Istanbul Technical University

Department of Civil Engineering

Foundation Engineering I

Group 8

Foundation Design Term Project

Instructor : Aykut Şenol

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. SOIL PROFILE ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1. Layer 1: Sandy Clay ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1.1. Soil Classification............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2. Consolidation Test ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3. Consolidated Undrained (CU) Triaxial Test .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2. Layer 2: Silty Sand ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.1. Soil Classification............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.2. Direct Shear Test ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1. Slope Stability ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.1. Slope Stability Solution ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2. Retaining Wall .......................................................................................................................................37
4.2.1. Retaining Wall Solution 1 ...................................................................................................................37
4.2.2. Retaining Wall Solution 2 ...................................................................................................................38
4.3. Foundation ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.1 Foundation Solution 1 (Shallow Foundation) ......................................................................................39
4.3.2 Foundation Solution 2 (Raft Foundation) ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.3 Foundation Solution 3 (Deep Foundation) ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5. TIME PLANNING AND COST ACCOUNTING ............................................................................................ 43

6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 43

7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 43
1. Introduction

To construct a housingestate in European Side of Istanbul is the purpose of this project. According to
contractgeotechnicaldesign and construction of the foundationsystems are in ourresponsibility.

Soilexplorations are an importantsubject for the work which is going to be done. Therefore, boring and
samplingoperationswerestarted at determinedregions.Samplesweretested in laboratory in terms of
soilclassification, strength and deformation. Also, field(in-situ)testswereapplied to find out
soilproperties.

1
LaboratoryExperimentsResults

Borehole Depth Description Grain Size Distribution Consistency USCS UnitWeight Water
Limits SoilType Ɣn Content
(m)
Wn
Gravel Sand Silt Clay wL wP IP
% % % % % % %
BH6 5.00-5.50 SiltySand 0 74 24 2 55 18 37 SC 19.3 37

BH6 20 – 20.50 SandyClay 0 17 74 9 46 27 19 CL 18.7 39

BH8 6 - 6.5 SiltySand 1 59 36 4 61 26 35 SC 19.5 36

BH8 11 - 11.5 SandyClay 0 17 71 12 27 12 15 CL 20.0 36

BH9 6 - 6.50 SiltySand 1 59 36 4 61 26 35 SC 19.8 36

BH9 11.0 - 11.50 SandyClay 0 17 71 12 30 12 18 CL 19.1 36

BH12 6 - 6.50 SiltySand 2 76 21 1 73 29 44 SC 19.3 35

BH12 15.0-15.5 SandyClay 0 25 71 4 35 17 18 CL 18.5 34

BH15 6.0-6.50 SiltySand 0 88 11 1 71 25 46 SP-SC 19.7 37

BH15 11.0 - 11.50 SandyClay 0 27 65 8 48 18 30 CL 19.6 34

2
2.1 SoilClassification

3
 Consolidation Test Consolidated
Direct Undrained
Unconfined
Shear Triaxial
Depth Compression Test Compression
BH Description Mc (kPa) Test
(m) Test
(kPa)
σvc=kPa
ф c 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 400-800 ф c ф' c'
0-25

5.0-5.5
BH6 SiltySand - 30 37 - - - - - - - - - -

BH6 20.0-20.5 SandyClay 105 - - 1269 2618 2481 4219 7813 12195 13 3 23 0

BH8 6.0-6.5 SiltySand - 24 17 - - - - - - - - - -

BH8 11.0-11.5 SandyClay 95 - - 1577.3 2577 3636 5051 7618 12048 19 7 24 0

BH9 6.0-6.5 SiltySand - 29 15 - - - - - - - - - -

BH9 11.0-11.5 SandyClay 105 - - 2560 5421 5820 6895 11562 10023 15 33 26 0

BH12 6.0-6.5 SiltySand - 32 16 - - - - - - - - - -

BH12 15.0-15.5 SandyClay 100 - - 2106 3562 2650 3650 3954 4568 11 26 19 2

BH15 6.0-6.5 SiltySand - 29 35 - - - - - - - - - -

4
BH15 11.0-11.5 SandyClay 118 - - 1965 2681 3095 49634 8240 12548 16 10 19 0

2.2 UnconfinedCompression Test-Direct shear Test-Consolidation Test-ConsolidatedUndrainedTriaxialCompression

5
 3. Soil Profile
At the determinedcross-section on the plan, fiveboreholesweredrilled as BH6, BH8, BH9, BH12,
BH15.Groundelevations of boreholes are respectively104.0, 105.0, 102.0, 106.0 and 104.0m. Also,
eachboreholesreachedsedimentaryrocklayerapproximately at 33 m depth. The crosssections of the
givenboreholes as follows ;

Kesit-1

Kesit-2

6
 3.1 The StandardPenetration Test (SPT)
BH6

Depth γ' [kN/m3] Nfield Soil Type GWT Corrected [ N' ] σ' [kPa] σ' [kg/cm2] (CN) N1 Energy Correction N1(60)

