Homework #04 (Phy 112) Solutions

4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Homework #04 (phy 112)

Due: 11:00pm on Wednesday, January 30, 2019
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.
Electric Potential and Potential Energy
A particle with charge 4.80×10−19 C is placed on the x axis in a region where the electric potential due to other charges
increases in the +x direction but does not change in the y or z direction.
Part A
The particle, initially at rest, is acted upon only by the electric force and moves from point a to point b along the x axis,
increasing its kinetic energy by 3.20×10−19 J . In what direction and through what potential difference Vb − Va does the
particle move?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Because no forces other than the electric force act on the particle, the positively charged particle must move in the
direction parallel to the electric field, and the field must do positive work on the particle. Recall that when the electric
field does positive work on a charged particle, the potential energy of the particle decreases. Thus, the particle must
move in the direction in which its potential energy decreases (which is consistent with the fact that the particle's
kinetic energy increases as it moves from a to b). Moreover, from the definition of potential and the energy
conservation equation, you can directly calculate the potential difference Va − Vb .
Hint 2. Electric potential

The electric potential V at any point in an electric field is the electric potential energy U per unit charge associated
with a test charge q ′ at that point:
U
V = .
q′
Hint 3. Find the change in potential energy of the particle
What is the change in potential energy of the particle, Ub − Ua , as it moves from a to b?
Express your answer in joules.
Hint 1. Energy conservation
Recall that the total mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) is conserved. That is,
K a + Ua = K b + Ub ,
where the subscripts refer to points a and b, and K and U are the corresponding kinetic and potential
energies.
Hint 2. Find the change in kinetic energy of the particle

What is the change in kinetic energy of the particle, Kb − Ka , as it moves from a to b? Recall that particle is
initially at rest, and its kinetic energy at b is 3.20×10−19 J .
ANSWER:
Kb − Ka = 3.20×10−19 J
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=7028480 1/20
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
Ub − Ua = −3.20×10−19 J
ANSWER:
The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 0.667 V .
The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -0.667 V
The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 0.667 V .
The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -0.667 V .
The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 6.67 V .
The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -6.67 V .
Correct
In general, if no forces other than the electric force act on a positively charged particle, the particle always moves
toward a point at lower potential.
Part B
If the particle moves from point b to point c in the y direction, what is the change in its potential energy, Uc − Ub ?
Recall that the electric potential increases in the +x direction but does not change in the y or z direction.
ANSWER:
+ 3.20×10−19 J
− 3.20×10−19 J
Correct
Every time a charged particle moves along a line of constant potential, its potential energy remains constant and
the electric field does no work on the particle.
A message from your instructor...
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
The next two questions are not identical. The first question asks about the potential and the second question asks about Delta V
(change in potential).
Electric Potential Ranking Task
In the figurethere are two point charges, +q and −q. There are also
six positions, labeled A through F, at various distances from the two
point charges. You will be asked about the electric potential at the
different points (A through F).
Part A
Rank the locations A to F on the basis of the electric potential at each point.
Rank the electric potential from most positive to most negative. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Hint 1. Definition of electric potential

The electric potential surrounding a point charge is defined by
kq
V =
r
,
where q is the source charge creating the electric potential and r is the distance between the source charge and the
point of interest. If more than one source is present, determine the electric potential from each source and sum the
results.
Hint 2. Conceptualizing electric potential
Because positive charges create positive electric potentials in their vicinity and negative charges create negative
potentials in their vicinity, electric potential is sometimes visualized as a sort of "elevation." Positive charges
represent mountain peaks and negative charges deep valleys. In this picture, when you are close to a positive
charge, you are "high up" and have a higher positive potential. Conversely, near a negative charge, you are deep in
a "valley" and have a negative potential. The utility of this picture becomes clearer when we begin to think of charges
moving through a region of space containing an electric potential. Just as particles naturally roll downhill, converting
gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy, positively charged particles naturally "roll downhill" as well, toward
regions of lower electric potential, converting electrical potential energy into kinetic energy.
ANSWER:
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Reset Help
most positive most negative
D
B A F E
C
The correct ranking cannot be determined.
Correct
Change in Electric Potential Ranking Task
In the diagram below, there are two charges of +q and −q and six points (a through f) at various distances from the two
charges. You will be asked to rank changes in the electric potential
along paths between pairs of points.
Part A
Using the diagram to the left, rank each of the given paths on the basis of the change in electric potential.
Rank the change in electric potential from most positive (increase in electric potential) to most negative (decrease
in electric potential). To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Hint 1. Change in electric potential

