Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SYNCHRONOUS
DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(SDH)
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 1
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
1 Introduction to the Synchronous System 8
1.1 Transmission Networks 8
1.2 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy: PDH 9
1.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: SDH 10
1.4 SDH Transport Network 11
3 Section Overhead 21
3.1 Definition of Path and Section 21
3.2 Example for Path and Section 22
3.3 STM-1 Section Overhead: SOH 23
3.4 STM-1 Regenerator Section Overhead: RSOH 24
3.5 STM-1 Multiplex Section Overhead: MSOH 25
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 2
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4 Pointer 26
4.1 AU-4 Pointer addressing area 26
4.2 AU-4 Pointer management 27
4.3 AU-4 Pointer settings 28
4.4 AU-4 Pointer and justification use 30
4.5 Pointer justifications depending on clock deviation 31
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 3
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
6 High-Rate Multiplexing 44
6.1 Byte interleaved Multiplexing 45
6.2 STM-N Section Overhead 46
6.3 Contiguous Concatenation 47
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
9 Alarm and Error Handling 59
9.1 Communication Alarms 59
9.2 Alarm Indication Signal: AIS 60
9.3 Remote Defect Indication: RDI 61
9.4 Alarm and Error Processing within a NE 62
9.5 Explanation of Alarm and Error Codes 63
9.6 Alarm and Error Processing 64
9.6.1 Example Network 64
9.6.2 Alarm and Error Processing in a Regenerator 65
9.6.3 Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer (Passthrough) 66
9.6.4 Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer (VC-4 Termination) 67
9.6.5 Alarm Processing via a complete Network (Path fault) 68
9.6.6 Alarm Processing via a complete Network (Reference fault) 69
9.7 Performance Monitoring: PM 70
9.7.1 PM Basics 70
9.7.2 Principles of data collection 71
9.7.3 Definition of Unavailability 72
9.7.4 Near End / Far End counters 73
9.8 Tandem Connections 74
9.8.1 Why Tandem Connections 74
9.8.2 Function of Tandem Connections 75
9.8.3 Overhead Bytes used for Tandem Connections 76
9.8.4 Tandem Connection Termination: TCT 77
9.8.5 Tandem Connection Monitoring: TCM 78
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 5
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
10 Protection and Restoration 79
10.1 Equipment Protection: EPS 79
10.1.1 EPS 1+1 80
10.1.2 EPS 1:N 81
10.2 Network Protection 82
10.2.1 Protection Mechanisms against Network Faults 83
10.2.2 Sub Network Connection Protection: SNCP 83
10.2.3 Section Protection on a Linear Network: MSP 85
10.2.4 Section Protection on a Ring Network: MS-SPRING (2fiber) 88
10.2.5 Span Protection on a Ring Network: MS-SPRING (4 fiber) 90
10.3 Network Restoration 92
11 Network Synchronization 93
11.1 Synchronization Distribution 93
11.2 Clock types and distribution in the Network 94
11.3 Synchronization Diagram 95
11.4 Synchronous Equipment Timing 96
11.5 Synchronization Signals: Quality and Priority 97
11.6 Linear Networks without SSM 98
11.7 Linear Networks with SSM 99
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 6
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
12 Optical Interfaces 100
12.1 Classification of Optical Interfaces 100
12.2 Laser Safety 101
12.3 Automatic Laser Shutdown: ALS 102
12.4 Laser operation actions 103
Appendix
A1 Management Hierarchy 110
A2 SDH-SONET Compatibility 111
A3 STM-0 Interface at 51.840 Mbit/s, Frame Structure 113
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 7
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
1 Introduction to the Synchronous System
1.1 Transmission Networks
Switching Switching
system system
Access PDH / SDH Access
system system
exchange transport exchange
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 8
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
1.2 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy: PDH
G.752
32.064 97.728 397.200
JAPAN *3 *4
G.752
*5
*3 *3
Interoperation
(G.802) G.757 G.755
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
1.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: SDH
¾ The SDH results from the SONET concepts proposed in the USA.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
1.4 SDH Transport Network
Plesiochronous Plesiochronous
Signals Signals
SDH Network
ATM ATM
• unidirectional
• broadcast
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2 Base Frame Components
2.1 Container: C-n
139.264 Mbit/s
44.736 Mbit/s
n=4
n=3
n = 11
1.544 Mbit/s C-n
n = 12
n=3
n=2
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 12
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.2 Virtual Container: VC-n
P
O VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
H
P
O VC-3
H
P
O C-n P
H
O VC-2 C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
H
P
O VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
H
P
VC-n O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
H
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.3 Tributary Unit: TU
P
O VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
H
P
TU-3 O VC-3
H
P
TU-2 O VC-2 C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
H
P
TU-12 O VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
H
P
TU-11 O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
H
¾ TU: Tributary Unit, it is made up of a low order VC-n (n=11,12, 2, 3) and a pointer
¾ The pointer is an additional rate used to locate its VC-n within the TU: Pointers allow to
transport virtual containers phase shifted related to their TU, which facilitates data processing in the
network element.
¾ For high order container (VC-3, VC-4) see: Administrative Unit (AU)
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.4 Tributary Unit Group: TUG
P
O VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
H
X3
X1 P
TUG-3 TU-3 O VC-3
H
X1 P
TUG-2 TU-2 O VC-2 C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
H
X3
P
TU-12 O VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
H
X4
P
TU-11 O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
H
¾ TUG: Tributary Unit Group, the TUG-2 / TUG-3 can consist of several types of capacity payloads with
different sizes.
¾ For high order container (VC-3, VC-4) see: Administrative Unit Group (AUG)
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.5 Administrative Unit (Group): AU (AUG)
X1
P
AUG AU-4 O VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
H
X3
X1 P
X3 TU-3
TUG-3 O
H
VC-3
X7
P
AU-3 O VC-3 C-3 44.736 Mbit/s
H 34.368 Mbit/s
X7
X1 P
TUG-2 TU-2 O
H
VC-2 C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
X3
P
TU-12 O VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
H
X4
P
TU-11 O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
H
¾ AU: Administrative Unit, it is made up of a high order VC-n (n = 3,4) and a pointer.
¾ The AU-3 multiplexing structure is designed for compatibility with SONET frames.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.6 ITU-T Multiplexing Structure
*N X1 P
STM-N AUG AU-4 O
H
VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
X3
X3 X1 P
TUG-3 TU-3 O
H
VC-3
X1 P X7 44.736 Mbit/s
STM-0 AU-3 O
H
VC-3 C-3 34.368 Mbit/s
X7
X1 P
High rate TUG-2 TU-2 O
H
VC-2 C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
multiplexing
X3
P
Low rate TU-12 O VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
H
multiplexing
X4
P
TU-11 O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
Insertion of the SOH H
¾ N = 1, 4, 16, 64
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2.7 ETSI Multiplexing Structure
*N X1 P
STM-N AUG AU-4 O VC-4 C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
H
X3
X1 P
TUG-3 TU-3 O
H
VC-3
X7 44.736 Mbit/s
C-3 34.368 Mbit/s
X1 P
TUG-2 TU-2 O
H
VC-2
X3
P
TU-12 O
H
VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
P
O VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
Insertion of the SOH H
¾ N = 1, 4, 16, 64
¾ In the SDH signal (or data) processing takes place in three levels:
• mapping of digital signal to container C-n
• multiplexing of low order containers to high order containers via TUGs and finally via AU
(AUG) into the STM-1 base frame.