3 19,3 16 Silty Sand 16,00 57,9 0,58 1,31 21,03 0,75 16

4,50 19,3 24 Silty Sand 24,00 86,85 0,87 1,07 25,75 0,75 19

6,50 19,3 23 Silty Sand 23,00 125,45 1,25 0,89 20,53 0,75 15

8,00 9,3 30 Silty Sand 22,50 139,4 1,39 0,85 19,06 0,75 14

9,50 9,3 27 Silty Sand 21,00 153,35 1,53 0,81 16,96 0,75 13

11,50 9,3 25 Silty Sand 20,00 171,95 1,72 0,76 15,25 0,75 11

13,00 9,3 30 Silty Sand 22,50 185,9 1,86 0,73 16,50 0,75 12

14,50 9,3 33 Silty Sand 24,00 199,85 2,00 0,71 16,98 0,75 13

16,00 8,7 36 Sandy Clay 36,00 208,1 2,08 0,69 24,96 0,75 19

18,50 8,7 24 Sandy Clay 24,00 229,85 2,30 0,66 15,83 0,75 12

21,00 8,7 20 Sandy Clay 20,00 251,6 2,52 0,63 12,61 0,75 9

22,50 8,7 24 Sandy Clay 24,00 264,65 2,65 0,61 14,75 0,75 11

24,50 8,7 16 Sandy Clay 16,00 282,05 2,82 0,60 9,53 0,75 7

26,00 8,7 23 Sandy Clay 23,00 295,1 2,95 0,58 13,39 0,75 10

27,50 8,7 23 Sandy Clay 23,00 308,15 3,08 0,57 13,10 0,75 10

29,50 8,7 26 Sandy Clay 26,00 325,55 3,26 0,55 14,41 0,75 11

32,50 8,7 35 Sandy Clay 35,00 351,65 3,52 0,53 18,66 0,75 14

N1 (60) data for BH 6

Silty sand Average N 1(60)= 14 Sandy Clay Average N 1(60)= 11

7
BH8

Depth γ' [kN/m3] Nfield Soil Type GWT Corrected [ N' ] σ' [kPa] σ' [kg/cm2] (CN) N1 Energy Correction N1(60)

3 19,5 13 Silty Sand 13,00 58,5 0,59 1,31 17,00 0,75 13

4,50 19,5 22 Silty Sand 22,00 87,75 0,88 1,07 23,49 0,75 18

6,50 19,5 22 Silty Sand 22,00 126,75 1,27 0,89 19,54 0,75 15

8,00 19,5 23 Silty Sand 23,00 156 1,56 0,80 18,41 0,75 14

9,50 9,5 27 Silty Sand 21,00 170,25 1,70 0,77 16,09 0,75 12

11,50 9,5 29 Silty Sand 22,00 189,25 1,89 0,73 15,99 0,75 12

13,00 9,5 25 Silty Sand 20,00 203,5 2,04 0,70 14,02 0,75 11

14,50 9,5 30 Silty Sand 22,50 217,75 2,18 0,68 15,25 0,75 11

16,00 10 20 Sandy Clay 20,00 236 2,36 0,65 13,02 0,75 10

18,50 10 17 Sandy Clay 17,00 261 2,61 0,62 10,52 0,75 8

21,00 10 19 Sandy Clay 19,00 286 2,86 0,59 11,23 0,75 8

22,50 10 25 Sandy Clay 25,00 301 3,01 0,58 14,41 0,75 11

24,50 10 25 Sandy Clay 25,00 321 3,21 0,56 13,95 0,75 10

26,00 10 30 Sandy Clay 30,00 336 3,36 0,55 16,37 0,75 12

27,50 10 32 Sandy Clay 32,00 351 3,51 0,53 17,08 0,75 13

29,00 10 38 Sandy Clay 38,00 366 3,66 0,52 19,86 0,75 15

31,00 10 35 Sandy Clay 35,00 386 3,86 0,51 17,81 0,75 13

N1 (60) data for BH 8

Silty sand N1(60) Average= 13 Sandy clay N1(60) average= 11

8
BH9

Depth γ' [kN/m3] Nfield Soil Type GWT Corrected [ N' ] σ' [kPa] σ' [kg/cm2] (CN) N1 Energy Correction N1(60)

