need any additional surgery to realign the hip.
Opinions differ on the need to remove the screw once the epiphysis has fused. Removing the screw
requires a second surgery that can be expensive and carries a slight risk due to the need for anesthesia.
The hole left when the screw is removed also increases the risk of fracture after the screw is taken out. If
the screw is removed, the surgeon may recommend crutches for three to six weeks afterward. Many
surgeons feel that the screw should be left in place if it isn't causing problems.
index
Rehabilitation
Following surgery for SCFE, Physical Therapy treatment is very useful in returning your child to their pre-
injury activity level as quickly as possible. Physical Therapy can also assist in avoiding other compensatory
problems in the back or lower limb in the future. Central Physical Therapy and Fitness provides services
for Physical Therapy in Seattle.
Rehabilitation at Central Physical Therapy and Fitness can begin as soon as your child’s surgeon
recommends it. Each surgeon will set his or her own specific restrictions based on the child’s individual
severity of injury, the surgical procedure used, personal experience, and whether the SCFE is healing as
expected.
Initially your Physical Therapist at Central Physical Therapy and Fitness may use modalities such as heat,
ice, ultrasound, or electrical current to assist with decreasing any pain associated with the surgery.
Crutches and a non-weight bearing status are standard following surgery for SCFE but within three to five
days most patients will be able to start putting some weight down while standing or walking. Your Physical
Therapist at Central Physical Therapy and Fitness will ensure your child is using the crutches safely and
appropriately and that they are abiding by the weight bearing restrictions set by their surgeon. Your
Physical Therapist will also ensure that your child can safely use the crutches on stairs. We generally
recommend that until it is possible to walk without a significant limp, either one or two crutches continue to
be used. Improper gait can lead to a host of other pains in the knee; hip and back so it is prudent to
continue on crutches until near normal walking can be achieved. Your Physical Therapist will give advice
regarding the appropriate time for your child to be walking without any support at all. Once the crutches
are no longer required, your Physical Therapist will assist with gait re-education.
The next part of our treatment at Central Physical Therapy and Fitness will focus on normalizing any
deficits that may have developed in the range of motion and strength of your child’s lower limb joints. Your
Physical Therapist may assist in stretching your child’s limb or lower back while at the clinic and, if
necessary, will ‘mobilize’ the joints of your child. This hands-on technique encourages the stiff joints to
move gradually into their normal range of motion. In addition to the hands-on treatment in the clinic we will
also prescribe a series of stretching exercises that we will encourage your child to do as part of a regular
home exercise program.
Similarly to the range of motion deficits, strength deficits will also be addressed. Strength building
exercises will be taught in the clinic and added to their home program. We may incorporate items such as
Theraband or light weights into the exercises to provide additional resistance for the limb.
The final part of our Central Physical Therapy and Fitness treatment will be ensuring that your child’s
coordination and balance have returned to normal after their surgery. Following even a short period of
walking with crutches or with an altered weight bearing status, your child’s normal balance, coordination,
and proprioception (the ability to know where your body is without looking at it) can decline in function.
Exercises, which may include balancing on one foot, jumping, and quick agility movements will be
encouraged at an appropriate time in line with the surgeon’s restrictions.
Fortunately, gaining lost range of motion, strength, and coordination after surgery for SCFE goes quickly.
You will notice improvements in your child’s function and gait even after just a few treatments with your
Physical Therapist at Central Physical Therapy and Fitness. If, however, your child’s post-surgical Physical
Therapy is not progressing as your Physical Therapist would expect, we will ask you to follow-up with your
surgeon to confirm that the hip is tolerating the rehabilitation well and ensure that there are no post-
surgical complications that may be impeding your child’s recovery.
Central Physical Therapy and Fitness provides services for Physical Therapy in Seattle.
TRENDELEMBURG
Dentro de las enfermedades que más causan una parálisis de este músculo es la poliomielitis, donde se
describe muy fácil las características generales de la misma.
Características
Se produce una caída de la pelvis hacia el lado sano combinado con una inclinación de la cintura escapular
hacia el lado de la parálisis.
La oscilación que describe la pelvis evidencia que le centro de gravedad torácico a causa de su movimiento y
descenso se traslade fuera de la línea de su centro de sustentación. Reconocemos como centro de gravedad
torácico a la región de la columna dorsal a nivel de la línea anterior aproximadamente a nivel de las tetillas y T
5-6. El movimiento de inclinación del hombro es el que facilita que se restaure el equilibrio y el paciente no sufra
una caída.
Otro de los signos evidentes en la marcha es la presencia de Trendelemburg positivo, caracterizado por esta
inclinación de la pelvis hacia el lado opuesto de la pierna afecta. Este signo nos permite identificar a estos
pacientes desde distancia de 100 mts. La sensación que nos aporta es que el paciente tiene una pierna más
larga que la otra, aunque no es la realidad.
Muchos médicos identifican o confunde esta marcha al examinar a los niños con la que se produce en la
luxación congénita de cadera. A pesar de su igualdad tienen pequeños elementos que la diferencia como son
En la luxación congénita se produce una traslación pura de la pelvis, mientras que en la marcha del glúteo
medio la inclinación lateral es el signo predominante
En la marcha del glúteo medio la caída de la pelvis es más notable y el movimiento de compensación de la
cintura escapular es más rápido y enérgico.
La persistencia del paso pélvico es frecuente en la marcha del glúteo medio a cualquier edad, mientras que en
la luxación en la medida que el niño vaya creciendo desaparece.