Determining the change in electric potential along some path involves determining the electric potential at the two
end points of the path, and subtracting:ΔV = Vf inal − Vinitial .
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Hint 2. Determine the algebraic sign of the change in potential
The path from point d to point a results in a positive change in electric potential. Which of the other paths also
involves a positive change in electric potential (i.e., electric potential that increases along the path)?
ANSWER:
from b to a
from f to e
from c to d
from c to e
from c to b
Hint 3. Conceptualizing changes in electric potential

Since positive charges create large positive electric potentials in their vicinity and negative charges create negative
potentials in their vicinity, electric potential is sometimes visualized as a sort of “elevation.” Positive charges
represent mountain peaks and negative charges deep valleys. In this picture, when you are close to a positive
charge, you are high “up” and have a large positive potential. Conversely, near a negative charge you are deep in a
“valley” and have a negative potential. Thus, changes in electric potential can be thought of as changes in elevation.
The change is positive if you are moving “uphill” and the change is negative if you move “downhill.” The farther you
travel either uphill or downhill, the larger the magnitude of the change in electric potential.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
most positive most negative
from b to a
from c to b from d to a from c to d from c to e
from f to e
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Correct
You may need to do a little review of work (look at chapter 7) before attempting the next two questions.
Electric Fields and Equipotential Surfaces
The dashed lines in the diagram represent cross sections of equipotential surfaces drawn in 1 V increments.
Part A
What is the work done by the electric force to move a 1 C charge from A to B?
Hint 1. Find the potential difference between A and B
What is the potential difference VA − VB between point A and point B?

Express your answer in volts.
Hint 1. Equipotential surfaces

Recall that an equipotential surface is a surface on which the electric potential is the same at every point.
ANSWER:
VA − VB = 0 V
Hint 2. Potential difference and work

Recall that the electric potential energy difference between any two points is equal to the negative of the work done
by the electric force as a charged object moves between those two points. If we combine this with the relationship
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
between electric potential energy and electric potential we have: WA→B, by electric f orce = −ΔVA→B Q .
ANSWER:
0 J
Correct
Part B
What is the work done by the electric force to move a 1 C charge from A to D?
Hint 1. Find the potential difference between A and D
What is the potential difference VD − VA between point A and point D?

ANSWER:
VD − VA = -1 V
Hint 2.
Potential difference and work
Recall that the electric potential energy difference between any two points is equal to the negative of the work done
by the electric force as a charged object moves between those two points. If we combine this with the relationship
between electric potential energy and electric potential we have: WAD, by electric f orce = −ΔVAD Q
ANSWER:
1 J
Correct
Part C
The magnitude of the electric field at point C is
Hint 1. Electric field and equipotential surfaces