3 19,8 14 Silty Sand 14,00 59,4 0,59 1,30 18,16 0,75 14

4,50 19,8 19 Silty Sand 19,00 89,1 0,89 1,06 20,13 0,75 15

6,50 9,8 26 Silty Sand 20,50 108,7 1,09 0,96 19,66 0,75 15

8,00 9,1 23 Sandy Clay 23,00 120,95 1,21 0,91 20,91 0,75 16

9,50 9,1 15 Sandy Clay 15,00 134,6 1,35 0,86 12,93 0,75 10

11,50 9,1 21 Sandy Clay 21,00 152,8 1,53 0,81 16,99 0,75 13

13,00 9,1 20 Sandy Clay 20,00 166,45 1,66 0,78 15,50 0,75 12

14,50 9,1 25 Sandy Clay 25,00 180,1 1,80 0,75 18,63 0,75 14

16,00 9,1 27 Sandy Clay 27,00 193,75 1,94 0,72 19,40 0,75 15

18,50 9,1 35 Sandy Clay 35,00 216,5 2,17 0,68 23,79 0,75 18

21,00 9,1 30 Sandy Clay 30,00 239,25 2,39 0,65 19,40 0,75 15

22,50 9,1 31 Sandy Clay 31,00 252,9 2,53 0,63 19,49 0,75 15

24,50 9,1 35 Sandy Clay 35,00 271,1 2,71 0,61 21,26 0,75 16

26,00 9,1 34 Sandy Clay 34,00 284,75 2,85 0,59 20,15 0,75 15

N1 (60) data for BH 9

Silty sand N 1(60) Average= 14 Sandy clay N1(60) Average= 14

9
BH12

BH15

Depth γ' [kN/m3] Nfield Soil Type GWT Corrected [ N' ] σ' [kPa] σ' [kg/cm2] (CN) N1 Energy Correction N1(60)

3 19,7 9,00 Silty Sand 9,00 59,1 0,59 1,30 11,71 0,75 9

4,50 19,7 13,00 Silty Sand 13,00 88,65 0,89 1,06 13,81 0,75 10

6,50 19,7 15,00 Silty Sand 15,00 128,05 1,28 0,88 13,26 0,75 10

8,00 19,7 22,00 Silty Sand 22,00 157,6 1,58 0,80 17,52 0,75 13

9,50 9,7 19,00 Silty Sand 17,00 172,15 1,72 0,76 12,96 0,75 10

11,50 9,7 20,00 Silty Sand 17,50 191,55 1,92 0,72 12,64 0,75 9

13,00 9,7 24,00 Silty Sand 19,50 206,1 2,06 0,70 13,58 0,75 10

14,50 9,7 25,00 Silty Sand 20,00 220,65 2,21 0,67 13,46 0,75 10

16,00 9,6 19,00 Sandy Clay 19,00 234,4 2,34 0,65 12,41 0,75 9

18,50 9,6 29,00 Sandy Clay 29,00 258,4 2,58 0,62 18,04 0,75 14

21,00 9,6 30,00 Sandy Clay 30,00 282,4 2,82 0,60 17,85 0,75 13

22,50 9,6 32,00 Sandy Clay 32,00 296,8 2,97 0,58 18,57 0,75 14

24,50 9,6 32,00 Sandy Clay 32,00 316 3,16 0,56 18,00 0,75 14

26,00 9,6 33,00 Sandy Clay 33,00 330,4 3,30 0,55 18,15 0,75 14

28,00 9,6 34,00 Sandy Clay 34,00 349,6 3,50 0,53 18,18 0,75 14

29,00 9,6 40,00 Sandy Clay 40,00 359,2 3,59 0,53 21,11 0,75 16

31,50 9,6 46,00 Sandy Clay 46,00 383,2 3,83 0,51 23,50 0,75 18

N1 (60) data for BH 15

Sandy clay N1(60)avg. = 14

Silty sand N1(60)avg. = 10

10
4. Geotechnical Engineering Design

4.1 SlopeStability

According to method of slices,subject of the slopestabilitywasevaluated.Stability of a slope is

interested in factor of safety. Therefore,factor of safety (Fs) wascalculated.Iffactor of safety is not less
than 1.5, it is considered that slip surface has enoughsafety.

As a result of the calculations,

Fs = 3,98>1.5, Trial slip surface has enoughsafety.

Then, using Geostudio 2007 software, factor of safetywascalculatedonce more and the result
wascompared with the factor of safetyvaluecalculatedbefore.

Fs = 3,994 ≈ 3,98 (Janbu)

1,59

2
3
4,22

2,97
5,67

1,16
6,43
6,9
7,1

6,46

5,82

5,09

4,12

9°
15°
7°
20° 12°
26°
17°
32°
24°
38°
45°
54°

4°

11
Slice a(m) b(m) An(m) γ(Kn/m^3) Wn αn sinαn cosαn ∆ln Wnsinαn Wncosαn u u*∆ln
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

1 1,59 2,3 3,657 19,3 70,5801 54 0,809 0,588 3,911565 57,0993 41,5011
2 4,22 2 8,44 19,3 162,892 45 0,707 0,707 2,828854 115,1646 115,1646
3 5,67 2 11,34 19,3 218,862 38 0,616 0,788 2,538071 134,819 172,4633
4 6,43 2 12,86 19,3 248,198 32 0,53 0,848 2,358491 131,5449 210,4719
5 6,9 2 13,8 19,3 266,34 26 0,438 0,899 2,224694 116,6569 239,4397 2,45 5,450501
6 7,1 2 14,2 19,3 274,06 20 0,342 0,937 2,134472 93,72852 256,7942 7,85 16,7556
7 7,09 2 14,18 19,3 273,674 15 0,259 0,966 2,070393 70,88157 264,3691 11,8 24,43064
8 6,97 2 13,94 19,3 269,042 9 0,156 0,988 2,024291 41,97055 265,8135 14,7 29,75709
9 6,46 2 12,92 19,3 249,356 4 0,0698 0,998 2,004008 17,40505 248,8573 15,5 31,06212
10 5,82 2 11,64 19,3 224,652 -1 -0,017 1 2 -3,81908 224,652 12,8 25,6
11 5,09 2 10,18 19,3 196,474 -7 -0,123 0,993 2,014099 -24,1663 195,0987 11,8 23,76636
12 4,12 2 8,24 19,3 159,032 -12 -0,208 0,978 2,04499 -33,0787 155,5333 6,87 14,04908
13 2,97 2 5,94 19,3 114,642 -17 -0,292 0,956 2,09205 -33,4755 109,5978 1,5 3,138075
14 1,16 3 3,48 19,3 67,164 -24 -0,407 0,914 3,282276 -27,3357 61,3879
33,52825 657,3952 2561,144 174,0095
FS= 3,98

