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Basics of turbomachinery

Impact of jet on vanes

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UNIT – III
BASICS OF TURBO MACHINERY :
• Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and
moving flat, inclined and curved vanes, jet
striking centrally and at tip, velocity triangles
at inlet and outlet, expressions for work done
and efficiency-Angular momentum principle,
Applications to radial flow turbines.

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Introduction
• When a jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle has
some velocity and hence it possesses certain
amount of kinetic energy .
• If this jet strikes an obstruction placed in its
path , it will exert a force on the obstruction.
This force is known as Impact of Jet or
hydrodynamic force.

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• Impulse Momentum equation can be used to
evaluate the hydrodynamic force.
• This force depends on
• Shape ( flat surface / curved surface )
• Position (normal or inclined / symmetric or un-symmetric
• State (stationary / moving )

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• Different cases of forces exerted by free jets
on stationary and moving plates or vanes of
different shapes
Normal
stationary
inclined

FLAT

Normal
moving
inclined
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• Different cases of forces exerted by free jets
on stationary and moving plates or vanes of
different shapes
symmetric
stationary
Un-symmetric

curved

symmetric
moving
Un-symmetric
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Case 1 : Force exerted by fluid when jet strikes
on a stationary flat plate held normal to jet

station
ary
Fluid jet flat
plate

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• Force on a stationary flat plate due to impact
of jet equal to rate of change of momentum of
jet.
• Let a = cross sectional area of jet
• V = velocity of jet
• ρ = mass density of the fluid striking the plate

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• Discharge or volume rate of flow = Q = AV
• Mass of the fluid striking per second =
mass rate = ρaV
Velocity of jet before striking = V
After striking , the jet leaves the plate in the
normal direction to the jet with the same
velocity V

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• Velocity in the same original jet direction after
striking = zero

• Applying momentum equation,


• Force X time = change of momentum
• Force = (change of momentum)per second
• Force = change of (mass . velocity) per second

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• Force = Mass(change of velocity) per second
• Force = mass per second (change of velocity)
• Force = mass rate (Change of velocity)
• Force = (ρAV){ final velocity – Initial velocity}
• Force = (ρAV){0 – V }
• Force on plate = -ρAV2
• The negative sign indicates
that the force exerted by the plate
on the jet is in the opposite direction ie. -F
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-F = -ρAV2
Or

F = ρAV2

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Case 2 : Force exerted by fluid when jet strikes
on a stationary flat plate held inclined to jet

Fluid jet

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Case 2 : Force exerted by fluid when jet strikes
on a stationary flat plate held inclined to jet
• Fig.

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Case 2 : Force exerted by fluid when jet strikes
on a stationary flat plate held inclined to jet
• Let the stationary smooth flat plate be held at
angle θ to the direction flow of jet diameter d
and cross sectional area a
• Velocity of jet before striking V
• After striking the plate, the fluid will slide
away in all directions over the plate and it will
leave the plate tangentially.

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• Assuming no frictional resistance and no
impact losses,
• Velocity of jet before impact and after impact
is the same.
• Mass rate of flow of the fluid striking the plate
= ρaV
• Component of velocity of the jet before
striking in the direction normal to the plate =
V sinθ
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In the same direction, velocity after striking = 0

Applying momentum equation,


Force , -F = (ρAV){ final velocity – Initial velocity}
or
Force , F = (ρAV){Initial velocity – final velocity}
F = (ρAV) {V sinθ – 0}
F = ρAV2 sinθ
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• F = the resultant dynamic thrust
– Resolved into two components Fx and Fy
• Fx is the component of F along the direction of
motion of jet

• Fy is the component of F normal to the


direction of motion of jet

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• F = the resultant dynamic thrust
– Resolved into two components Fx and Fy

Fx = F sinθ = ( ρAV2 sinθ ) sinθ = ρAV2 sin2θ

Fy = F cosθ = ( ρAV2 sinθ ) cosθ = ρAV2 sinθ cos θ

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Case 3 : Force exerted by fluid jet when jet
strikes on a moving flat plate held normal to jet

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Case 3 : Force exerted by fluid jet when jet strikes
on a moving flat plate held normal to jet et

Moving Moving
Fluid jet Vel V flat flat
plate plate

Vel uV
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• Flat moving plate normal to jet
• Velocity of the liquid jet V
• Velocity of plate u in the same direction as jet
• When the plate also is moving in the same
direction of jet,
• Effective velocity with which the jet strikes the
plate = relative velocity = (V-u)
• corresponding Mass rate = ρa(V-u)
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• Velocity of liquid jet before striking = V
• Velocity of liquid jet after striking = velocity of
the plate = u
• Force exerted = mass rate x change of velocity
• F = ρa(V-u) [ V - u ]
• F = ρa(V-u)2

F = ρa(V-u)2
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• Since the plate is moving , work done and
efficiency can be computed.