Since the diagram shows equal potential differences between adjacent surfaces, equal amounts of work are done to
move a particular charge from one surface to the next adjacent one. It follows then that if the equipotentials are
closer together, the electric force does the same amount of work in a smaller displacement than if the equipotentials
were farther apart. Therefore, the electric force, as well as the corresponding electric field, has a larger magnitude.
ANSWER:
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
greater than the magnitude of the electric field at point B.
less than the magnitude of the electric field at point B.
equal to the magnitude of the electric field at point B.
unknown because the value of the electric potential at point C is unknown.
Correct
There is a lot happening in the next question.
Ionic Potentials across Cell Membranes Conceptual Question
In its resting state, the membrane surrounding a neuron is permeable to potassium ions but only slightly permeable to sodium
ions. Thus, positive K ions can flow through the membrane in an attempt to equalize K concentration, but Na ions cannot as
quickly. This leads to an excess of Na ions outside of the cell. If the space outside the cell is defined as zero electric potential,
then the electric potential of the interior of the cell is negative. This resting potential is typically about −80 mV. A schematic of
this situation is shown in the figure.
In response to an electrical stimulus, certain channels in the membrane can become permeable to Na ions. Due to the
concentration gradient, Na ions rush into the cell and the interior of the cell reaches an electric potential of about 40 mV. This
process is termed depolarization. In response to depolarization, the membrane again becomes less permeable to Na ions, and
the K ions flow out of the interior of the cell through channels established by the positive electric potential inside of the cell. This
then reestablishing the resting potential. This is termed repolarization. Only a small percentage of the available Na and K ions
participate in each depolarization/repolarization cycle, so the cell can respond to many stimuli in succession without depleting its
"stock" of available Na and K ions. A graph of an electric potential inside a cell vs. time is shown in the next figure for a single
depolarization/repolarization cycle.
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Part A
During the resting phase, what is the electric potential energy of a typical Na ion outside of the cell?
Hint 1. The electron volt
Electric potential energy is defined as

U = qV .
The electric charge on individual particles is always a multiple of the fundamental charge e (the charge on a single
proton). Rather than substituting a numerical value for e, it is often more convenient to use the constant e as a unit.
Thus, a proton located at a potential of 100 V has energy
U = qV ,
which can be written as
U = (e)(100 V)
or
U = 100 eV.
Thus, the proton has 100 electron volts of energy. (Electron volts can be converted to the more traditional unit of
energy, the joule, by multiplying by the conversion factor 1.6 × 10 −19 C/e and recalling that 1 C ⋅ V = 1 J . Thus,
−19
100 eV = 160 × 10 .)
J
ANSWER:
−40 meV
+40 meV
−80 meV
+80 meV
0 meV
Correct
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Part B
During the resting phase, what is the electrical potential energy of a typical K ion inside of the cell?

U = qV .
U = qV ,
U = (e)(100 V)
or
U = 100 eV.
−19
100 eV = 160 × 10 .)
J
ANSWER:
−40 meV
+40 meV
−80 meV
+80 meV
0 meV
Correct
Part C
During depolarization, what is the work done (by the electric field) on the first few Na ions that enter the cell?

U = qV .
U = qV ,
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
U = (e)(100 V)
or
U = 100 eV.
J.)
−19
100 eV = 160 × 10
Hint 2. Algebraic sign of the work
In general, work is defined as the product of the force applied parallel (or antiparallel) to the displacement of an
object. Thus,
work = F x Δx.
The work done by a force is positive if the force and the displacement are parallel; it is negative if the force and
displacement are opposite in direction.
Hint 3. Magnitude of the work
Work transfers energy into or out of a system. Therefore, in the absence of other energy transfers, the magnitude of
the work done on an object is equal to the magnitude of the object’s change in energy. Since the primary form of
energy present in this example is electric potential energy, the magnitude of the work done is equal to the change in
the ion’s electric potential energy.
ANSWER:
−40 meV
+40 meV
−80 meV
+80 meV
−120 meV
+120 meV
0 meV
Correct
Part D
During repolarization, what is the work done (by the electric field) on the first few K ions that exit the cell?