• multiplexing of base frame, i. e. STM-1 frames at 155.520 Mbit/s with each other to create a
high-rate frame:
— STM-4 at 622.080 Mbit/s
— STM-16 at 2488.320 Mbit/s
— STM-64 at 9953.280 Mbit/s
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 18
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.8 Base Frame: STM-1
270 columns (bytes)
9 1
1 270
RSOH
AU-4 pointer
9 rows P
(bytes) O C-4
H
MSOH
2430
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
2.9 Base elements: Overview
¾ In the SDH signal (or data) processing takes place in three levels:
• multiplexing of low order containers to high order containers via TUGs and finally via AU
(AUG) into the STM-1 base frame
• multiplexing of base frame, i. e. STM-1 frames at 155.520 Mbit/s with each other to create a
high-rate frame:
— STM-4 at 622.080 Mbit/s
— STM-16 at 2488.320 Mbit/s
— STM-64 at 9953.280 Mbit/s
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 20
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
3 Section Overhead
3.1 Definition of Path and Section
SOH SOH
POH POH
C VC Regenerator Regenerator VC C
Signal
C VC VC C
plesiochronous
plesiochronous
Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator
Section Section Section
Multiplex Section
Path
¾ C Container
VC Virtual Container
POH Path Overhead
SOH Section Overhead
¾ The PATH connects the two points where the POH is generated / analyzed.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
3.2 Example for Path and Section
2 Mbit/s
Section 2
STM-16
n
1 Pa
tio NE-B NE-C th SDH Network
S ec -1
ST
TM
M
-1 2
S
Path 1
NE-A NE-D
STM-4
STM-4
NE-E NE-F
STM-4
¾ NE Network Element
¾ Overheads carrying specific info of every path or section, from one end to the other
(e.g. Path 1 between NE-A and NE-E)
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 22
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
3.3 STM-1 Section Overhead: SOH
9 bytes
* * * * * * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 RSOH
D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3
AU-4 pointer
9 rows
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
¾ All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international normalization (medium dependence, additional
national use and other purposes).
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 23
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
3.4 STM-1 Regenerator Section Overhead: RSOH
* * * * * * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 RSOH: Regenerator
Section
D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3
OverHead
¾ A1, A2 The Frame Alignment Word is used to recognize the beginning of an STM-N frame.
A1: 1111 0110 = F6 (HEX)
A2: 0010 1000 = 28 (HEX)
¾ J0 Path Trace. It is used to give a path through an SDH Network a ‘Name’. This message
(Name) enables the receiver to check the continuity of its connection with the desired
transmitter.
¾ B1 Bit Error Monitoring. The B1 Byte contains the result of the parity check of the previous
STM frame, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a
Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP-8).
¾ F1 User Channel. It is used to transmit data and speech for service and maintenance.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 24
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
3.5 STM-1 Multiplex Section Overhead: MSOH
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH: Multiplex
Section
D10 D11 D12
OverHead
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
¾ B2 Bit Error Monitoring. The B2 Bytes contains the result of the parity check of the previous
STM frame, except the RSOH, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is
carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP-24).
¾ K1, K2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS). In case of a failure, the STM frames can be routed
new with the help of the K1, K2 Bytes through the SDH Network.
Assigned to the multiplexing section protection (MSP) protocol.
¾ K2 (Bit6,7,8) MS_RDI: Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication
(former MS_FERF: Multiplex Section Far End Receive Failure).
¾ D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel at 576 kbit/s (DCCM). (See also D1-D3 in RSOH)
AU-4 Pointer
VC-4
Au-4 Pointer
¾ The AU-4 Pointer indicates the position of the start of the VC-4 in its addressing area.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 26
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4.2 AU-4 Pointer management
received transmitted
STM-1 STM-1
VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4
¾ The rate of a transmitted VC-4 is consistent with the rate of the received VC-4.
¾ Pointers allow to transport virtual containers phase shifted related to their TU respectively AU, which
facilitates data processing in the network element.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 27
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4.3 AU-4 Pointer settings
Pointer movement
The rate of the incoming STM-1 is higher than the capacity of the outgoing STM-1. Additional bits must
be used to increase the capacity of the outgoing STM-1.
The rate of the incoming STM-1 is lower than the capacity of the outgoing STM-1. Additional stuffing bits
must be used in the outgoing STM-1 to reduce its useful capacity.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 28
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4.4 AU-4 Pointer and justification use
¾ Negative justification:
If the frame rate of container VC-n is too fast compared to that of the AUG, the alignment of container
VC-n must be periodically advanced in time and the pointer‘s value reduced by one unit.
¾ Positive justification:
If the frame rate of container VC-n is too slow compared to that of the AUG, the alignment of container
VC-n must be periodically delayed in time and the pointer‘s value increased by one unit.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 29
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4.4 AU-4 Pointer and justification use (continuation)
1 9 10 270
1
4 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 86 86 86
* * ** **
5 87
9
522
782
¾ The value of the pointer remains constant for at least 3 consecutive frames (G.707).
The maximum justification therefore takes place in 1 out of every 4 frames.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 30
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
4.5 Pointer justifications depending on clock deviation
Number of pointer
justification events
/ second
2000
200
Forbidden area
20
6.48 Hz
2
0,2
0,02
Difference of
3.10-9 3.10-8 3.10-7 3.10-6 3.10-5 3.10-4 incoming clock to
1 ppm equipment clock
≈300 ppm
¾ A 1-ppm clock difference causes a pointer action frequency of 6.48 Hz, one action every 51840 frames.
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 31
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5 Path OverHead, Low Rate Multiplexing, Mapping
5.1 VC-4 , VC-3 POH
POH
J1
B3
C2
G1 C-4 or C-3
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
(HEX-values)
00: path not equipped
01: path equipped, payload not specific
02: TUG payload structure (TUG-2/ TUG-3)
03: TU alignment, locked TU mode
04: asynchronous mapping of signals at 34 / 45 Mbit/s in a C-3 container
12: asynchronous mapping of signals at 140 Mbit/s in a C-4 container
13: ATM mapping
14: MAN mapping (DQDB)
15: FDDI mapping (100 Mbit/s, Fiber Distributed Data Int)
FE: tests signal, 0.181 specific mapping
FF: VC-AIS signal
Alcatel University (Lannion / Stuttgart) 8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 09/2002 32
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.1 VC-4, VC-3 POH (continuation)
J1 Path trace, identifier of the path
It is used to check that the path connection between transmitter and
receiver is maintained. 64-byte character string or one 16-byte frame,
transmitted in 64 resp. 16 consecutive STM frames (64*125µs or 16*125µs)
J1
B3 BIP-8, parity block check of the previous VC-4 / VC-3 before scrambling
B3
C2 C2 Signal Label
F2
REI RDI reserved spare
H4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F3
F2, F3 Path user channels: assigned to the user's communication requirements.
K3
N1 H4 Multiframe Indicator: used to designate a specific use of the VC-4's capacity:
VC-2, VC-12, VC-11
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.2 140 Mbit/s Mapping
1 blocks 20
rows
9
180
blocks
¾ Breakdown of C-4 into 180 blocks of 13 bytes ((9 * 20) * 13 = 2340 bytes payload)
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.2 140 Mbit/s Mapping (continuation)
W 96 D X 96 D Y 96 D Y 96 D Y 96 D
X 96 D Y 96 D Y 96 D Y 96 D X 96 D
Y 96 D Y 96 D Y 96 D X 96 D Y 96 D
Y 96 D Y 96 D X 96 D Y 96 D Z 96 D
W Y D Data bit
DDDDDDDD RRRRRRRR
R Fixed stuff bit
O Overhead bit
X CRRRRROO Z DDDDDDSR S Justification opportunity bit
C Justification control bit
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 35
¾ The overhead bits (O) are reserved for future communication requirements
¾ Majority vote for protection against decision errors (data or justification bit).