• Work done by the jet / second


= Force X distance moved by the plate/second

=F.u = ρa(V-u)2 . u

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• Efficiency of the jet
η = {work done/s} / {K.E supplied/s}

K E supplied =

Hence

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Case 4 : Force exerted by fluid jet when jet strikes
on a moving flat plate held inclined to jet

Fluid jet Vel V

Vel uV
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• Flat moving plate inclined to jet
• Velocity of the liquid jet V
• Velocity of plate u in the same direction as jet
• When the plate also is moving in the same
direction of jet,
• Effective velocity with which the jet strikes the
plate = relative velocity = (V-u) sinθ
• Mass rate of flow = ρa(V-u)
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• Velocity of liquid jet
before striking = (V-u) sinθ
after striking = 0
in the same direction
• Force exerted = mass rate x change of velocity
• F = ρa(V-u) [(V-u) sinθ - 0 ]
• F = ρa(V-u)2 sinθ
F = ρa(V-u)2 sinθ
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• F = the resultant dynamic thrust
– Resolved into two components Fx and Fy
• Fx is the component of F along the direction of
motion of jet

• Fy is the component of F normal to the


direction of motion of jet

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• F = the resultant dynamic thrust
– Resolved into two components Fx and Fy
Fx = F sinθ = { ρa(V-u)2 sinθ } sinθ

= ρa(V-u)2 sin2θ

Fy = F cosθ = { ρa(V-u)2 sinθ } cosθ

= ρa(V-u)2 sinθ cos θ

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Case 5 : Force exerted when jet strikes on a
series of moving plates mounted on a wheel
• A single moving flat plate is not a practical
case , because the plate moves away from the
jet after the jet strikes in the first instance.
• Therefore, the jet can not strike the plate
continuously
• Plate is away from the purview of the jet
• Hence, a more practical case would be jet
striking series of plates mounted on a wheel.
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• Consider a wheel consisting of a series of flat
plates mounted over its periphery.
• Let the jet strikes the plates at its center one
after the other
• After the jet strikes the bottom most plate,
the plate moves with a velocity of u
• Since the plate is in the path of quick
succession , the entire water issuing from the
nozzle strikes the plates one after the other.
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• The jet strikes the plates , as if it is striking a
single plate at stationary position.
• Hence , the mass rate of flow = ρaV
• Initial velocity of jet before striking = V
• Final velocity of jet after striking = velocity of
plate = u

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• Applying momentum equation
• Force exerted = mass rate X change of velocity
• F = ρaV (V-u)

F = ρaV (V-u)

• Work done /s = Force X distance moved /s

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• W.D/s = F X u = {ρaV (V-u) } u

• K.E supplied =

• K.E/s =

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• For maximum efficiency,

V=2u is the
• V=2u or u = V/2 condition for
maximum
efficiency
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• Corresponding maximum efficiency = η max

• η max = η at V = 2u

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Problem 1
• A 2 cm dia jet moving with a velocity of 15 m/s
strikes a plate normally. Find the force exerted
if the plate moves with a velocity of 5 m/s.
also calculate the efficiency.

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solution
• Area of jet = a = π/4 d2 = π/4 (0.02)2 =
0.000314 m2

• Velocity of jet = V = 15 m/s


• Velocity of plate = u = 5 m/s
• Force exerted = F = ρa(V-u)2
= (1000)(0.000314) (15-5)2
= 31.4 N
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• Work done /s = W.D /s
= force X Distance moved per second
= F. u = 31.4 X 5 = 157 N-m/s

K.E supplied /s =
= 0.5 X 1000 X 0.000314 X 153
= 529 N-m/s

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• Efficiency =

• = 157 / 529 = 0.29 or 29 %

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Problem
• A 5 cm dia jet of water moving with a velocity
of 20 m/s strikes a series of flat plates held
normally. If the plates are moving with a
velocity of 8 m/s, calculate
• a) the force on the plates
• b) work done /s
• c) efficiency

