Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Group 3
Amr Tarek
Mahmoud Abuzaid
Moetaz Saeed
Omar Ossama
Yasser Ashour
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Abstract
The aim of this report is to discuss, study, and analyze two quantitative experiments which are,
relative density, or API gravity of crude petroleum, and the other experiment is testing the dynamic
viscosity. The first experiment mainly aims to determine the relative density of crude oil and con-
densate samples, then to calculate the specific gravity in order to get the API, while the second test
measures the kinematic viscosity, then kinematic viscosity is multiplied by the density value from
experiment one to get the dynamic viscosity. Experimental work is based on the lab manual pro-
cedures for both tests. Also the report discusses some theoretical topics about the viscosity, API,
and density of crude oil. The obtained results for test 1 have shown that the highest recorded value
of API was for sample 4 (75% condensate -25% crude) which was 38.17, its density was 833.96
kg/m3, specific gravity was 0.833 and lowest recorded API was for sample 2 which contained
(25% condensate -75 % crude). For the 2nd experiment the dynamic viscosity is determined with
respect to its temperature then the kinematic viscosity is calculated at different temperatures which
are then plotted on excel graph (kinematic viscosity vs. temperature).
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Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i
1.Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 20
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List of Figures
Figure 1 petroleum oils ................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 2 Typical values obtained from producer's data sheets ..................................................................... 9
Figure 3 dynamic viscosity ........................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 pycnometer 50ml with capillary ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 pycnometer Samples in water bath ............................................................................................... 10
Figure 6 Viscometer controlled through pc ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 7 Kinematic viscosity vs Temperature ............................................................................................ 15
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List of Tables
Table 1 Density, Specific gravity & API values ........................................................................... 13
Table 2 Results for Dynamic viscosity & kinematic viscosity at different temperatures ............. 13
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1. Introduction
1.1 Density
The mass of a substance is its mass per unit volume, or more accurately, its volumetric mass
volume. The most frequently used symbol in density is μ (Greek letter rho in the lower case), but
Latin letter D may also be used. Density is defined mathematically as mass by volume.
The density is where·, the mass is m and the bulk is V. In some cases, its weight per unit volume
is loosely defined as density, although scientifically incorrect–more specifically, this amount is
referenced as a specific weight. The density is equal to its mass concentration for a pure substance.
During flourishing, purity, and packaging, different materials are usually of different levels, and
densities can be relevant. The densest known compounds are osmium and iridium, but some chem-
ical compounds may be denser under standard conditions for temperature or pressure. In order to
facilitate the comparisons of density between different unit systems, "relative density" or "specific
gravity," i.e. the ratio of density of a material to standard, usually water, are sometimes substituted
for dimensional quantities. A relatively low density means the substance floats in water. The ma-
terial density depends on temperature and pressure. For solids and liquids this is typically smaller,
but for gasses much bigger. Increasing the pressure on an object reduces the object's volume and
thus increases its density. By increasing a substance's temperature (with a few exceptions), its
density decreases by increasing its volume. The heating of the floor of a flow in most materials
leads to heat being conveyed from the ground to the top due to a decrease in the heated liquid
density. In comparison with denser unheated material, it is thus increased. The reciprocal density
is sometimes referred to as a certain volume, a term used in thermodynamics. Density is an inten-
sive property because increasing a substance's density does not increase it; rather it increases its
mass. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
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1.2 Specific gravity
Specific seriousness is the density ratio of the substance to that of the reference substance; the
ratio of the material mass to the reference substance mass is equivalent, for the same volume.