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.3 VC-3 --> TUG-3 --> VC-4 Generation
POH VC-3
1 85
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
125 µs
rows F2
periodicity
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
VC-3: 85 columns of bytes
1 86 1 86 1 86
stuffing
1 P
2 PTR PTR PTR
O A B C
3 H
A B C A C A B C
...
9 VC-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 261
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 36
¾ The TU-3 pointer is similar to the AU-4 pointer and serves the same purpose.
¾ Bytes H1 H2 H3 of the TU-3 pointers are the bytes of rows 1, 2 and 3 of columns 4, 5 and 6 of the VC-
4.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.4 STM-1 made up of 3 x VC-3 POH VC-4
1 9 10 270
MSOH G1
F2
H4
RSOH F3
K3
AU-4 pointer N1
J1 H1 H1 H1 595 595 595
B3 H2 H2 H2 680 680 680
MSOH 764 764 764 C2 H3 H3 H3 0 0 0 1 82 83 83 83
84 84 84 G1 85 85 85 86
F2
H4 Stuffing
VC-3#A
VC-3#C
VC-3#B
RSOH F3
K3
AU-4 pointer N1
J1 H1 H1 H1 595 595 595
B3 H2 H2 H2 680 680 680
MSOH 764 764 764 C2 H3 H3 H3 0 0 0 1 82 83 83 83
84 84 84 G1 85 85 85 86
F2
A B C A B C A B C A C A B C
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.5 VC-2, VC-12, VC-11 POH
¾ V5: BIP-2 even parity of order 2 of the previous VC-2 / VC-12 / VC-11
REI LP_REI: Lower Path Remote Error Indication
Set to 1 and returned to the source of the path if the BIP-2 parity detects one or
more errors
RFI Remote Failure Indication in the path (optional)
A failure is a fault which lasts longer than the maximum duration of the
transmission systems protection mechanisms.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.6 Asynchronous Mapping at 2 Mbit/s
V5
VC-12 Multiframe
RRRRRRRR
(= 4 * VC-12)
32 bytes
RRRRRRRR
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes
140 RRRRRRRR
bytes N2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes
RRRRRRRR
K4
C1 C2 R R R R R S1
S2 D D D D D D D D data bit
R fixed stuff bit
31 bytes O overhead bit
S justification opportunity bit
RRRRRRRR C justification control bit
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07
500 µs 39
¾ The 2 Mbit/s signal is placed in a C-12 without taking ist composition into consideration: No link
between the 2 Mbit/s frame and the C-12.
¾ Justification process upon mapping within the C-12 to enable a +/- 50 ppm synchronization tolerance.
¾ VC-12s (35 bytes in 125 µs) of 4 consecutive STM-1 frames (4 x 125 µs = 500 µs) are combined to a
multiframe (140 bytes in 500 µs) to reduce overhead / useful signal ratio.
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.7 Generation of a VC-12 Multiframe
byte H4 status TU-12 VC-12 VC-12 Multiframe
0 µs = 4 * VC-12
XXXXXX00 V1
V5
35 bytes
125 µs
XXXXXX01 V2
J2
35 bytes
250 µs
XXXXXX10 V3 N2
35 bytes
375 µs K4
XXXXXX11 V4
35 bytes
140 bytes
500 µs
capacity of 4 container VC-12:
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07
multiframe (bytes/500 µs)
40
¾ H4: multiframe indicator - used for location within the 500 µs multiframe (see VC-4 POH)
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.8 Organization of the STM-1 made up of VC-12
1 10 19 82 145 208 270
N
Multiframe No 1 1
125 µs
J
1 1 2 3 63 1 2 3 63 1 2 3
63 1 2 3 63
B N N N
RSOH 3 P P P
I I I
C
2
G
AU-4 pointer 1
F
2
H
4
F
MSOH 3
K
3
N
Multiframe No 2 1
250 µs
J
Multiframe No 3 1 1 2 3 63
Stuffing
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH
5.9 TU-12 Unit Numbering in a VC-4
TUG-2 # 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7
VC-12 # 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
x7
TUG-3 # 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
TUG-3 # 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
TUG-3 # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 3
TUG-2 # 1 23 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 45 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 67 3
VC-12 # 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 2 22 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 33
x3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 70 72 256 258 260 Number of VC-4
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 ... 69 71 73 ... 257 259 container column x
0000000001 11111111122222 66660 556666 Time period number
V 1234567890 12345678901234 01231 890123
C
4
P 1231231231 23123123123123 3 1 2 31 123123 K
O
H
1112223334 44555666777111 ... 6 7 7 7 1 ... 6 6 6 7 7 7 L address
1111111111 11111111111222 33331 333333 M
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5.10 ATM Cell Insertion into VC-4
Header Payload
5 48
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
¾ The cell train is mapped in the containers in accordance with the byte structure
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6 High-Rate Multiplexing
270 x N
9xN 261 x N
RSOH
AU-PTR
125 µs
9 PAYLOAD periodicity
MSOH
¾ N = 1, 4, 16, 64
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6.1 Byte interleaved multiplexing
PTR Nx9
AU-4 3
VC-4 VC-4#1
#1
(byte interleaving)
AU-4
MULTIPLEXING
VC-4 VC-4#2 Nx9 N x 261
#2
RSOH
STM-N
PTR
AU-4 MSOH
VC-4 VC-4
#3 #3
Addition of the STM-N MSOH
PTR
AU-4
VC-4 VC-4#N 5
#N
Nx9
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6.2 STM-N Section Overhead N * 9 bytes
N
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0
RSOH
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
N * AU-4 pointers
9 rows
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
B2 B2 B2
D4 D5 D6
MSOH
D7 D8 D9
D D D
10 11 12
S1 E2
M1
NOTE: All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international normalization
(medium dependent, additional national use and other purposes).
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 46
¾ N = 1, 4, 16, 64
Exception:
- A1, A2 to keep accuracy of frame detection
- B2 to keep accuracy of block check for the increased block size
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6.3 Contiguous Concatenation
270 x 4 = 1080
9 x 4 = 36 261 x 4 = 1044
RSOH
STM-4
4 * AU-PTR
9
J1
MSOH
Payload VC-4-4c
stuffing
VC-4 POH N1
¾ Contiguous Concatenation is a procedure associating several virtual containers, which allows their
combined capacity to be used as a single container.
¾ Contiguous Concatenation is defined for TU-2 and AU-4 (SONET: also for AU-3)
¾ This technique has the advantage of optimizing the frame filling relative to the mapping of a higher rate
container.
¾ STM-4 / STM-16 is used to transport a VC-4-Xc signal (SONET: STM-1 for VC-3-3c)
¾ Application:
• for bit streams which can not be contained in a VC-4
• typical: ATM signals with a bandwidth of 600 Mbit/s
¾ Procedure:
• the first AU-pointer indicates the J1-byte (POH VC-4), the other 3 pointers indicate Concatenation
Indication (CI): three columns with stuffing bytes
• H1*+H2**: 1001SS11 11111111 Concatenation Indication (CI):
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7 Usage of SDH Networks ATM-Equipment
7.1 Example SDH Network ATM VP
PDH Equipment
2 Mbit/s
SDH-Network
-4
PDH Equipment
M
ST
ST
M-
ST
4
6
-1
M
M
-1
ST
6
STM-1 34 Mbit/s
-4
ST
M
M
ST -4
ST
6
-1
M
M
-1
-1
ST
STM
6
140 Mbit/s 45 Mbit/s
STM-4
¾ An SDH network can be seen as a set of different network layers (path layers, section layers, physical
layers) and can also be divided into different sub-networks.