Fs = ((∑(cxb) / cosα )+(Wxcosα–uxb/cosα)x tanø ) / (∑(Wxsinα) )

Fs = 3,98> 1,5
This trial slip surface has enoughsafety

12
GeoSlopeAnalyse

13
 Slice 3 - Janbu Method
Slice 2 - Janbu Method
Slice 1 - Janbu Method

61.344
39.259
13.734

7.8287

8.5821
39.762
7.8287

8.5821

20.04 22.962
0.75598 16.222 37.452 65.152

Slice 4 - Janbu Method Slice 5 - Janbu Method Slice 6 - Janbu Method

80.718 87.455 95.333

39.762 81.04 122.19

81.04 122.19 162.42

25.293 24.696 25.238

86.987 93.389 100.3

Slice 7 - Janbu Method

101.87
Slice 8 - Janbu Method
Slice 9 - Janbu Method
107.21

162.42 111.46

200.46
200.46
235.36 235.36
266.44

25.63

25.899
105.64 26.064

109.71
112.72

14
 Slice 13 - Janbu Method

Slice 12 - Janbu Method

119.05
Slice 11 - Janbu Method
Slice 10 - Janbu Method
118.45

117.02
114.71
332.46
344.6
315.28
332.46
293.2
266.44 315.28
293.2

25.924
26.063
26.137
26.14

116.82
116.81
114.83 116.17

Slice 14 - Janbu Method Slice 15 - Janbu Method Slice 16 - Janbu Method Slice 17 - Janbu Method

123.67 122.61 120.71 118

344.6 352.01
352.01 354.25 354.25 351.36
351.36 343.49

26.603 26.032 25.457 24.876

120.99 119.82 118.01 115.6

Slice 18 - Janbu Method

Slice 19 - Janbu Method Slice 20 - Janbu Method

114.5
105.18
110.23

343.49 330.83
330.83 313.68 292.39
313.68

24.286 23.065
23.683

112.6
109 104.8

15
 Slice 23 - Janbu Method
Slice 22 - Janbu Method

Slice 21 - Janbu Method

85.459
92.803

99.377

239.22 208.48
267.4 239.22

292.39 267.4

21.077
21.765
22.427

88.335
94.502
99.977

Slice 25 - Janbu Method

Slice 24 - Janbu Method

68.421

77.336

142.19
175.86
208.48 175.86

19.595
20.355

73.691
81.421

16
 Slice 26 - Janbu Method Slice 27 - Janbu Method

61.789 49.904

106.7 72.912
142.19 106.7

19.633 18.163

68.5 57.465

Slice 30 - Janbu Method

Slice 29 - Janbu Method
Slice 28 - Janbu Method 7.8602

22.994

36.988

17.408
17.408
42.495
42.495
72.912

12.502
14.635
16.508

14.461
30.736
44.961

17
B3
Report generated using GeoStudio 2007, version 7.23. Copyright © 1991-2013 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd.

File Information
RevisionNumber: 14
Date: 31.03.2014
Time: 14:37:01
File Name: Geoslopeçözümü.gsz
Directory: C:\Users\Ozan Bakır\Desktop\aaaaaa\
LastSolvedDate: 05.05.2014
LastSolved Time: 20:17:09

Project Settings
Length(L) Units: meters
Time(t) Units: Seconds
Force(F) Units: kN
Pressure(p) Units: kPa
StrengthUnits: kPa
UnitWeight of Water: 9.807 kN/m³
View: 2D

Analysis Settings
4.1 bina3
Kind: SLOPE/W
Method: Bishop, Ordinary and Janbu
Settings

18
 ApplyPhreaticCorrection: Yes
PWP Conditions Source: PiezometricLine
UseStagedRapidDrawdown: No
Slip Surface
Direction of movement: Left to Right
UsePassiveMode: No
Slip Surface Option: Entry and Exit
Critical slip surfacessaved: 1
Optimize Critical Slip SurfaceLocation: No
TensionCrack
TensionCrack Option: (none)
FOS Distribution
FOSCalculation Option: Constant
Advanced
Number of Slices: 30
OptimizationTolerance: 0.01
Minimum Slip Surface Depth: 0.1 m
Optimization Maximum Iterations: 2000
OptimizationConvergenceTolerance: 1e-007
StartingOptimizationPoints: 8
EndingOptimizationPoints: 16
Complete PassesperInsertion: 1
Driving Side Maximum ConvexAngle: 5 °
Resisting Side Maximum ConvexAngle: 1 °