Specific gravity. Apparently specific gravity means the relation between the weight of the sub-
stance by volume and the weight of the reference substance by equal volume. The liquid's referral
material is almost always water at its densest (4 ° C or 39.2 ° F); it is air at room temperature (20
° C or 68 ° F) with regard to gasses. However, for sample and reference, both the temperature and
the pressure have to be specified. Almost always pressure is 1 atm (101.325 kPa). (D.E.Briggs,
1995)
As a density ratio, a particular gravity is a dimensionless quantity. The cause of the particular
seriousness is that the USA and Metric Systems are globally coherent, because different density
units such as pounds per cubic feet, gras per cubic centimeter, and so on may be used. Specific
gravitation varies with temperature and pressure. The benchmark and sample must be compared
with the same temperature and pressure. The water is neutrally flourishing in compounds with a
specific gravity of 1. Those with SG above 1 are denser than water and will sink into it without
considering the surface tension effects. Those with an SG of less than 1 are less dense and float on
it than water. The relationship between mass and volume is generally expressed in scientific work
directly with regard to the density (mass per unit volume) of the studied substance. Specific grav-
ity, often for historic reasons, is common in industry. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
The apparent specific weight of sample and water in the air is simply that ratio:
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Where WA, sample represents the weight of the air - measured sample and WA, H2O is the air -
measured water weight. It can be shown that true special gravity from various properties can be
calculated:
Where g is local acceleration, the sample volume is V and water volume (both equal), the sample
density is ̈sample, the water density is ̈H2O and the vacuum weight is WV. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
1.3 Pycnometer
In a number of different ways, a specific gravity can be measured. This is an instructive illus-
tration of the use of the pycnometer. A pycnometer is simply a bottle which can be precisely filled
to a certain volume V but which is not necessarily known precisely. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
Where mb is the bottle mass and g the gravity speed at the place where measurements are
made. ̈a is an air density at ambient pressure and ̈b is the material density of which the bottle is
made (normally in glass) in order to displace the weight of the air in the glass of a bottle whose
weight is supposed to be subtracted from the Archimedes Principle. The flask is filled with air, but
the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced by the air that moves an equal
amount of air. The bottle is now filled with the fluid, e.g. pure water. The strength applied to the
balance slice is:
If we subtract from this (or tare the balance prior to the water measurement) the strength measured
on the empty bottle we get. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
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If n indicates that this force is net of the empty bottle strength of subscript n. The bottle is now
emptied, dried thoroughly and sampled. The strength of the net is now:
Where μs are the sample density. The sample / water strength ratio is:
The true specific gravity of ̈s / ̈w gives a relation between apparent and real particular gravity,
further manipulation and ultimately substitution of the SGV.
We will have measured weights in the usual case and we want the real special seriousness. This
is from This
Since dry air density at 101,325 kPa at 20 ° C is 0,001205 g / cm3 with water density 0,998203
g / cm3, for a substance of specific gravity (20 ° C/20 ° C) of about 1,100, the difference between
true and apparent special gravity is approximately 0,000120. The correction is even less when the
specific gravity of the sample is close to that of water. (D.E.Briggs, 1995)
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1.4 API gravity
Gravity of the American Petroleum Institute is the measure of whether a petroleum fluid is
heavy or light in relation with water: it is lighter and floats on the water if its APIs are greater than
10; it is heavier and sinks if it is less than 10. The gravity of the API is thus the opposite measure
of the density of a petroleum liquid compared to that of water. It is used to compare oil liquid
densities. For instance, if one oil liquid is less dense than another, its API gravity is higher. Alt-
hough mathematically, the API gravity is a dimensionless amount, it is called' degrees.' Gravity of
the API on a hydrometer instrument is graduated in grades. The API values are between 10 and 70
degrees in most petroleum liquids. (Paul, 2015)
Inversely, its API gravity value can derive the specific gravity of oil liquids as
Using API gravity to calculate barrels of crude oil per metric ton
Crude oil is frequently measured in metric tons in the oil industry. On the basis of its API grav-
ity, you can calculate the estimated barrel count per metric ton for a particular crude oil:
(Paul, 2015)
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1.5 Crude oil
Crude Oil extricated from the ground in its common unrefined form changes significantly in
its density and consistency. From a really lean and volatile fluid to a thick, semi-solid over-
whelming weight oil. Moreover, the color of Crude Oil extricated can extend significantly, from a
light brilliant yellow to a profound dim dark. (Amellia, 2018)
Low volatility as well as higher viscosity value than that of the light oils. This leads to a high value
of toxicity and an environmental impact during cleanups.