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7.2 Principles of Partitioning and Layering Sub-networks Links
Path
layer network
Section
layer network
Physical
layer network
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7.3 Partitioning of layer networks and sub-networks
¾ Partitioning concept
In general a sub-network is constructed by representing the physical implementation as links and sub-
networks, starting from the matrix that is the smallest (indivisible) sub-network. A set of sub-networks and
links may be abstracted as a higher (containing) sub-network. The way in which the contained sub-
networks are interconnected by links describes the topology of the containing sub-network. The ports at
the boundary of the containing sub-network and the interconnection capability must fully represent, but
not extend, the connectivity supported by the contained sub-networks and links. Therefore a higher level
sub-network may be partitioned to show the level of detail required.
Thus in general, any sub-network may be partitioned into a number of smaller (contained) sub-networks
interconnected by links.
The partitioning
of a sub-network cannot extend or restrict its connectivity i.e.:
• The ports on the boundary of the containing sub-network and the interconnection capability must
be represented by the contained sub-networks and links.
• The contained sub-networks and links cannot provide connectivity that is not available in the
containing sub-network.
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7.4 SDH Layer Networks
Regenerator section
¾ Layering concept
The transport network can be decomposed into a number of independent layer networks with a
client/server relationship between adjacent layer networks.
A layer network describes the generation, transport and termination of a particular characteristic
information.
• Client/server relationship
Any two adjacent network layers are associated in a client/server relationship.
Each transport network layer provides transport to the layer above and uses transport from the
layer below.
The layer providing transport is termed a server.
The layer using transport is termed a client.
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7.5 Example: Layers used by a Low Order Path
LO PATH / TRAIL
NE NE NE NE
¾ Client/server relationship between adjacent layers is one where a link connection in the client layer is
supported by a trail in the server layer network.
Server
trail
¾ Link Connection: represents a pair of adaptation functions and a trail in the server layer.
• A complete example of Layering is given in appendix C1
¾ A Trail defines a section inside an SDH network between two basic functions where any kind of
overhead information (POH+SOH) is generated or analyzed.
The trail definition exists for several transmission layers:
• RS Trail (RS layer) / MS Trail (MS layer)
• VC-4 Trail (HO path layer)
• VC-3 / VC-12 Trail (LO path layer)
¾ A Path is a specific kind of trail inside an SDH network between two basic functions that generate
and analyze the Path Overhead (POH) of a Virtual Container.
The path definition exists for the following transmission layers:
• VC-4 path (HO path layer)
• VC-3 / VC-12 path (LO path layer)
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7.6 Definition of Reference points
AP AP
trail
¾ Two CTPs are combined to a CP: Connection Point, if they are connected in the same layer
¾ If the information in a CTP is given to/got from a termination function, the related reference is called a
TCP: Termination Connection Point
¾ ITU-T definition:
A bi-directional TCP consists of a pair of collocated unidirectional TCPs.
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7.7 Relation between Reference Points and Transport Entities
NE 1 NE 2
LOPA source LOPA sink
LOP trail LOP layer
LOP AP LOP AP
LOPT source LOPT sink
LOP LC
LOP TCP LOP TCP
¾ LC : Link Connection
¾ : Adaptation
¾ : Termination
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8 The Functional Model
8.1 Layer Function: Adaptation
Layer Z
Y/Z Y/Z
Y Y
Layer Y
Client
Server Layer X
Sink Source
¾ The adaptation function represents the conversion process between a server layer and a
client layer.
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8.2 Layer Function: Termination
Layer Z
Y/Z Y/Z
Y Y
Layer Y
Client
Server Layer X
Sink Source
¾ The termination function performs the signal integrity supervision of the layer.
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8.3 Layer Function: Connection
Layer Z
Y/Z Y/Z
Y Y
Layer Y
Client
Server Layer X
Sink Source
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8.4 Atomic and Basic Functions in a Network Element
LPA
Sm/Pq
LTCA
Sm SmD/Sm
Sms LPT
LSUT Low
Order
SmD Path
LTCT
Layer
Sms Smm Sm
LPC
LPOM
LTCM SmDm
MSA MSn/Sn
MSn
MST
RSn/MSn Regenerator
RST RSn Section
Layer
OSn/RSn or ESn/RSn
Eq/Pqs or Eq/Pqx Physical
OSn or ESn Layer
SPI
PPI Eq
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9 Alarm and Error Handling
9.1 Communication Alarms
SDH-Network
PDH PDH
140Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
ADM ADM ADM
MSN MSN Regenerator MSN
DXC DXC DXC
¾ Communication alarms can be subdivided in primary and secondary alarms and alarms which have to
be send in reversed direction.
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9.2 Alarm Indication Signal - AIS
RSOH 1
1
1 1 1 1 MS - AIS
1 1 1
1
RSOH 1
1
1 1 1 1
AU - AIS
MSOH 1
1
RSOH 1
P 1
AU-Pointer
O TU – AIS
H 1
MSOH
1
1
¾ AIS: Alarm Indication Signal, means the signal is adapted to all ONES
¾ It is generated to replace the normal SDH signal when it contains a defect condition
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9.3 Remote Defect Indication - RDI
1 ... 8
1 1 0 K2-Byte
K2
MS-RDI
1 ... 8
G1
1 G1-Byte
HP-RDI
V5
1 ... 8
1 V5-Byte
LP-RDI
¾ RDI: Remote Defect Indication, signal which is returned to the transmitting NE upon detecting a LOS,
LOF or AIS
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Sm
Sm
Sn/Sm
Sn
Sn
MSn/Sn
MSn
OSr/ESr RSn
LOS
Detection
LOF
A1/A2
RS-TIM Generation
J0 MS-AIS
RS-BIP
B1
MS-AIS
K2
MS-BIP
B2 AU-AIS
MS-REI
M1
MS-RDI
K2
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
C2
HP-TIM
J1
HP-BIP
B3 TU-AIS
HP-REI
G1
HP-RDI
G1
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
TU-LOM TU-AIS
H4
TU-PLM
C2
LP-UNEQ
V5
LP-TIM
J2
LP-BIP TU-AIS
V5
LP-REI
V5
LP-RDI
V5 PDH-AIS
LP-PLM
V5
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9.6 Alarm and Error Processing
9.6.1 Example Network
SDH-Network
PDH PDH
140Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
ADM ADM ADM
MSN MSN Regenerator MSN
DXC DXC DXC
Trail / Path
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9.6.2 Alarm and Error Processing in a Regenerator
OS1 / RS1
OS1 / RS1
RS1 / MS1
RS1 / MS1
OS1
OS1
RS1
RS1
MS-AIS
LOS
RSOH 1
LOF MS-AIS 1
1 1 1 1
RS-TIM
RS-BIP (PM) 1 1 1
1
Detection
Generation
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 65
¾ The regenerator is the only NE which can cause the MS-AIS alarm because the RSOH is built completely
new.
¾ In a multiplexer also the MSOH is rebuilt and the output then is an AU-AIS.