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• Area of jet = a = π/4 d2 = π/4 (0.05)2 =
0.00196 m2

• Velocity of jet = V = 20 m/s


• Velocity of plate = u = 8 m/s

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Solution
• Force on the series plates =F = ρaV (V-u)
• F = 1000 x 0.00196 X 20 ( 20-8) = 471 N
• Work done /s = W.D /s
= force X Distance moved per second
= F. u = 471 X 8 = 3768 N-m/s

K.E supplied /s =

= 0.5 X 1000 X 0.00196 X 203


= 7840 N-m/s

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• Efficiency =

• = 3768 / 7840 = 0.48 or 48%

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Problem 3
• A jet of water having 2 cm dia discharging 30
l/s strikes normally on a fixed flat plate.
Determine the force exerted on the plate.

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Solution
• Area of jet = a = π/4 d2 = π/4 (0.02)2 =
0.000314 m2
• Discharge = 30 l/s = 30/1000 = 0.03 m3/s

• Velocity of jet = V = Q/A = 0.03/0.000314 =


95.5m/s

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Force exerted = F = ρa(V)2
= (1000)(0.000314) (95.5)2
= 2864 N

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Problem 4
• A 20 cm square plate weighing 294 N and of
uniform thickness is hung so that it can swing
freely about the upper horizontal edge. A
horizontal jet of 2 cm dia strikes the plate
which has its axis 5 cm below the hinge. Find
the velocity of the jet in order to keep the
plate steadily inclined at 300 to the vertical.

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• Fig.

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• Area of jet = a = π/4 d2 = π/4 (0.02)2 =
0.000314 m2
• Force exerted by the jet normal to the plate
F = ρaV2 sinθ
• F = (1000)(0.000314)(V)2 sin1200 = 0.272 V2
• force in the direction of flow Fx = F cos300

294 = (0.272 V2 )cos 300


• V = 35 m/s

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Problem 5
A jet of water 7.5 cm dia having a velocity of 20
m/s , strikes normally a flat smooth plat.
Determine the thrust on the plate
a) If the plate is rest
b) If the plate is moving in the same direction as
jet with a velocity of 5 m/s . Also find the
work done per second on the plate in each
case and the efficiency of jet when the plate
is moving .

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solution
• Diameter of jet = 7.5 cm
• Area of jet = a = π/4 d2 = π/4 (0.075)2 =
0.00442 m2
• Velocity of jet = V = 15 m/s

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Case 1 : when the plate is at rest
Force exerted = F = ρa(V)2
= (1000)(0.00442) (20)2
= 1768 N
• Since in this case , plate is at rest , u = 0
• Work done = F.u = zero

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• Case 2 : when the plate is moving
• Force exerted = F = ρa(V-u)2
= (1000)(0.00442) (20-5)2
= 994.5 N
• Work done per second = F.u
= 994.5 X 5 = 4972 Nm

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K.E supplied /s =

= 0.5 X 1000 X 0.00442 X 203 = 17680 N-m

• Efficiency =

• = 4972 / 17680 = 0.28 or 28%

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Problem 6
• A 5 cm dia jet having a velocity of 25 m/s ,
strikes a flat plate , the normal of which is
inclined at 300 the normal force exerted on
the plate
a) when the plate is stationary
b) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 10
m/s in the direction of jet.

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Solution
• Dia of the jet = 5 cm = 0.05 m
• Area of jet = π/4 (0.05)2 = 0.00196 m2
• Velocity of jet = 25 m/s
a) when the plate is stationary
Normal force on an inclined stationary flat plate
= ρa V2 sinθ
= 1000 X 0.00196 X 252 X sin(90-30)
= 1062 N

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b) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 10
m/s in the direction of jet.
θ = 90-30 = 600

Normal Force on inclined plate = ρa (V-u)2 sinθ


= 1000 X (0.00196) (25-10)2 sin60
= 381 N

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• Component of this in the direction of jet
• Fx = F sinθ = 381 sin60 = 337 N

• Work done = F u = 337 X 10 = 3370 Nm/s

Kinetic Energy supplied


= 0.5 X 1000 X 0.00196 X (25)3
= 1560 Nm/s
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Efficiency =

= 3370 / 1560 = 21.6 %

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The End
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