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Crude Oils with the most viscous value and least volatile as well as the most toxic. (Amellia, 2018)
The percentages for the hydrocarbons vary greatly depending on their region. These hydrocarbons
form the typically present for petroleum due to the following percentages:
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Asphaltics making up the remainder.
The crude oil defined properties vary due to petroleum composition. (Amellia, 2018)
The following tables identifies crude oils and their kinematic viscosity values and °API.
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Figure 2 Typical values obtained from producer's data sheets
Factors affecting viscosity:
The factors and the principal that affect the viscosity are as the following:
Pressure
Temperature
Dissolved gas
Oil composition
Shearing stress between the layers of a non-turbulent fluid moving in straight parallel lines
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2. Materials & apparatus
Experiment 1 apparatus:
pycnometer Bottles
Crude oil
Condensate oil
Water bath
Thermometer
Mass balance Figure 4 pycnometer 50ml
with capillary
Stop watch
Experiment 2 apparatus:
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3. Methods & Procedures
The experiment method done during the lab is as follows:
For the determination of the density of crudes oil samples 1st experiment:
For the determination of the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of crude oil sample 2nd experiment:
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7. Allow the sample in viscometer bath to reach test temperature and record this time.
8. Record and observe the viscosity of crude oil sample.
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1. Experimental Results
For the 1st experiment which was knowing the density, specific gravity and API for different per-
centages of crude oil.
The results conducted during the lab has shown that sample 4 has the highest API recorded and
sample 2 has lowest recorded API.
For the 2nd Experiment which was measuring the dynamic viscosity for crude oil at different tem-
peratures then calculating the dynamic viscosity for the crude oil: -
Table 2 Results for Dynamic viscosity & kinematic viscosity at different temperatures
Temp Density
Dynamic Viscosity [Pas/s]
(°C) [Kg/m3] Kinematic Viscosity[m2/s]
25.64 56.19479 979.482 0.057371948
26.51 56.19439 979.482 0.057371539
27.36 56.19439 979.482 0.057371539
28.34 56.192 979.482 0.057369099
29.73 56.1938 979.482 0.057370937
31.37 56.1935 979.482 0.057370631
33.24 56.19341 979.482 0.057370539
35.12 56.19321 979.482 0.057370335
39.42 56.19321 979.482 0.057370335
39.66 56.1931 979.482 0.057370222
41.23 56.1928 979.482 0.057369916
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42.22 56.1927 979.482 0.057369814
43.79 56.19241 979.482 0.057369518
45.57 56.19221 979.482 0.057369314
47.58 56.19202 979.482 0.05736912
49.29 56.19202 979.482 0.05736912
51.08 56.19191 979.482 0.057369007
52.87 56.19141 979.482 0.057368497
54.35 56.19052 979.482 0.057367588
55.82 56.19052 979.482 0.057367588
56.73 56.19052 979.482 0.057367588
57.5 56.19032 979.482 0.057367384
58.85 56.19032 979.482 0.057367384
59.84 56.19022 979.482 0.057367282
60.8 56.19013 979.482 0.05736719
61.83 56.19013 979.482 0.05736719
62.73 56.19013 979.482 0.05736719
63.72 56.18963 979.482 0.05736668
64.44 56.18923 979.482 0.057366271
65.1 56.18893 979.482 0.057365965
65.91 56.18884 979.482 0.057365873
66.64 56.18864 979.482 0.057365669
67.31 56.18864 979.482 0.057365669
68.17 56.18854 979.482 0.057365567
69 56.18675 979.482 0.057363739
69.68 56.18625 979.482 0.057363229
70.39 56.18586 979.482 0.057362831
71.13 56.18527 979.482 0.057362228
71.75 56.18517 979.482 0.057362126
72.28 56.18517 979.482 0.057362126
72.86 56.18477 979.482 0.057361718
73.39 56.18477 979.482 0.057361718
73.97 56.18466 979.482 0.057361605
74.49 56.18388 979.482 0.057360809
74.93 56.18347 979.482 0.05736039
75.46 56.18307 979.482 0.057359982
75.92 56.18298 979.482 0.05735989
76.32 56.18198 979.482 0.057358869
76.67 56.18139 979.482 0.057358267
77.14 56.18019 979.482 0.057357042
77.52 56.1794 979.482 0.057356235
77.93 56.17861 979.482 0.057355429
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78.28 56.1774 979.482 0.057354193
78.69 56.1766 979.482 0.057353377