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9.6.3 Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Passthrough
OS1 / RS1
RS1 / MS1
OS1 / RS1
RS1 / MS1
MS1 / S4
MS1 / S4
OS1
OS1
MS1
MS1
RS1
RS1
S4
LOS
LOF MS-AIS
AU-AIS
RS-TIM
RSOH 1
RS-BIP (PM) 1
AU-AIS 1 1 1 1
MS-AIS
MSOH 1
1
MS-BIP (PM)
MS-REI (PM)
MS-RDI
Detection
Generation
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9.6.4 Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Termination
MS1 / S4
S4 / S12
MS1
S4 S12
S4
AU-AIS
AU-AIS TU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ TU-AIS
HP-TIM TU-AIS
HP-BIP (PM)
HP-REI (PM) 1
RSOH
HP-RDI P 1
AU-Pointer O
H 1
MSOH
1
Detection 1
Generation
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9.6.5 Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Path fault
2Mbit/s
NE A NE B NE C
LO-passthrough HO-passthrough
Reg. F Reg. E
LOS
NE D
¾ Assumptions:
• Bi-directional 2Mbit/s-Path between NE C and NE D via NE B, A, F, E
• Path fault: Unidirectional interruption (C → D) in section A-F
¾ Alarms in direction C → D :
• NE F: detection: LOS
generation: MS-AIS
• NE E: -
• NE D: detection: MS-AIS, AU-AIS, TU-AIS,
generation: PDH-AIS
¾ Alarms in direction D → C :
• NE D: generation: MS-RDI, HP-RDI, LP-RDI
• NE E: -
• NE F: -
• NE A: detection: MS-RDI, HP-RDI
• NE B: -
• NE C: detection: LP-RDI
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9.6.6 Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Reference fault
2Mbit/s
LOS
NE A NE B NE C
LO-passthrough HO-passthrough
Reg. F Reg. E
NE D
¾ Assumptions
• Unidirectional 2Mbit/s-Path between NE C and NE D via NE B, A, F, E
• Reference fault: Loss of input signal
¾ Alarms in direction C → D :
• NE C: detection: LOS
• NE D: generation: PDH-AIS
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9.7 Performance Monitoring: PM
9.7.1 PM Basics
max. number of
Error checksum Block size
block errors per second
Alarms = Defects
¾ Each block is monitored by calculating a checksum e.g. Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP).
These block errors can be monitored on several layers inside each NE:
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9.7.2 Principles of data collection
Error monitoring
Anomalies Defects
≥ 30 % /s
EB
ES * SES
errored blocks
outside SES
BBE
≥ 10 consecutive SESs
Unavailability
Counter inhibition
* Each SES is also counted as ES
¾ Background Block Errors (BBE) Errored block (EB) occurring outside a severely
errored second (SES).
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9.7.3 Definition of Unavailability
x t in sec
ES := ES - 10 ES := ES + x
SES := SES - 10 SES := SES
UAS := UAS + 10 UAS := UAS - 10
Inhibition of counters:
SES
ES / SES / (BBE)
ES which is not a SES
Non errored second
8AS 90101 0009 WBZZA Ed.07 72
¾ Unavailable Time (UAT) A period of unavailable time (UAT) begins at the onset of 10
consecutive SES events.
These 10 seconds are considered to be part of unavailable time.
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9.7.4 Near End / Far End counters
NE A NE B
¾ Near End counters are incremented if in the received STM-N frame anomalies (bit errors) or defects
(alarms) have been detected.
¾ Far End counters are incremented if the transmitted STM-N frame was erroneous: anomalies (bit
errors) or defects (alarms).
¾ The Network Element which is transmitting an errored signal, is informed about the bit errors by
receiving Remote Error Indications (REI)
• MS-REI: M1-Byte inside MSOH contains the number of erroneous blocks detected in B2
• LP-REI: V5-Byte (Bit 5) of LO-POH: there is the indication if BIP2 errors are detected (<>0)
¾ The transmitting Network Element is informed about the alarms by receiving Remote Defect
Indications (RDI)
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9.8 Tandem Connections
9.8.1 Why Tandem Connections
VCn-Path
Path Path
Source Sink
Domain 1 Domain 2
[total biterrors] Inter Domain
Link
¾ In transmission networks it is normal that signals are transported over multiple domains managed by
different network operators
¾ The signal is entering the network at the Path Source (SDH POH is added) and leaves the network at the
Path Sink (SDH POH is terminated)
¾ Statistic models assume that within each domain and inter-domain link equally distributed bit errors are
inserted into the signal
¾ Problem:
• It is not possible to check the performance of domain1 and domain 2 or the link between the two
domains
• Usage of the Performance Monitoring counters on path basis would indicate only the overall bit
errors without any hint where and how many bit errors are introduced
¾ Solution:
• Tandem Connection Monitoring is the solution for this problem
• The TCM standards were approved by the ITU-T in 2000 (G.783), in 1996 (G.707)
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9.8.2 Function of Tandem Connections
VCn-Path
TC 1 TC 12 TC 2
Path Path
Source Sink
Domain 1 Domain 2
Inter Domain
Link
so sk so sk so sk
[total biterrors]
so: source
sk: sink
¾ The complete VCn path is virtually split into fragments, where an independent monitor considers only effects
on this fragment.
Tandem Connection (TC) monitors the performance (bit errors and alarms) on a configurable fragment of
the path.
¾ TCs are independent from each other. Each operator can decide where and when to use a TC.
¾ Full PM is supported
¾ In the example above the operator created three Tandem Connections for supervising the performance of
the signal in a specific domain
• TC1 counts only bit errors that have been added in Domain1.
• TC12 counts only bit errors that have been added on the Inter Domain Link
• TC2 counts only bit errors that have been added in Domain2.
• The function TC12 sk (sink) is created before matrix, therefore this TC is called “TC Before Matrix”,
“Ingressing TC”or “TCT RX” .
This TC supervises a domain external signal arriving at the domain ingress (e.g. a inter domain link)
• The functions TC1 sk and TC2 sk are created behind matrix, therefore they are called “TC After
Matrix”, “Egressing TC” or “TCT TX”.
This type of TCs allow to supervise a domain internal signal shortly before the domain egress.
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9.8.3 Overhead Bytes used for Tandem Connections
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2 Payload
H4
N1 used for TCs F3
K3
N1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
¾ Existing path is not affected by the TC, which is transparent for the path layer
¾ For a working TC it´s necessary that the start and end point exchanges management information in a
bidirectional way. Therefore TC uses a part of the already existing Path Overhead (POH)
¾ For the VC4 or the VC3 path the N1 byte is used (see figure above), for the VC12 path the N2 byte of
the VC12 multiframe is used
¾ Every modification of the N1 byte has to be compensated so that no BIP failure occurs because of this
modification
¾ N1byte:
• Bit 1 - 4 contains number of errors in the signal before the TC starts (range=0-8) calculated
via 8 bits of BIP8 (B3 byte)
• Bit 5: Remote Error Indication (REI) is used to indicate block errors to the TC-source,
necessary for Far End PM
• Bit 6: Outgoing Error Indication (OEI) necessary for counting of outgoing Far End PM data
• Bit 7 - 8 contains several information in a multi frame (consisting of 76 frames)
— FAS Frame Alignment Signal
— TC-TI Tandem Connection - Trail Identification
— TC-RDI Tandem Connection- Remote Defect Indication
— ODI Outgoing Defect Indication
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9.8.4 Tandem Connection Termination: TCT
BBE = 6
BBE = 2 N1 = 2
N1:=2 NE_BBE := 6 - 2 =4
SPI SPI
Path RST RST
MST MST
MSA MSA
N1=0 N1=0
NE 1 NE x
Domain 1
¾ Example:
In NE 1 and NE x of Domain 1 a “TC after Matrix” is configured, to find out how many bit errors
happened inside Domain 1 on the VC-4 path
• TC Source of NE 1 calculates arriving bit errors (BBE = 2) and inserts the number into Bit1-4 of
the N1 byte
• TC Sink of NE x calculates the current bit errors: 2+4=6 of the signal (using BIP). These are
called “outgoing bit errors” because they’re in the outgoing signal of the TC Sink
• TC Sink of NE x calculates the bit errors on TC segment: (bit errors detected) - (N1 value);
NE_BBE: 6 - 2 =4
¾ As for the path we have signaling information to do Far End PM on bidirectional TCs:
• NE_BBE sent in backward direction as REI (Remote Error Indication)
• Alarms on the TC Segment sent in backward direction as RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
¾ Outside an TC the N1 byte is set to 0 to indicate that no TC is created on this path segment
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9.8.5 Tandem Connection Monitoring: TCM
TC SPI SPI
RST RST
MST MST
MSA MSA
Path
¾ Additional to the Tandem Connection Termination (Source and Sink function) a Monitor function
can be used for:
• TCM before Matrix (TCm RX) to supervise for example the TC of a inter domain link
• TCM after Matrix (TCm TX) to supervise for example the TC of a domain
• Creation of TC terminations without failures. The following creation rules have to be fulfilled:
— NO “Nesting” allowed
— NO “Overlapping” allowed
— “Cascading” is allowed
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W
W
W 2
W W
W
2
P P P P
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10.1.1 EPS 1+1
Equipment 1
Equipment 2
¾ The 1+1 EPS protection type means that one working equipment is protected by one redundant
equivalent.
