Compression Members

ENCE 455
Following subjects are covered:
Design
g of Steel Structures „ Introduction

„ Column theory

„ Width/thickness limit

III Compression Members

III. „ Column
C l design
d i per AISC
„ Effective length

C. C.
C C Fu,
F Ph.D.,
Ph D P.E.
PE
Reading:
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department „ Chapters 4 of Segui

U i
University
it off Maryland
M l d „ AISC Steel Manual Specification Chapters B (Design
Requirements) and E (Design Members for Compression)
2

Introduction Compression Members (cont.)

„ Compression members are structural elements that are „ If the axial load P is applied slowly, it will ultimately
subjected only to compression forces, that is, loads are become large enough to cause the member to become
applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid unstable and assume the shape shown by the dashed line.
of the cross-section. „ The member has then buckled and the corresponding load
„ In this idealized case, the axial stress f is calculated as is termed the critical buckling load (also termed the Euler
buckling load).
load)
f =P
A
„ Note that the ideal state is never realized in practice
and some eccentricity of load is inevitable. Unless the
moment is negligible, the member should be termed a
beam-column
beam column and not a column, where beam columns
will be addressed later.
3 4
 Compression Members (cont.) Compression Members (cont.)
„ The differential equation giving the deflected shape of an „ The latter equation is a linear, second-order ordinary
elastic member subject to bending is differential equation with the solution
y=Acos(cx) + Bsin(cx)
M=Py where A and B are constants and c2=Pcr/EI.
d2y „ The constants are evaluated by applying the boundary
2
+
P
y=0 (4.2) conditions y(0)=0 and y(L)=0. This yields A=0 [BC 1] and
dz EI
0=B sin(cL) [BC 2].
where x is a location along the longitudinal axis of the „ F a non- trivial
For t i i l solution
l ti (the
(th trivial
t i i l solution
l ti isi B=0
B 0),
)
member, y is the deflection of the axis at that point,
M (= P y) is the bending moment at that point, and other sin(cL)=0, or cL = 0, π, 2π, 4 π ,... = nπ and
terms have been defined previously
previously.
n 2π 2 EI
P =
L2
5 6

Compression Members (cont.) Compression Members (cont.)

„ The above equations for the critical buckling load (Euler
„ Different values of n correspond to different buckling buckling load) were derived assuming
modes. A value of n=0 gives the trivial case of no load; „ A perfectly straight column
n=1
n 1 represents the first mode
mode, n=2
n 2 represents the „ Axial load with no eccentricity
second mode, etc. „ Column pinned at both ends
„ For the case of n = 1, the lowest non-trivial value of the „ If the column is not straight (initially crooked), bending
buckling load is π 2 EI moments will ill develop
d l ini the
h column.
l Similarly,
Si il l if the
h axiali l
Pcr =
L2 (4.3) load is applied eccentric to the centroid, bending moments
gyration r can be written as I=Agr2
the radius of gy will develop.
„ Then the critical buckling stress can be re-written as „ The third assumption is a serious limitation and other
Pcr π E
2 boundary conditions will give rise to different critical loads.
Fcr = = As noted earlier,, the bendingg moment will generally
g y be a
Ag (L (L / r)2 (4 4)
(4.4) function of z (and not y alone), resulting in a non-
where L/r is the slenderness ratio. homogeneous differential equation.
7 8
 Compression Members (cont.) Compression Members (cont.)
„ The above equation does not give reliable results for stocky „ Such a curve is seen from tests of stocky columns and
columns ( say L/r <40) for which the critical buckling stress is due primarily to residual stresses.
exceeds the proportional limit
limit. The reason is that the „ In the transition region Fpl < f≤F
f y, the critical buckling
relationship between stress and strain is not linear. stress can be written as
„ For stresses between the Pt π 2 Et (4 5)
(4.5)
Fcr = =
proportional limit and the yield Ag ( KL / r ) 2
stress, a tangent modulus Et is „ But this is not p
particularlyy useful because the tangent
g
used,
d which
hi h is
i defined
d fi d as the
th slope
l modulus Et is strain dependent. Accordingly, most
of the stress–strain curve for values design specifications contain empirical formulae for
of f between these two limits. inelastic columns
columns.