U = qV .
U = qV ,
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
U = (e)(100 V)
or
U = 100 eV.
J.)
−19
100 eV = 160 × 10
Hint 2. Algebraic sign of the work

In general, work is defined as the product of the force applied parallel (or antiparallel) to the displacement of an
object. Thus,
work = F x Δx.
The work done by a force is positive if the force and the displacement are parallel; the work done is negative if the
force and displacement are opposite in direction.
Hint 3. Magnitude of the work
Work transfers energy into or out of a system. Therefore, in the absence of other energy transfers, the magnitude of
the work done on an object is equal to the magnitude of the object’s change in energy. Since the primary form of
energy present in this example is electric potential energy, the magnitude of the work done is equal to the change in
the ion’s electric potential energy.
ANSWER:
−40 meV
+40 meV
−80 meV
+80 meV
−120 meV
+120 meV
0 meV
Correct
Problem 18.03
Part A
How far from a -7.40 μC point charge must a 2.40 μC point charge be placed in order for the electric potential energy of
the pair of charges to be -0.300 J ? (Take the energy to be zero when the charges are infinitely far apart.)
ANSWER:
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
d = 0.532 m
Correct
Problem 18.18
A small particle has charge -6.20 μC and mass 2.90×10−4 kg . It moves from point A, where the electric potential is VA = 200
V , to point B, where the electric potential VB = 940 V . The electric force is the only force acting on the particle. The particle
has a speed of 4.40 m/s at point A.
Part A
What is its speed at point B?
Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.

ANSWER:
v = 7.14 m/s
Correct
Part B
Is it moving faster or slower at B than at A?
ANSWER:
Faster
Slower
Correct
Conceptual Question 21.13
Part A
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the electric field strengths E1 , E2 , E3 , and E4 at the four labeled points in .
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Largest Smallest
E2
E3 E1
E4
Correct
Conceptual Question 21.14
shows an electric field diagram.
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
Part A
Rank in order, from highest to lowest, the electric potentials at points a, b, and c.
Rank from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Highest Lowest
a
b
c
Correct
Problem 21.27 - Enhanced - with Feedback
Part A
In the figure, which point, A or B, has a higher electric potential?
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
point A
point B
VA = VB
Correct
Here we learn how to determine which electric field point has a higher electric potential.
Part B
What is the potential difference between A and B?
ANSWER:
VA − VB = 70 V
Correct
Here we learn how to determine the potential difference.
Problem 21.31
Part A
What is the magnitude of the electric field at the dot in the figure?
Express your answer in volts per meter.
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
E = 1.0×104 V/m
Correct
Part B
What is the direction of the electric field at the dot in the figure?
ANSWER:
to the left
to the right
upward
downward
Correct
The last question is for extra credit. The hints in this problem are valuable.
Speed of an Electron between Two Charges
Two stationary positive point charges, charge 1 of magnitude 3.65 nC and charge 2 of magnitude 1.75 nC , are separated by a
distance of 46.0 cm . An electron is released from rest at the point midway between the two charges, and it moves along the line
connecting the two charges.
Part A
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
What is the speed v f inal of the electron when it is 10.0 cm from charge 1?
Express your answer in meters per second.

Only the final speed of the electron is needed, so an easy way to solve this problem is by using energy techniques.
Since the only force that acts on the electron is the conservative electric force, mechanical energy is conserved.
Thus, find the potential energy at the initial and final positions of the electron from the expression of the potential due
to a collection of point charges. Also, you can easily determine the initial kinetic energy of the electron, since it is
released from rest. Now you have enough information to write the equation of conservation of energy and calculate
the speed of the electron from its final kinetic energy.
Hint 2. Calculate the potential at the midpoint
What is the potential Vmid at the midpoint between the two stationary positive charges?
Express your answer numerically in volts.
Hint 1. Electric potential
The potential V due to a single point charge is
1 q
V =
r
,
4πϵ0
where ϵ0 = 8.85×10−12 C2 /(N ⋅ m2 ) , r is the distance from the point charge to the point at which the
potential is calculated, and q is the charge. If instead of a single point charge, there is a collection of point
charges, the total potential is given by the sum of the potentials due to each charge.
Hint 2. Find the potential due to charge 1

What is the potential Vmid1 at the midpoint due to charge 1 alone?