¾ The EPS mechanism ensures that transmission is continued and the faulty equipment can be exchanged
should equipment failure occur.
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10.1.2 EPS 1:N
Equipment 1
Line 1
Equipment 2
Line 2
Equipment N
Line N
Equipment P
¾ The 1:N EPS protection type means that N working pieces of equipment are protected by just 1
protecting equivalent.
¾ During normal operation without equipment failure the protecting equipment is inactive.
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10.2 Network Protection
10.2.1 Protection Mechanisms against Network Faults
Protection Protection
Item to be protected
architecture mechanism
SNCP/I
Section
¾ The protection mechanisms are defined by ETSI and ITU-T at section or path level.
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10.2.2 Sub Network Connection Protection: SNCP
Sub Network
selection broadcast
VC-n VC-n
broadcast selection
Sub Network
¾ SNCP: Sub Network Connection Protection is performed on the path (VC-n) level
¾ Signal is broadcasted on the working and protecting path, and selected upon reception.
¾ 2 operating modes:
• revertive: traffic is switched back to the working channel when the fault has
disappeared, once the wait-to-restore time (5 to 12 minutes)
has elapsed.
• non revertive: no switch back.
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10.2.2.1 SNCP: switch criteria
Sub Network
Sub Network
SNCP-I: SNCP-N:
LOS LOS
LOF LOF
LOP LOP
AU-/TU-AIS AU-/TU-AIS
HP-/LP-UNEQ
HP-/LP-E-BER
HP-/LP-DEG
HP-/LP-TIM
B3-/BIP-2-SD
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10.2.3 Section Protection on a Linear Network: MSP
NE A Multiplex Section NE B
Working
TX RX 1+1 protection
Protecting
TX Working
X RX
Protecting
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¾ Protection strategies
¾ Switching criteria:
• MS-AIS
• LOS
• LOF
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10.2.3.1 MSP 1+1
broadcast selection
TX Line A RX
Multiplex section
RX Line B TX
selection broadcast
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10.2.3.2 MSP 1:1
TX RX
TX RX
High priority line
RX RX TX TX
Multiplex section
TX RX
TX RX
extra traffic Low priority line extra traffic
RX RX TX TX
¾ When the protected/working line operates normally, the protecting line may be used for “extra traffic”:
low priority line
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10.2.4 Section Protection on a Ring Network: MS-SPRING (2 fiber)
Node D Node C
Section overhead
Normal traffic channels
Detailed view of the ring Protection channels
Section overhead
Normal traffic channels
STM-16 fiber:
Protection channels
Normal channel: AU4 #1-8
Protection channel: AU4 #9-16
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¾ Protection called MS-SPRING: Multiplex Section Shared Protection in a Ring it enables a larger flow of
traffic to be processed than with other resources
¾ Shared Protection: protection architecture in which m protection entities are shared between n traffic
entities (m:n).
Protection entities may be used to transport additional traffic.
¾ The ring protection switching protocol is performed by the K1 and K2 bytes in the protection channels
MSOH.
¾ Two types of ring with MS-SPRING: 2-fiber ring and 4-fiber ring for STM-16 fiber
Failure
1 2 3
6 5 4
¾ BRIDGE: sends the traffic of the working channel additionally to the opposite port via the protecting
channel (broadcast function)
¾ SWITCH: uses for receiving traffic the protecting channels of the opposite port
(selection function)
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10.2.5 Span Protection on a Ring Network: MS-SPRING (4 fiber)
Node D Node C
Transmission direction
Node A Node B
Section overhead
Normal traffic channels
Section overhead
Detailed view of the ring Protection channels
Section overhead
Normal traffic channels
Section overhead
Protection channels
¾ The normal and the protection channels are materialized on different fibers.
¾ Four-fiber rings enable ring switching for protection purposes, as well as span switching, but not both
simultaneously.
¾ 4f-MS-SPRING supports:
• span switching
• ring switching
¾ A fault condition present only on the working link determines a SPAN PROTECTION:
High Priority traffic is restored by switching to the protection channels of the same span.
¾ A fault condition present on both working and protection links determines a RING
PROTECTION:
The High Priority traffic travelling the failed span is restored by switching to the protection channels
travelling in the opposite direction (away from the failure).
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10.2.5.1 Four fiber MS-SPRING: failure study
Failure
1 2 3
6 5 4
¾ SPAN switching: the protection channels of the affected span are used to carry the working channels.
The corresponding low priority connections (protection channel) crossing the span are preempted (AU-
AIS insertion on LP paths).
¾ When the working channel operates normally, the protecting channel may be used for “extra traffic”:
low priority line / traffic
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10.3 Network Restoration
Failure
VC-n
A B C
VC-n
D
F E
Failure
VC-n
A B C
VC-n
D
F E
DXC
any NE
¾ DXC supports together with SDH Network Manager a restorable network providing:
• Path restoration on VC-n level
• MSP and SNCP
• SNCP protection and restoration combined
¾ All the VC-n connections of the network are configured and supervised by the SDH Network Manager.
With its knowledge about the routes and bearers of the network as well as of the current
interconnections it can recalculate alternative routings for possible network failures.
¾ In case of a failure, reported from one (or several) DXC, the SDH Network Manager analyses the
location of the failure and initiates the relevant restoration scenario:
• Working circuit path: ABCD
• Failure on section: BC
• NMS decides optimum routing: e.g. AFECD
• The recalculated cross connection commands are sent to the relevant DXC which immediately
performs them.
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11 Network Synchronization
11.1 Synchronization Distribution
PRC
¾ The synchronization networks architecture must accept faults (path cutoffs, equipment failures) providing
auxiliary paths and spare clock systems.
¾ A synchronization plan must be set up to ensure that synchronous NEs in a network really run
synchronously. This plan indicates the way each NE is synchronized.
¾ Strictly forbidden are synchronization loops: i.e. an NE receives a sync signal it has generated, via a
sequence of slave clocks.