79.07 56.17531 979.482 0.05735206
79.45 56.17402 979.482 0.057350743
79.8 56.17243 979.482 0.057349119
80.07 56.16944 979.482 0.057346067
80.31 56.16635 979.482 0.057342912
80.65 56.16257 979.482 0.057339053
81.09 56.15868 979.482 0.057335081
81.3 56.14873 979.482 0.057324923
81.54 56.13975 979.482 0.057315755
81.85 56.13498 979.482 0.057310885
82.21 56.1302 979.482 0.057306005
82.44 56.12562 979.482 0.057301329
82.8 56.12302 979.482 0.057298674
83.19 56.12203 979.482 0.057297663
83.37 56.12182 979.482 0.057297449
83.72 56.12143 979.482 0.057297051
0.05737
0.05736
KINEMTIC VISCOSITY (M2/S)
0.05735
0.05734
0.05733
0.05732
0.05731
0.0573
0.05729
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
TEMPERATURE (°C)
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2. Discussion
For the 1st lab experiment different percentages of crude oil and condensate were tested to find
out their density, specific gravity and their API and to study the relation between them. Four dif-
ferent 50ml pycnometers were measured empty in balance scale and their respective readings were
recorded in grams. Then for the first pycnometer it was filled to 100% crude oil, the second was
filled to 75% crude oil- 25% condensate, 50-50% crude-condensate and lastly 25% crude oil- 75%
condensate. It is then placed at the water bath at 15oC for 15 mins and then weighed. Lastly, the
difference is calculated before and after the weighing. Density and specific volumes were calcu-
lated, and their API values is calculated by the following rule:
141.5
API = 𝑆𝑝 𝑔𝑟 − 131.5
As shown in table 1 found at experimental results section, The API for the sample having 25%
crude and 75% condensate is 38.17 which is the highest recorded value of API among the other
samples. Its density is measured to be 833.96 kg/m3 and its specific gravity is 0.833 which the
lowest values among the other sample. This true for the fact that the sample contains more con-
densate than crude oil which means that there are more lighter hydrocarbons or oil components
than heavy hydrocarbons such that lighter crude means lower density, lower specific gravity and
higher API.
1
API α
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Where, API is directly proportional to the inverse of specific gravity and the higher the API
the lower the specific gravity and vice versa. Also, the lighter the crude oil that has lower spe-
cific gravity and higher API values are more expensive than crude oil having lower API. Know-
ing or measuring API is an important factor for crude oil in order to identify its physical proper-
ties and its value. Moreover, there is an error in sample 2 pycnometer which contained (75%
crude-25% condensate) where it has the lowest API among all the samples. As mentioned before
that the samples containing more crude oil than condensate (more heavy components than light
components) should have a less value of API and higher density and specific gravity, so sample
2 must have a value higher than sample 1 that contains 100% crude oil. The source of error will
be discussed in the sources of error section and also explain how to overcome this kind of error.
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For the 2nd experiment conducted we measured the dynamic viscosity of crude oil at different
temperatures using a viscometer that is set at a constant pressure, and we used the density of the
crude oil that was previously calculated to determine the kinematic viscosity of the crude oil. The
Kinematic viscosity was calculated by dividing dynamic viscosity by the density of the crude oil
as shown in the formula below:
η
𝑉=
𝜌
We can deduce from the Temperature vs Kinematic viscosity graph shown at figure 7 that as
long as the temperature increases, the viscosity of the crude oil decreases gradually. This is true to
the fact of as the molecules’ energy level increasing with the increase of temperature, thus causing
the distance between the molecules to increase furthermore and weaken the intermolecular forces
between particles, which causes a decrease in the fluid’s viscosity.
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3. Sources of Error
Random errors/human errors:
The usage of dirty equipments, such that during the experiment the pycnometer contained
residue from previous experiment that might affect its weight in the balance scale.