Materials
4.2 upperlayer
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
UnitWeight: 19.3kN/m³
Cohesion: 37 kPa

19
 Phi: 30 °
Phi-B: 0 °
PoreWaterPressure
PiezometricLine: 1

4.3 lowerlayer
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
UnitWeight: 18.7kN/m³
Cohesion: 0 kPa
Phi: 23 °
Phi-B: 0 °
PoreWaterPressure
PiezometricLine: 1

Slip SurfaceEntry and Exit

LeftProjection: Range
Left-ZoneLeftCoordinate: (16, 30) m
Left-Zone Right Coordinate: (20, 30) m
Left-ZoneIncrement: 4
Right Projection: Point
Right Coordinate: (45, 22) m
Right-ZoneIncrement: 4
Radius Increments: 4

Slip Surface Limits

LeftCoordinate: (0, 30) m
Right Coordinate: (60, 22) m

20
 PiezometricLines
4.4 PiezometricLine 1

4.4.1 Coordinates
X (m) Y (m)

0 23

20 21

45 20

60 18

Regions
Material Points Area (m²)

Region 1 upperlayer 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 720

Region 2 lowerlayer 8,7,6,5,9,10 860

Points
X (m) Y (m)

Point 1 0 30

21
 Point 2 20 30

Point 3 45 22

Point 4 60 22

Point 5 60 10

Point 6 45 10

Point 7 20 18

Point 8 0 18

Point 9 60 0

Point 10 0 0

Critical Slip Surfaces

Slip Surface FOS Center (m) Radius (m) Entry (m) Exit (m)

1 3 3.994 (34.991, 42.281) 22.616 (16, 30) (45, 22)

4.5 Slices of Slip Surface: 3

Slip Surface X (m) Y (m) PWP (kPa) Base Normal Stress (kPa) FrictionalStrength (kPa) CohesiveStrength (kPa)

1 3 16.5 29.2884 -77.07848 0.43462213 0.25092921 37

2 3 17.5 27.96587 -65.209667 23.720206 13.694868 37

22
3 3 18.5 26.82157 -55.070392 44.558583 25.72591 37

4 3 19.5 25.817725 -46.293923 63.350997 36.575715 37

5 3 20.46305 24.95889 -38.944417 77.264194 44.608503 37

6 3 21.389145 24.221765 -32.08915 86.510637 49.94694 37

7 3 22.31524 23.55948 -25.967291 94.455775 54.534067 37

8 3 23.241335 22.964295 -20.502469 101.21157 58.434526 37

9 3 24.16743 22.43015 -15.63494 106.86214 61.696884 37

10 3 25.093525 21.95222 -11.318106 111.48208 64.36421 37

11 3 26.01962 21.526605 -7.5137846 115.14304 66.477865 37

12 3 26.945715 21.150135 -4.190311 117.87646 68.056008 37

13 3 27.87181 20.82022 -1.3227074 119.72623 69.123974 37

14 3 28.81675 20.529815 1.1506609 120.7655 69.059658 37

15 3 29.78053 20.27889 3.2300845 120.97672 67.981051 37

16 3 30.74431 20.072605 4.8723895 120.26578 66.622403 37

17 3 31.708085 19.90973 6.089707 118.67332 65.000178 37

18 3 32.67186 19.789315 6.8912887 116.21548 63.118348 37

19 3 33.63564 19.710675 7.2837767 112.89305 60.973542 37

23
20 3 34.59942 19.673375 7.2715322 108.72233 58.572647 37

21 3 35.5632 19.67721 6.8565396 103.70123 55.91331 37

22 3 36.52698 19.7222 6.0384543 97.827266 52.994295 37

23 3 37.49076 19.8086 4.8150958 91.093202 49.812688 37

24 3 38.454535 19.936885 3.1815286 83.484238 46.362791 37

25 3 39.41831 20.10778 1.1307498 74.980729 42.637305 37

26 3 40.41018 20.32988 -1.4323557 65.202265 37.644545 37

27 3 41.43014 20.607275 -4.5478682 54.007697 31.181359 37

28 3 42.4501 20.93699 -8.1757205 41.613486 24.025558 37

29 3 43.47006 21.3215 -12.3399 27.935418 16.128521 37

30 3 44.49002 21.7639 -17.070877 12.866105 7.4282491 37

24
SlopeStability

3,57
2
2,69

1,26
8,38

3,68
1,92
2,08
4,55

5,53
6,58
6,82

6,99
6,04

9°
13°
20°
32°
74
43° 25°
° 55
°
38°
50°

25
Slice a(m) b(m) An(m) γ(Kn/m^3)Wn αn sinαn cosαn ∆ln Wnsinαn Wncosαn
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