¾ Master-Slave synchronization:
• The PRC provides synchronization to the first node hierarchical level
• These nodes provide synchronization to the next hierarchical level
• Stability and precision level defined for each level, 4 levels maximum
¾ The PRC is doubled (tripled in some countries) on different sites (for safety), one acting as the master
and the others as slaves.
¾ Degradation of the PRC due to the justification during multiplexing of a higher-order signal (jitter).
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11.2 Clock types and distribution in the Network
1 60
1 10
PRC SEC SEC SSU SEC SEC SEC SSU SEC SEC SEC SEC
1 20
¾ The PRC provides the best clock accuracy, which decreases via the SSU up to the SEC
¾ The SSUs are located at strategic nodes: they are designed to filter the accumulated jitter and wander
and have good stability in holdover mode.
¾ Holdover Mode: If the NE looses its reference clock, it enters the Holdover Mode to provide
synchronization at the last average of the phase locked frequency
¾ Free running Mode: The NE operates at the frequency of its own generator/oscillator without
any timing reference
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11.3 Synchronization Diagram
PRC PRC
PRC level
SSU SSU
SSU SSU
SSU
SSU level SSU
SSU SSU
SEC level
NE
MSP
NE containing SSU
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¾ The lines of the SSU level represent the synchronization links carried by the STM-N signals.
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11.4 Synchronous Equipment Timing
optional
SSU
Squelch
Selector Selector
T4
A C
reference Squelch
inputs T1
T2 Selector
SETG T0
T3 B
Oscillator
¾ Depending on specific NE more reference inputs (T1, T2, T3) are possible.
• T0 SDH equipment internal clock
• T1 2 MHz signal derived from an STM-N port (SDH) synchronization
• T2 2 MHz signal derived from a 2 Mbit/s port (PDH) source,
• T3 2 MHz signal of external clock reference inputs
(coming from: separate clock network / SSU / PRC)
• T4 Sync output of an SDH equipment, clock signal send to another NE
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11.5 Synchronization Signals: Quality and Priority
NE A
T1A NE B
S1:SEC S1:PRC T1
Quality Priority *
S1:PRC S1:Don‘t use
S1:PRC T1B T1A S1-Byte 1 (highest)
*
S1:Don‘t use T1B S1-Byte 2 * T2 SEC
S1:PRC T1C
T1C S1-Byte 3
S1:PRC T2 SSU 4
S1:PRC T1
PDH: 2 Mbit/s T2 T3 PRC 5 NE C
S1:PRC
internal SEC 0 (lowest)
2 MHz signal, T3 T1 *
external clock (PRC) SEC
SEC
¾ Selection criteria:
• SSM indicates quality level (QL) of each T1 reference.
• priority table: each reference input is given a certain priority (by operator)
¾ If the SSM (Synchronization Status Message) is not managed, only the priority table is taken into account
and the transmitted qualities have QL6: not to be used for synchronization.
¾ Quality Levels:
S1-byte Clock
• QL2: 0000 --- Æ Quality unknown (invalid)
• QL1: 0010 PRC Æ STM-N signals with a G.811 source
• QL3: 0100 SSU-Transit Æ STM-N signals with a G.812T source
• QL4: 1000 SSU-Local Æ STM-N signals with a G.812L source
• QL5: 1011 SEC Æ STM-N signals with a G.813 source
• QL6: 1111 --- Æ Not to be used for synchronization
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11.6 Linear Networks without SSM
W E W E W E
Without faults
W E W E W E
Correct
W E W E W E
Incorrect
Sync loop
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¾ Incorrect NE configuration:
T1 from W, priority 1
T1 from E, priority 2 : Sync-loops in case of failure
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11.7 Linear Networks with SSM
1 1 1 1 1
E E E E E
PRC 1111 SEC SEC SEC SSU
W 2 W 2 W 2 W 2 W 2
E E E E E
PRC 1111 SEC 1111 SEC 1111 SEC 1111 1111 SSU
W W W W W
3 3 3 3 3
E E E E E
PRC 1111 PRC 1111 SEC 1111 SEC SSU 1111 SSU
W 4 W 4 W 4 W 4 W 4
T1 from E 2 S1-Byte
T1 from E 2 S1-Byte
4 T1 from W 1 S1-Byte
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12 Optical Interfaces
12.1 Classification of Optical Interfaces
Inter-station
Intra-
Application
station Joint
Short-haul Long-haul
Engineering
Rated source
1310 1310 1550 1310 1550 1550
wavelength (nm)
¾ If these categories are inadequate, Inter-station Joint Engineering (JE) shall be used: distances
of approximately 90 km with 1550 nm
¾ The distances are used for classification and NOT specification purposes.
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12.2 Laser Safety
Laser classifications complying with IEC 69825-2
Board Application Code Hazard Level Laser Classification
complying with ITU-T REC. G.957 complying with IEC 60825-2 complying with IEC 60825-1
Hazard level limits for single mode fibers with 11 µm mode field diameter
Wavelength Hazard Level 1 Hazard Level 3A
1310 nm 8.85 mW (+9.5 dBm) 24 mW (+13.8 dBm)
1550 nm 10 mW (+10 dBm) 50 mW (+17 dBm)
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¾ They might be different from laser classifications complying with IEC 60825-1:
The reason is that hazard levels are assigned under consideration of reasonable events whereas laser
classification is made under consideration of one single fault.
¾ The optical transmitters and amplifiers used in the system emit optical power in the invisible infra-red
spectrum range. Under normal operating conditions, the optical power is transferred in the fibers and is
not accessible. The hazard levels of optical transmitters and optical amplifiers in the system are classified
according to IEC 60825-1, without optical fibers connected to the output and taking one single
component failure into account.
¾ X dBm = 10 x/10 mW
0 dBm = 1 mW
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12.3 Automatic Laser Shutdown: ALS
NE 1 NE 2
Port A LOS 1 Port B
Cutoff
Laser1
A.L.S. A.L.S.
command command
Laser2
LOS 2
¾ A cut-off which triggers a Loss of Signal (LOS) causes the laser in the opposite direction to be turned off
automatically.
¾ Timing:
1. cut-off
2. LOS 1 (detected in NE2)
3. ALS (command sent to Laser2 in NE2)
4. LOS 2 (detected in NE1)
5. ALS (command sent to Laser1 in NE1)
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12.4 Laser operation actions
operation for
(2 ± 0.25) s
Automatic
(60-300)s
Laser in
Timeout
Restart
Yes
No
Automatic laser shutdown
Loss of transmitted
normal operation
Signal received
ALS in service
operation for
(2 ± 0.25) s
Section in
signal for
Laser in
Manual
restart
Start
No
Yes
Manual restart
operation for
(90 ± 10) s
for testing
Laser in
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13 List of abbreviations
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13 List of abbreviations (continuation)
ES Electrical Section
ESR Error Second Ratio
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
ETX Electrical Transmit
ID IDentifier
INC INCrement
IP Internet Protocol
ISO International Standards Organization
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication sector
JE Joint Engineering
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13 List of abbreviations (continuation)
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LC Link Connection
LED Light Emitting Diode
LO Lower Order
LOF Loss Of Frame
LOM Loss Of Multiframe
LOP Loss Of Pointer
LOP Low Order Path
LOPA Low Order Path Adaptation
LOPT Low Order Path Termination
LOS Loss Of Signal
LOVC Lower Order Virtual Container
LP Lower order Path
LPA Lower order Path Adaptation
LPC Lower order Path Connection
LPOM Lower order Path Overhead Monitor
LPP Lower order Path Protection
LPT Lower order Path Termination
LSUT Lower order path Supervisory Unequipped Termination
LTCA
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NA Not Applicable
NC Network Connection
NDF New Data Flag
NE Network Element
NPI Null Pointer Indication
NRZ Non Return to Zero (optical signal, G.783)
NSAP Network Service Access Point
NU National Use
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13 List of abbreviations (continuation)
OAB Optical Amplifier Board
OAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning
OAM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
OFS Out of Frame Second
OOF Out Of Frame
ORX Optical Receiver
OS Operation System
OSn Optical Section layer, level n (n=1, 4, 16, 64)
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
OTx Optical Transmit
OW Order Wire
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13 List of abbreviations (continuation)
RSn Regenerator Section layer, level n (n=1, 4, 16, 64)
RSOH Regenerator Section OverHead
RST Regenerator Section Termination
RxSL Received Signal Label
RxTI Received Trace Identifier
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Appendix A1 Management Hierarchy
CT CT CT CT CT ECT
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Appendix A2 SDH-SONET Compatibility
SDH SONET
4 x 9 bytes
STS-12 622.08 Mbit/s
STM-4
resp.