Not waiting for the sample to be heated enough or at wrong high temperatures where light
hydrocarbons might escape from the pycnometer causing an error in calculation of API.
Passing the markings of the pycnometer by filling it more than its limits.
Capillary of the pycnometer might be not suited properly not submerged into the sample.
Environment errors:
The changes in ambient temperature by 2 or 3 oC will lead to volume error or will increase
the rate of evaporation
High humidity in the room causing water droplets to form on the sample which can affect
the sample weight in the analytical balance scale.
Instrument Errors:
Samples maybe not properly situated in the electromagnetically spinning sphere viscome-
ter.
The viscometer might not be calibrated (improper calibration or lag time).
A power error which interferes with the power input of the instrument or an improper
power usage.
Physical influence which can be unwanted vibrations on the device.
Leakage on the cylindrical viscometer which can change the pressure readings on the gauge
that cause sudden pressure drop.
Poor maintenance (such as device rubber bearings or screws might be worn out
Using fresh chemicals or tools for the experiment and clean equipment’s.
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Any experimental measurement must be reported in the form (best estimate of measure-
ment ± uncertainty), where the uncertainty of pycnometer bottles is ±0.002, therefore the
weight values should be reported as the Value ±0.002.
Air condition system must be controlled to avoid the raise or decrease of the ambient tem-
perature.
Properly calibrating the device
Fill the markings of the pycnometer until reaching the mark point or line and seeing care-
fully the markings at a correct angle and standing.
Preforming the experiment runs/trials more than once to avoid systematic errors.
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4. Conclusion
All in all, this report achieved its aim which was to discuss, study, and analyze two quantitative
experiments which are; relative density, or API gravity of crude petroleum, and the other experi-
ment is testing the dynamic viscosity. The first experiment mainly aims to determine the relative
density of crude oil and condensate samples, then to calculate the specific gravity in order to get
the API, while the second test measures the kinematic viscosity, then kinematic viscosity is mul-
tiplied by the density value from experiment one to get the dynamic viscosity. Experimental work
is based on the lab manual procedures for both tests. Also, the report discussed some theoretical
topics about the viscosity, API, and density of crude oil. The obtained results for test 1 have shown
that the highest recorded value of API was for sample 4 (75% condensate -25% crude) which was
38.17, its density was 833.96 kg/m3, specific gravity was 0.833 and lowest recorded API was for
sample 2 which contained (25% condensate -75 % crude). The is a source of error found in sample
2 due to the fact that sample which contains 100% crude oil should have the lowest API because
it contains more heavier hydrocarbons than any sample. This error could be from residues from
previous experiment conducted on the pycnometer which affects the weight of the pycnometer and
therefore causing an error in calculation of density, specific gravity and API. To overcome this
error a new clean pycnometer should be used or preforming the experiment more than once to
avoid this kind of error.
For the 2nd experiment the dynamic viscosity is determined with respect to its temperature then
the kinematic viscosity is calculated at different temperatures which are then plotted on excel graph
(kinematic viscosity vs. temperature). Where as the temperature increases, the viscosity of the
crude oil decreases gradually. This is due to the molecules’ energy level increasing with the in-
crease of temperature, thus causing the distance between the molecules to increase furthermore
and weaken the intermolecular forces between particles, which causes a decrease in the fluid’s
viscosity
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5. List of References
1. Amellia. (2018, March 14). Egypt's gas production to hit 6.5 billion cu ft/d by. Retrieved
from Egypt today: http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/53415/Egypt-s-gas-production-
to-hit-6-5-billion-cu
2. D.E.Briggs. (1995). Hopped Wort and Beer. In D.E.Briggs, D.E.Briggs (p. 881). London:
Chapman and Hall.
3. M.Bendi. (2014, December 29). More than A 100-year journey. Retrieved from Egypt
Oil & Gas: https://egyptoil-gas.com/features/more-than-a-100-year-journey/
4. Paul, S. (2015). Specialty Malt Contributions to Wort and Beer. Journal of the American
Society of Brewing Chemists.
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