9 10

Compression Members (cont.) Column Design per AISC

„ The critical buckling stress is often plotted as a function of
slenderness as shown in the figure below. This curve is
g Curve. From this figure
called a Column Strength g it can be
seen that the tangent modulus curve is tangent to the Euler
curve at the point corresponding to the proportional limit.
„ The basic requirements for compression members
are covered in Chapter E of the AISC Steel Manual.
The basic form of the relationship is
Pu ≤ ϕcPn = ϕc(AgFcr) (AISC E3-1)
where ϕc is the resistance factor for compression
membersb (=0.9)
( 0 9) and d
„ Fcr is the critical buckling stress (inelastic or elastic)
and Fe is the elastic buckling g stress

π 2E (AISC E3-4)
Fe = Fcr = 2
((KL
KL / r )

11 12
 Column Design per AISC (cont.) Stability of Plate
„ The nominal strength Pn of rolled compression
members (AISC-E3) is given by
Pn = AgFcr
KL E Fe ≥ 0.44QFy
„ For inelastic columns ≤ 4.71 or
r QFy
(
Fcr = 0.658
QFy / Fe
)QF y
(AISC E3-2
E3 2 & E7-2)
E7 2)
KL E
„ For elastic columns > 4.71 or Fe < 0.44QFy
r Q y
QF

Fcr = 0.877 Fe (AISC E3-3 & E7-3)

„ Q =1 for majority of rolled H-shaped section (Standard W, S, and

M shapes); Others are covered later (Segui Example 4.2 for Q=1)
13 14

Column Design per AISC (cont.)

Flange and web compactness
„ For the strength associated with a buckling mode to
develop local buckling of elements of the cross section
develop,
Stability
S bili must be prevented. If local buckling (flange or web)
occurs,
of Plate „ The cross-section
Th ti iis no longer
l fully
f ll effective.
ff ti

(cont.) „
„ Compressive strengths given by Fcr must be reduced
Section B4 of the Steel Manual provides limiting values of
width-thickness
dh h k (d d λr ) where
ratios (denoted h shapes
h are
classified as
„ Compact
„ Noncompact
„ Slender
15 16
 Column Design per AISC (cont.)
„ AISC writes that if exceeds a threshold value λr , the
shape is considered slender and the potential for
local buckling must be addressed.
addressed
„ Two types of elements must be considered
„ Unstiffened elements - Unsupported along one
Column Design per AISC (cont.)
The figure on the following page presents compression
member limits (λr) for different cross-section shapes
that have traditionally been used for design
design.

edge parallel to the direction of load

(AISC Table B4.1, p 16.1-16)
„ Stiffened elements - Supported along both edges

parallel to the load

(AISC Table B4.1,
B4 1 p 16.1-17)
16 1 17)

17 18

Column Design per AISC (cont.) Column Design per AISC (cont.)

For
unstiffened For
elements – stiffened
elements -

19 20
 Column Design per AISC (cont.) Reduction Factor Q
„ λ > λr in an element of a member, the design strength „ Unstiffened compression elements: Compute a reduction
of that member must be reduced because of local factor Qs per E7.1
buckling.
g The g
general procedure for this case is as
follows: „ Stiffened compression elements: Compute a reduction
factor Qa per E7.2
„ Compute a reduction factor Q per E7.1 (unstiffened
compression elements Qs) or E7.2 (stiffened
compression elements Qa).
Unstiffened
compression
element

21 22

Reduction Factor Q (cont.) Reduction Factor Q (cont.)

„ AISC-E7.1
SC (S iff
(Stiffened
d elements)
l ) Design Properties
For other uniformly compressed elements:
In computing the nominal strength, the
„
„
E ⎡⎢ 0.38 E ⎤⎥
≤b (AISC E7-18)
following rules apply in accordance with AISC
AISC-E7
E7
bE = 1.92t
f ⎢
⎣
( )
1.0 −
b
t
f ⎥
⎦ „ For axial compression
1. gross area Ag for Pn=FcrAg
Use g
Use gross area to compute radius of gyration r for KL/r
f = Pu/Ag=ϕcQsFcr,column
2.
„
„ For flexure:
Use reduced section properties for beams with flanges
„ Qa = Aeff/Agross = bEt/(bt) 1
1.

containing stiffened elements

where Aeff = Agross-Σ(b-bE)t (cont…)

(Segui Example 4.4 with reduction factor Q to check local buckling)

23 24
 Reduction Factor Q (cont.)
Design Properties (cont.)
„ Since the strengths of beams do not include Q
factors relating to thin compression elements
elements, it is
appropriate to use section properties based on
effective area
„ For beam columns:
1. Use gross area for Pn
2
2. Use reduced section properties for flexure involving stiffened
compression elements for Mnx and Mny
3. Use Qa and Qs for determining Pn
4
4. For Fcr based on lateral
lateral-torsional
torsional buckling of beams as
discussed later in Beams, the maximum value of Fcr is QsFcr
when unstiffened compression elements are involved.
25 26

AISC of Rolled Shape Columns AISC of Rolled Shape Columns (cont.)