1 3,57 2 7,14 19,3 137,802 74 0,9613 0,2756 7,256894 132,4691 37,97823

2 8,38 2 16,76 19,3 323,468 55 0,8192 0,5736 3,48675 264,985 185,5412
3 2,69 1,92 5,1648 19,3 99,68064 43 0,682 0,7314 2,625103 67,9822 72,90642
4 4,55 3 13,65 19,3 263,445 32 0,5299 0,848 3,537736 139,5995 223,4014
5 6,04 3 18,12 19,3 349,716 20 0,342 0,9397 3,192508 119,6029 328,6281
6 6,82 3 20,46 19,3 394,878 9 0,1564 0,9877 3,03736 61,75892 390,021
7 7 3 21 19,3 405,3 -2 -0,0349 0,9994 3,001801 -14,145 405,0568
8 6,58 3 19,74 19,3 380,982 -13 -0,225 0,9744 3,078818 -85,721 371,2289
9 5,53 3 16,59 19,3 320,187 -25 -0,4226 0,9063 3,310162 -135,311 290,1855
10 3,68 3 11,04 19,3 213,072 -38 -0,6157 0,788 3,807107 -131,188 167,9007
11 1,26 2,08 2,6208 19,3 50,58144 -50 -0,766 0,6428 3,235843 -38,7454 32,51375
39,57008 381,2868 2505,362
Fs=5,77

Fs=5,77

This trial slip surface has enoughsafety

26
Bina kazısı

Report generated using GeoStudio 2007, version 7.23. Copyright © 1991-2013 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd.

File Information

Revision Number: 1

Date: 05.05.2014

Time: 20:48:36

File Name: geoslope binal¦- +ğ+Âz+-m.gsz

Directory: C:\Users\Nejat\AppData\Local\Temp\Rar$DI64.189\

Last Solved Date: 05.05.2014

Last Solved Time: 21:52:46

Project Settings

Length(L) Units: meters

Time(t) Units: Seconds

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Force(F) Units: kN

Pressure(p) Units: kPa

Strength Units: kPa

Unit Weight of Water: 9.807 kN/m³

View: 2D

Analysis Settings

4.1 Building Excavation

Kind: SLOPE/W

Method: Bishop, Ordinary and Janbu

Settings

Apply Phreatic Correction: Yes

PWP Conditions Source: Piezometric Line

Use Staged Rapid Drawdown: No

Slip Surface

Direction of movement: Left to Right

Use Passive Mode: No

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Slip Surface Option: Entry and Exit

Critical slip surfaces saved: 1

Optimize Critical Slip Surface Location: No

Tension Crack

Tension Crack Option: (none)

FOS Distribution

FOS Calculation Option: Constant

Advanced

Number of Slices: 30

Optimization Tolerance: 0.01

Minimum Slip Surface Depth: 0.1 m

Optimization Maximum Iterations: 2000

Optimization Convergence Tolerance: 1e-007

Starting Optimization Points: 8

Ending Optimization Points: 16

Complete Passes per Insertion: 1

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Driving Side Maximum Convex Angle: 5 °

Resisting Side Maximum Convex Angle: 1 °

Materials

4.2 upper

Model: Mohr-Coulomb

Unit Weight: 19.3 kN/m³

Cohesion: 37 kPa

Phi: 30 °

Phi-B: 0 °

Pore Water Pressure

Piezometric Line: 1

4.3 lower

Model: Mohr-Coulomb

Unit Weight: 18.7 kN/m³

Cohesion: 0 kPa

Phi: 23 °

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Phi-B: 0 °

Pore Water Pressure

Piezometric Line: 1

Slip Surface Entry and Exit

Left Projection: Range

Left-Zone Left Coordinate: (16.08, 30) m

Left-Zone Right Coordinate: (20, 30) m

Left-Zone Increment: 4

Right Projection: Range

Right-Zone Left Coordinate: (45, 22) m

Right-Zone Right Coordinate: (45.067515, 22) m

Right-Zone Increment: 4

Radius Increments: 4

Slip Surface Limits

Left Coordinate: (0, 30) m

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Right Coordinate: (60, 22) m

Piezometric Lines

4.4 Piezometric Line 1

4.4.1 Coordinates
X (m) Y (m)

0 23

20 21

45 20

60 18

Regions
Material Points Area (m²)

Region 1 upper 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 620

Region 2 lower 9,8,7,6,10,11 860

Points
X (m) Y (m)

32
 Point 1 0 30

Point 2 20 30

Point 3 20 22

Point 4 45 22

Point 5 60 22

Point 6 60 10

Point 7 45 10

Point 8 20 18

Point 9 0 18

Point 10 60 0

Point 11 0 0

Critical Slip Surfaces

Slip Surface FOS Center (m) Radius (m) Entry (m) Exit (m)

1 25 5.077 (31.892, 30.777) 15.831 (16.08, 30) (45.0675, 22)

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4.5 Slices of Slip Surface: 25
Slip Base Normal Stress Frictional Strength Cohesive Strength
X (m) Y (m) PWP (kPa)
Surface (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