STS-12
3 x 3 bytes
9 bytes
Same frame structure STS-3
155.52 Mbit/s
STM-1
synchronous
Plesiochronous origin
Plesiochronous origin signals
(European standard) signals
(US standard)
¾ Low-or medium-rate systems using radio or satellite technologies in the SDH hierarchy have not been
designed to use STM-1 signals:
They operate with a 51.840 Mbit/s binary rate: STM-0
STS-9 466.560
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Appendix A2 SDH-SONET Compatibility (continuation)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X A1 A2 C1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 C1 C1 C1
B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 X X RSOH B1 E1 F1 B1 B1 B1 E1 E1 E1 F1 F1 F1 SOH
D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3
AU-4 Pointer H1 H2 H3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 Pointer
9 rows
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 B2 K1 K2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K1 K1 K2 K2 K2
D4 D5 D6 D4 D5 D6 D4 D4 D4 D5 D5 D5 D6 D6 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH D7 D8 D9 D7 D7 D7 D8 D8 D8 D9 D9 D9 Line
OH
D10 D11 D12 D10D11 D12 D10 D10 D10 D11 D11 D11 D12 D12 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X Z1 Z2 E2 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 E2
#1
#2 STS-1
#3
Section overhead : byte assignment
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Appendix A3 STM-0 Interface at 51.840 Mbit/s, Frame Structure
1 90
1 A1 A2 C1 STM-0 Frame
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
VC-3
J1
H1 H2 H3
B3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6 C2
G1
fixed stuff
fixed stuff
D7 D8 D9
D10D11 D12 F2
9 S1 M1 E2 H4
F3
K3
N1
29 30 31 58 59 60
VC-3 POH
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Appendix B1
Ring Networks
without SSM 6 5 4
No fault 1 2 3
Switch to holdover mode
Path fault
Correct 6 5 4
1 2 3
Sync loop
Incorrect 6 5 4
1 2 3
Switch to holdover mode
Reference fault
6 5 4
Correct
holdover
1 2 3
Sync loop
6 5 4
Incorrect
¾ Correct / No fault
• NE1 configuration: T3 (from PRC), priority 1
no second reference
• NE other configuration: T1 from W, priority 1
no second reference
¾ Incorrect
• NE1 configuration: T3 (from PRC), priority 1
T1 from E, priority 2
• NE other configuration: T1 from W, priority 1
T1 from E, priority 2: sync loops in case of line failure
or PRC failure
¾ No SSU available
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PRC E W PRC E W PRC E W
Appendix B2
Ring Networks PRC 6 "1111" 5 "1111" 4
PRC
with SSM phase 1
"1111" "1111"
W E PRC W E PRC W E
1 2 3
PRC PRC SEC
holdover
PRC 6 "1111" 5 "1111" 4
phase 2 PRC
"1111" "1111"
1 PRC 2 PRC 3
1 PRC 2 PRC 3
1 PRC 2 PRC 3
¾ No SSU available
1 T3 (PCR) 1 PCR
T1 from E 2 S1-Byte
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Appendix C1 Example of Layering in RM Systems
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Appendix C2 Functional Model G.805
G.702 G.702
path link path link
connection G.702 path link connection connection
IOSA LOPA LOPA IOSA
AP LOP trail AP
intra-office intra-office
section trail LOPSN LOPSN section trail
LOPT LOP link LOPT
IOST connection IOST
TCP connection LOP link connection TCP
TCP TCP
G.703 G.703
interface HOPA HOPA HOPA HOPA interface
HOP trail HOP trail HOPSN
AP AP AP AP
HOPT HOP link HOPT HOP link HOPSN HOP link HOPT
HOPT
connection connection connection connection
TCP TCP TCP TCP
SA STM-N SA SA STM-N SA SA STM-N SA
AP section trail section trail section trail AP
AP AP AP AP
ST ST ST ST ST ST
STM-N section STM-N section STM-N section
TCP link connection TCP TCP link connection TCP TCP link connection TCP
AP Access Point LOP Lower-order path e.g. VC-12 HOP Higher-order path e.g. VC-4
CP Connection Point LOPA Lower-order path adaptation HOPA Higher-order path adaptation
TCP Termination Connection Point LOPT Lower-order path termination HOPT Higher-order path termination
IOST Intra-Office section termination LOPSN Lower-order path sub-network HOPSN Higher-order path sub-network
IOSA Intra-Office section adaptation SA STM-N section adaptation
ST STM-N section termination
Application of the functional architecture of the case of PDH supported on SDH
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SDH Technique SDH
TSF TSF
SmD/Sm SmD/Sm TSD TSD
SmD_AP SmDm Sm Sm Smm Sms Sms
SmD SmD TSF Sm_RI Sm_RI
SD
Sm_RI
Sm
TSF TSF
SnD/Sn SnD/Sn TSD TSD
SnD_AP SnDm Sn Sn Snm Sns SnS
SnD SnD TSF Sn_RI Sn_RI
SD
Sn_RI
Sn
MSn MSn
MSn_RI
MSn
RSn RSn
RSn
OSn ESl
OSn_CP ESl_CP
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Appendix D ITU-T recommendations
G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
G.653 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber cable
G.654 Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fiber cable
G.702 Digital hierarchy bit rates
G.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces
G.707 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy bit rates
G.783 Characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy multiplexing equipment
G.805 Generic functional architecture of transport networks
G.811 Timing characteristics of primary reference clocks
G.812 Timing requirements of slave clocks suitable for use as node clocks in
synchronization networks
G.813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks (SEC)
G.826 Error performance parameters and objectives for international, constant bit
rate digital paths at or above the primary rate (Performance Monitoring)
G.957 Optical interfaces for equipment and systems relating to the
synchronous digital hierarchy
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Appendix E Alarm scheme
SPI RST MST MSA HPOM/HSUT HPC HPT HPA LPOM/LSUT LPC LPT LPA
(no system clock) SSF Detection
Generation
LOS "1" Insertion of all ones (AIS) Signal
LOF "1" AU Administration Unit
DS Degraded Signal
HOVC Higher Order Virtual Container
RS-BIP Error (B1) HP Higher Order Path
HPA Higher Order Path Adaption
Regenerated signal ”1" SSF HPC Higher Order Path Connection
passed through "1" HPOM Higher Order Path Overhead
(K2) MS-AIS Monitor
(B2) MS-Exc.. Error HPT Higher Order Path Termination
HSUT Higher Order Supervisory
(B2) MS-DS Unequipped Generator
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