The general design procedure is: 5. Based on the larger of (KL/r)x or (KL/r)y for the
1. Computer the factor service load Pu using all section selected, compute the critical stress Fcr.
appropriate load combinations 6. C
Computer
t ththe d
design th ϕcPn = ϕcFcrAg for
i strength
t f ththe
2. Assume a critical stress Fcr based on assumed KL/r section.
3. Computer the gross area Ag required from 7. Compare ϕcPn with Pu. When the strength provided
Pu/( ϕcFcr) does not exceed the strength required by more than
4. Select a section. Note that the width/thickness λr a few percent, the design would be acceptable.
limitations of AISC Table B4.1 to p
prevent local Otherwise repeat Steps 2 through 7 7.
buckling must be satisfied.
(cont…)
(Segui Examples 4.10 & 4.11 for rolled shape)
(Segui Example 4.5 based on AISC Table 4-22 and Example 4.6
based on AISC Table 4-1)
27 28
Column Design per AISC (cont.) Column
Tables for design of compression members - Design per
„ Tables 4.2 through 4.17 in Part 4 of the AISC Steel

Manual present design strengths in axial compression AISC (cont.)

(cont )
for columns with specific yield strengths, for
example,
p , 50 ksi for W shapes.
p Data are provided
p for
slenderness ratios of up to 200. W14 samples
„ Sample data are provided on the following page for (AISC LRFD p 4-21)
some W14 shapes
h

29 30

Effective Length Effective Length (cont.)

„ Consider the column that is pinned at one end
(y(0)=y”(0)=0) and fixed against translation and
rotation at the other end (y(0)=y’(0)=0
y(0) y’(0) 0).
) The critical
buckling load is:
π 2 EI
Pcr =
(0.7 L )2
„ Another case is fixed at one end (y(0)=y’(0)=0) and
free at the other end. The critical buckling load is:

π 2 EI
Pcr =
(2.0 L )2
31 32
 Effective Length (cont.) Effective Length (cont.)
„ The AISC Steel Manual
presents a table to aid
in the calculation of
effective length.
Theoretical and design
values are
recommended. The
conservative design
values should
generally be used
unless the proposed
end conditions truly
match the theoretical
33
conditions. 34

Effective Length (cont.) Effective Length (cont.)

„ The AISC table For columns in moment-resisting
frames, the tabulated values of K
presented earlier presented on Table C-C2.1 of
p
presents
t values
l for
f ththe AISC Steel Manual will not suffice
design load based on a for design. Consider the moment-
slenderness ratio frame shown that is permitted to
calculated using the sway.
minimum radius of „ Columns neither pinned not fixed.
gyration ry . Consider
gyration, „ Columns p permitted to sway.y
now the figure shown. „ Columns restrained by members
framing into the joint at each end
of the column

35 36
 Effective Length (cont.) Effective Length (cont.)
The effective length factor for a column along a selected
axis can be calculated using simple formulae and a
nomograph The procedure is as follows:
nomograph.
„ Compute a value of G, defined below, for each end
of the column, and denote the values as GA and GB
, respectively Σ(EI / L )col
G=
Σ(EI / L )beam
„ Use the nomograph
g p p provided by
y AISC ((and
reproduced on the following pages). Interpolate
between the calculated values of GA and GB to
determine K

AISC specifies G = 10 for a pinned support and G = 1.0 for a fixed support.
37 38

Effective Length (cont.) Effective Length (cont.)

„ The distinction between „ Above presentation assumed that all behavior in the
braced (sidesway frame was elastic. If the column buckles inelastically (λc ≤
1.5), then the effective length factor calculated from the
i hibit d) and
inhibited) d unbraced
b d alignment chart will be conservative. One simple strategy
(sidesway inhibited) is to adjust each value of G using a stiffness reduction
frames is important,
p as factor (SRF),
evinced by difference Σ(Et I / L )col
Ginelastic = = Gelastic [τ a ]
between the values of K Σ(EI / L )beam
calculated above
above. Et Fcr ,inelastic (4 13)
(4.13)
τa = =
„ What are bracing E Fcr ,elastic
elements? „ Table 4-21 of the AISC Steel Manual,, presents
p values for
the SRF (AISC called τ ) for various values of Fy and
Pu/Ag. (Segui Example 4.14)
39 40