1 25 16.6322 27.459695 -59.452691 10.130288 5.8487244 37

2 25 17.736605 23.79915 -24.981875 85.175854 49.176302 37

3 25 18.84101 21.869795 -7.320417 125.29745 72.340514 37

4 25 19.696605 20.693725 3.2685075 150.49311 85.000165 37

5 25 20.503145 19.80452 11.508042 32.331594 12.022483 37

6 25 21.509435 18.84447 20.514281 51.479121 17.877559 37

7 25 22.515725 18.03638 28.032761 67.790858 22.954349 37

8 25 23.522015 17.352385 34.335361 81.7768 27.390328 37

9 25 24.528305 16.774085 39.604169 93.777128 31.276773 37

10 25 25.534595 16.288705 43.961824 104.02145 34.675439 37

11 25 26.558185 15.881555 47.547853 116.01604 29.06302 0

12 25 27.59908 15.54847 50.401861 122.79605 30.729511 0

13 25 28.601505 15.29928 52.448785 125.98749 42.457589 37

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14 25 29.565455 15.125165 53.776019 130.30734 44.185378 37

15 25 30.529405 15.01186 54.508087 133.46156 45.58381 37

16 25 31.493355 14.95805 54.657662 135.49301 46.670309 37

17 25 32.457305 14.96313 54.229576 136.40333 47.443038 37

18 25 33.421255 15.027155 53.225492 136.20266 47.906889 37

19 25 34.385205 15.15085 51.636923 134.86759 48.053248 37

20 25 35.349155 15.33566 49.449578 132.37306 47.875894 37

21 25 36.313105 15.58382 46.642555 128.67393 47.360834 37

22 25 37.277055 15.898515 43.184135 123.71908 46.496874 37

23 25 38.241005 16.2841 39.031158 117.42795 45.262409 37

24 25 39.204955 16.746455 34.126013 109.68419 43.623531 37

25 25 40.16891 17.293535 28.392308 100.34648 41.542762 37

26 25 41.132865 17.936255 21.721631 89.220608 38.970553 37

27 25 42.096815 18.69004 13.963564 76.01566 35.825794 37

28 25 43.060765 19.57763 4.8951208 60.331606 32.006269 37

29 25 43.907055 20.483545 -4.3064807 43.586264 25.164541 37

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30 25 44.635685 21.40414 -13.605652 25.35488 14.638647 37

31 25 45.033755 21.94974 -18.830496 14.25852 8.2321602 37

36
 4.2. Retaining Wall

4.2.1. Retaining Wall Solution 1

Data
ɣ 19,3kN/m3
c 16kPa Force and Moment
ᶲ 32ᵒ N 96 kN
ɣconc 24 kN/m3 Mo 13kN/m2
H 4m Wo 96
Ka 0,567
d 1m

Wwall= ɣconc*H*d =96,00kN

Active Pressure (Pa) = (ɣ*H*Ka-2*c*√Ka)*(H/2) = 26 kN

Wwall Moment Arm = 0,50 m

Pa Moment Arm = 0,33 m

Overturning Analyze

∑Msupporting /∑Mdisturbing≥ Factory of Safety

(Wwall*Wwall Moment Arm)/(Pa*Pa Moment Arm)≥2,00

(96*0,50)/(26*0,33) = 5,59≥ 2,00 SAFE

Sliding Analyze

τshear strength /τshear stress ≥ Factory of Safety

[(c*d) + (Wwall*tanØ)] / Pa≥ 1,50

[(19,3*1)+(96*tan32)] / 15 =5,28 SAFE

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Base Pressure Analyze

qmax,min = (N/A)±(M0/W0) qmax ≤ qult , qmin ≥ 0

qmax = (N/A)+(M0/W0) = 96,135kN/m2 SAFE

qmin = (N/A)-(M0/W0) = 49,2 kN/m2SAFE

ecritical≥ e

ecritical= B/6 = 0,1667

e = M0 / N = 0,1354

ecritical≥ e SAFE

4.2.2. Retaining Wall Solution 2

Data
ɣ 19,7 kN/m3
c 16 kPa Force and Moment
ᶲ 10ᵒ N 110,8 kN
ɣconc 24 kN/m3 Mo 9,9 kN/m2
H1 3,50 m Wo 0,281
H2 0,50 m
Ka 0,567
x 1m
d 0,3 m

Wwall1= ɣconc*H1*d = 25,20kN

Wwall2= ɣconc*H2*(d+x) = 15,60kN

Wsoil= ɣ*H1*x = 68,95kN

Active Pressure (Pa) = (ɣ*H*Ka-2*c*√Ka)*(H/2) = 26kN

Wwall1 Moment Arm = 0,15 m

Wwall2 Moment Arm = 0,65 m

Wsoil Moment Arm = 0,80 m

Pa Moment Arm = 0,52 m

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Overturning Analyze

∑Msupporting /∑Mdisturbing≥ Factory of Safety

(Wwall1*Wwall1Moment Arm)+(Wwall2*Wwall2Moment Arm)+(Wsoil*Wsoil Moment Arm)/

(Pa*Pa Moment Arm)≥2,00

(25,2*0,15)+(15,6*0,65)+(68,95*0,80)/(26*0,52) = 4,85≥ 2,00 SAFE

Sliding Analyze

τshear strength /τshear stress ≥ Factory of Safety

[(c*L) + (∑W*tanØ)] / Pa≥ 1,50

[(16*1,3)+((Wwall1+Wwall2+Wsoil)*tan16))] / 26=2,02 SAFE

Base Pressure Analyze

qmax,min = (N/A)±(M0/W0) qmax ≤ qult , qmin ≥ 0

qmax = (N/A)+(M0/W0) = 120,37kN/m2 SAFE

qmin = (N/A)-(M0/W0) = 50,08kN/m2SAFE

ecritical≥ e

ecritical= B/6 = 0,216

e = M0 / N = 0,0,089

ecritical≥ e SAFE

4.3.1 Foundation Solution 1 (Shallow Foundation)

DATA
K1 1.166 γ1 19.3
K2 0.417 γ2 9.3
Nc 37.2 Df 5.4
Nq 22.5 B 1
Nγ 19.7 L 17.1
c 37 F.S. 3
Data for a Strip footing