Existe paciente donde la afección se produce bilateralmente dando otras características que la ayudan a
identificar fácilmente, y es la presencia de una marcha de lado a lado muy marcada que origina lo que se
conoce como marcha de bamboleo o de corista. En el caso de los niños con una luxación congénita bilateral se
descubre con facilidad o con la presencia de otra entidad conocida como Coxa Vara.
En el síndrome postpolio uno de los signo identificativo es la acentuación de este tipo de marcha que los
identifica como una alteración degenerativa de la inervación de este musculo y la perdida de compensación de
los movimientos de hombro. A su vez esto también puede identificar un signo de fatiga crónica cuando en un
paciente con este tipo de marcha y uso de ortésis comienza a exagerara el movimiento de los hombros tratando
de comenzar la debilidad e inclina más el tronco de lo normal.
La correcta identificación de este patrón de marcha facilitara una reeducación del paciente aumentando de esta
forma la calidad de vida de los mismo, al producir una marcha lo más fisiológicamente.
Pedaleo
Posición de mariposa
Disociación de cinturas
EJERCICIOS DE POTENCIACIÓN
Tumbado boca arriba con una pierna elevada y una goma elástica
atada en la planta del pie y con la otra pierna flexionada.
EJERCICIOS DE ESTIRAMIENTO
Estiramiento de glúteo
Estiramiento de aductores
Sentados sobre la camilla con las piernas abiertas y los pies juntos.
- Cogemos aire por la nariz.
- Se realizarán 15 repeticiones
Estiramiento de piramidal
LOS PROPIOCEPTORES
Fundamento
El sentido de la propiocepción se da por neuronas sensoriales que están en el oído
interno (movimiento y orientación), y de los receptores de estiramiento de los
músculos (postura), los receptores nerviosos específicos para esta percepción, se
llaman: propioceptores.
también los receptores específicos para la presión, luz, temperatura, sonido y otras
experiencias sensoriales. Los cuales reciben el nombre genérico de receptores de
estímulo adecuado La información es transmitida al cerebro a través de los husos
musculares, localizados en el interior de los músculos. Estos husos están
compuestos de pequeñas fibras musculares (fibras intrafusales) inervadas por
nervios que informan de la longitud del músculo.
Esta especie de sistema automático de respuesta es el SISTEMA PROPIOCEPTIVO.
A pesar de tratarse de un sistema automático, siempre hay posibilidad de fallo en la
respuesta, ya sea porque la agresión fue demasiado brusca o intensa (una
torcedura al caer de un salto, por ejemplo), o porque nuestro sistema propioceptivo
no estaba alerta en ese preciso instante. Hay diversos factores que pueden influir
en el mal funcionamiento de este sistema, como el cansancio, la temperatura o la
utilización de dispositivos de protección externos (como una rodillera o una
tobillera). Éstos engañan a nuestro cerebro simulando una falsa sensación de
protección y hacen que nuestros receptores propioceptivos se vuelvan "vagos" y no
sepan responder ante una agresión.
Una vez que se ha producido la lesión, los receptores que informan al cerebro
pueden resultar dañados. Por ejemplo, en el caso de un esguince, dichos receptores
se encuentran en el ligamento, y si éste se rompe, se rompen también los
receptores propioceptivos. Si al recuperar el esguince nos olvidamos de recuperar
también dichos receptores, esa información dejará de transmitirse, y ante cualquier
pequeña torcedura no habrá una respuesta automática de protección. Esa es la
razón por la que al sufrir un esguince y no recuperarlo correctamente, es mucho
más fácil volver a torcerse el tobillo a partir de ese momento y notar una cierta
sensación de inseguridad al pisar.
Pero no sólo nos ayuda a evitar lesiones. Siempre que trabajamos algo para una
cosa en concreto, a la par, nos está ayudando también para otras cosas.
Este trabajo de propiocepción nos ayuda a fortalecer la musculatura de las
piernas y nos ayuda a nivel de eficiencia técnica. Los tobillos, los soleos,
los gemelos, los tibiales, pero también los músculos de la cadera, son los que
más sufren cuando corremos.
Todos deberíamos hacer un trabajo de este tipo. Podemos estar habituados a correr
en asfalto, pero seguro que algún día corremos sobre terrenos irregulares y ahí
podemos notar que nos falta cierta estabilidad.
Podéis hacer una prueba: poneros a la pata coja y permaneced inmóviles. Seguro
que a algunos os va a costar más que otros no moverse. Y luego haced que alguien
os toque un poco a ver si podéis manteneros quietos sin caeros.
Quien mejor domine su propio cuerpo, quien tenga un mejor esquema corporal,
más capacidad de adaptarse a cualquier situación tendrá.
12. Igual que el ejercicio 10, pero esta vez un compañero situado delante
nuestro nos lanza un balón que debemos coger con nuestras manos y
devolverlo. Progresar con lanzamientos más rápidos, más alejados de la
línea media del cuerpo, lanzar objetos más pequeños.
13. En apoyo unipodal sobre el suelo, con la rodilla ligeramente
flexionada, manos sobre las caderas, mantener el equilibrio durante un
minuto y después aumentar la dificultad del ejercicio:
.
En apoyo unipodal sobre el suelo y con las manos sobre las caderas, realizar flexo-
extensiones de rodilla (sentadillas). Comenzamos con sentadillas parciales, a 135º
y vamos progresando hasta llegar a 90º. Hacer series de 10 a 15 repeticiones.
.
o Realizar la progresión a, b, c, pero con los ojos cerrados.
o Realizar la progresión a, b, c, pero con los ojos cerrados y el pie delantero
sobre una superficie inestable.