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The document discusses open channel flow, describing it as flow with a free surface in a conduit where liquid flows under atmospheric pressure. Various types of open channels are described, including rigid and mobile boundary channels, prismatic and non-prismatic channels, and channels classified by their cross-sectional shape. Uniform flow, critical flow, and non-uniform flow concepts are introduced along with rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jumps and energy dissipation.
The document discusses open channel flow, describing it as flow with a free surface in a conduit where liquid flows under atmospheric pressure. Various types of open channels are described, including rigid and mobile boundary channels, prismatic and non-prismatic channels, and channels classified by their cross-sectional shape. Uniform flow, critical flow, and non-uniform flow concepts are introduced along with rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jumps and energy dissipation.
The document discusses open channel flow, describing it as flow with a free surface in a conduit where liquid flows under atmospheric pressure. Various types of open channels are described, including rigid and mobile boundary channels, prismatic and non-prismatic channels, and channels classified by their cross-sectional shape. Uniform flow, critical flow, and non-uniform flow concepts are introduced along with rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jumps and energy dissipation.
Dr GK Viswanadh Professor of Civil Engineering & OSD to Vice-Chancellor JNTUH Email: kasi.gorthi@gmail.com UNIT – I OPEN CHANNEL FLOW: • Introduction : Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors • Uniform flow : Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formulae – Most Economical sections. • Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical and super critical flows. • Non uniform flow G.V.F -Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes- surface profiles-direct step method- • Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation. Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH UNIT – I OPEN CHANNEL FLOW: • Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formulae for uniform flow – Most Economical sections.
Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering
06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Open channel Hydraulics INTRODUCTION
• An open channel is a conduit in which a
liquid flows with a FREE surface. • The free surface is actually an interface b/w the moving liquid and an overlying fluid. • In Civil Engineering applications water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid. Fig . Free Surface • Flow of water takes place with a free surface • The prime motivating force for open channel flow is that due to gravity.
• A channel may be defined as a passage through
which water flows under atmospheric pressure.
• Free surface is subjected to atmospheric pressure
in open channels. • In pipe flow, the flow is under pressure which can be known by inserting a piezometer.
• The line joining the water levels in the piezometer
tube installed at different sections is known as the HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE (HGL)
• In open channel flow, the free surface itself acts as
the HYDRAULIC GRADIENT. Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Fig. Difference in pipe flow and open channel flow Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering 06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Fig. TEL and HGL V2 •Total Gradient = Hydraulic gradient + 2g
•Slope in bottom of channel to have flow.
•Natural and artificial channels.
•Flow in rivers, streams
•Flow in canals – to supply water
TYPES OF CHANNELS: 1) Prismatic & Non – Prismatic Channels:
A Channel in which the cross–sectional area,
shape, size and also the bottom slope are constant is termed as “ PRISMATIC CHANNEL”.
Eg:-Rectangular, circular, triangular trapezoidal
etc • All natural channels generally have varying cross sections and bottom slope.
• Non prismatic channels : A Channel in which the
cross–sectional area, shape, size and also the bottom slope are not constant is termed as “ NON- PRISMATIC CHANNEL”. 2. Rigid and Mobile boundary channels:
On the basis of nature of boundary
Rigid boundary channels
Mobile boundary channels
Rigid channels are those in which the boundary is not
deformable in the sense that the shape, plainform and roughness magnitudes are not functions of flow parameters. • Eg:- Lined canals, Sewers, Non – erodible • canals • No erosion takes place
• Channel geometry and roughness are constant w.r.t
time.
• Only one degree of freedom – depth of flow
• We have many unlined channels in alluvium – both
manmade channels and natural rivers – in which boundaries undergo deformation due to the continuous process of erosion and deposition due to flow.
Dr G K Viswanadh , Prof. of Civil Engineering
06/01/2017 & OSD to VC JNTUH Mobile boundary channels The boundary of the channel is mobile, in such cases the flow carries considerable amounts of sediment through suspension and in contact with bed.
Four degrees of freedom
Depth of flow, bed width, longitude slope and plan form (layout)
Study is confined only to Rigid boundary
channels. 3) Based on c/s form: Natural channel, Artificial channel.
•A natural channel is the one which has irregular
sections of varying shapes, which is developed in a natural way.
• Eg:- Rivers, strecmretic.
•An artificial channel is the one which is built
artificially for carrying water for various purposes. 4) Based on Regular geometrical shapes.
• Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular circular,
parabolic channels. OPEN CHANNELS and CLOSED channels.
• The channels may also be classified as OPEN
CHANNELS and CLOSED channels.
• The channels having cover at top are known as
closed channels. They are the channels Running partly full.
• Eg:- Conduits or pipes with partly full of water,
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