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qult= K1*c*Nc+ ɣ1*Df*Nq+ K2*ɣ2*B*Nɣ= 4026 kN/m2

qall= qult / F.S. = 1342 kN/m2

Total carriable is 22948.2 kN.

This foundation cannot be carry the building safely.

4.3.2RAFT FOUNDATION

Df = 5.4 m B = 14.2 m L = 17.1 m

K1 = 1 + 0.2 * ( B/L) = 1 + 0.2 * ( 14.2 / 17.1) = 1.166

K2 = 0.5 – 0.1 *(B/ L ) = 0.5 – 0.1 * ( 14.2 / 17.1 ) = 0.417

Φ = 30 o Nc = 37.2 Nq = 22.5 Nγ = 19.7

qult = K1 * c* Nc + γ * Df * Nq + γ * B * Nγ * K2

qult = (1.166)*(37)*(37.2) + (19.3)*(5.4)*(22.5) + (19.3)*(14.2)*(19.7)*(0.417)

qult = 6201 kPa

qall = qult / Factor of Safety

qall = 6201 / 3 = 2067 kPa

Qall = qall * foundation area

Qall = (2067)*(14.2)*(17.1) = 501909 kN

Building B5 has 19 apartment storeys + 1 entrance storey + 1 basement storey = 22 storeys

Load per storey = 15 kPa

Qbuilding = 22*15*14.2*17.1 = 80130.6 kN

Qbuilding is less than Qall

Raft foundation with 1.9 m height is safe for this building.

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For the situation of GWT reaches to ground level , calculation with effective stresses ;

γd = 9.4 kN / m3

qult = ( 1.166)*(17)*(37.2)+(9.3)*(5.4)*(22.5)+(9.3)*(14.2)*(19.7)*(0.417) =2952.2 kPa

qall = 2952.2 / 3 = 984 kPa

Qall = (984)*(14.2)*(17.1) = 238935 kN

Qbuilding is less than Qall

CONSOLIDATION

This foundation can be carry the building safely, but there is another problem by Raft Foundation.
Under the foundation is a clay layer, so it can be settling.

Mc (kPa)
0-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 400-800
1269 2618 2481 4219 7813 12195

Data
Total Load 94248
Area 242.8
γ1 19,3
H 15
B 14.2
L 17.1
Df 5.4
Data for the consolidation of the Raft Foundation

qbuilding = Total Load / Area = 33 t/m2

qexc = γ1 * Df = 10.42 t/m2

qnet = qbuilding- qexc= 22.58 t/m2

Qnet= qnet* Area = 5482.9 t

∆ᵟ = Qnet / [(B+3)*(L+3)] = 15.86 t/m2

∆H = ∆ᵟ * Mc * H = 3.04 cm

41
 4.3.3 Foundation Solution 3 (Deep Foundation)

Data
L (clay) 15 m
L (sand) 12 m
cu 52.5
α 1
Nq 22.5
Ø 30ᵒ
Ks 1,5
Data forPiles

Qb= σ’*Nq*Ab =2613,2 kN

Qs=α*cu*As+ Ks * σ’* tanδ * As = 11738 kN

Qult = Qb+ Qs = 14351 kN

Qall = Qult / F.S. = 4783,8 kN

Necessarypiles = Total load of thebuilding / Qall= 16.75 ≈ 17 piles

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5.TIME PLANNING AND COST ACCOUNTING

Description Unit Productivity Current TOTAL

Raft Foundation m2day 150 476 4
Jet Grout m/day 150 100 1
ReinforcedConcrete m3/day 40 129,6 4
Excavation m3/day 150 1479,9 10

Time Planing

Description Unit UnitPrice Current TOTAL

Raft Foundation m2 500 238 119000
Jet Grout m 45 100 4500
ReinforcedConcrete m3 200 129,6 25920
Excavation m3 16 1479,9 23678,4

Cost Accounting

Forthe Project the total Time is19 daysandthecost is 173098,4TL.

6.CONCLUSION

A retaining wall, a slope stability calculation and a foundation calculation has been done
according to the given rates for the project. In these calculations, the ones that are substantial
had considered, if they are more than one, the economic one had considered. After this
calculations, the project completed in 19days and it cost173098,4TL . The project ended before
20 days .

7.REFERENCES

Kumbasar, V., Kip, K., “Zemin Mekaniği Problemleri”, 1999, Istanbul

Şenol, A., “Foundation Engineering”, 2012, Istanbul

Terzaghi, K., R.B. Peck, G. Mesri (1995), SoilMechanics in EnginneringPractice.

43