ANSWER:
Vmid1 = 143 V
ANSWER:
Vmid = 211 V
Hint 3. Calculate the initial potential energy

Calculate the potential energy Uinit of the electron at the midpoint between the two stationary positive charges,
using the potential at that point.
Express your answer numerically in joules.
Hint 1. How to find the potential energy from the potential

Recall that the potential energy U associated with a test charge q is related to the potential V by the equation
U = qV . In this case, the test charge is the electron.
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
Uinit = −3.38×10−17 J
Hint 4. Calculate the initial kinetic energy
Calculate the initial kinetic energy Kinit of the electron at the midpoint between the two stationary positive charges.
Express your answer numerically in joules.
Hint 1. Initial velocity of the electron

Recall that the electron is initially at rest; thus its inital velocity is zero.
ANSWER:
Kinit = 0 J
Hint 5. Calculate the final potential energy

Calculate the potential energy Uf inal of the electron at its final position, a point along the line connecting the positive
stationary charges at distance 10.0 cm from charge 1.
Hint 1. Calculate the potential at the final position of the electron

Calculate the potential Vf inal at the final position of the electron, that is, at a point along the line connecting
the positive stationary charges 10.0 cm from charge 1.
ANSWER:
Vf inal = 372 V
ANSWER:
Uf inal = −5.95×10−17 J
Hint 6. Putting it all together

Once you know the initial kinetic energy Kinit , the initial potential energy Uinit , and the final potential energy Uf inal
of the electron, you can calculate its final kinetic energy Kf inal by applying conservation of energy:
Kinit + Uinit = Kf inal + Uf inal .
Finally, use the equation for the kinetic energy of a particle (in this case, the moving electron) to calculate its speed,
since the mass of the electron is a known constant, 9.11×10−31 kg .
4/14/2019 Homework #04 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
v f inal = 7.52×106 m/s
Correct
Note that the electric field between the two charges is not constant, so the easiest way to do these calculations is
to use conservation of energy. It is possible to integrate along the path of the electron, using the electric field as a
function of the distance from each charge, but this is much more difficult to do and not necessary for the problem.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 114%.
You received 35 out of a possible total of 35 points, plus 5 points of extra credit.

Homework #04 (Phy 112) Solutions

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Homework #04 (phy 112)

Electric Potential and Potential Energy

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Electric potential

Hint 3. Find the change in potential energy of the particle

What is the change in potential energy of the particle, Ub − Ua , as it moves from a to b?

Express your answer in joules.

Hint 1. Energy conservation

Hint 2. Find the change in kinetic energy of the particle

The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 0.667 V .

The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -0.667 V

The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 0.667 V .

The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -0.667 V .

The particle moves to the left through a potential difference of Vb − Va = 6.67 V .

The particle moves to the right through a potential difference of Vb − Va = -6.67 V .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

A message from your instructor...

Electric Potential Ranking Task

Hint 1. Definition of electric potential

Hint 2. Conceptualizing electric potential

most positive most negative

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Change in Electric Potential Ranking Task

Hint 1. Change in electric potential

Hint 3. Conceptualizing changes in electric potential

most positive most negative

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

A message from your instructor...

Electric Fields and Equipotential Surfaces

Express your answer in joules.

Hint 1. Find the potential difference between A and B

What is the potential difference VA − VB between point A and point B?

Hint 1. Equipotential surfaces

Hint 2. Potential difference and work

Express your answer in joules.

Hint 1. Find the potential difference between A and D

What is the potential difference VD − VA between point A and point D?

Express your answer in volts.

Hint 1. Electric field and equipotential surfaces

greater than the magnitude of the electric field at point B.

less than the magnitude of the electric field at point B.

equal to the magnitude of the electric field at point B.

unknown because the value of the electric potential at point C is unknown.

A message from your instructor...

There is a lot happening in the next question.

Ionic Potentials across Cell Membranes Conceptual Question

Hint 1. The electron volt

Electric potential energy is defined as

which can be written as

Hint 1. The electron volt

Electric potential energy is defined as

which can be written as

Hint 1. The electron volt

Electric potential energy is defined as

which can be written as

Hint 2. Algebraic sign of the work

Hint 3. Magnitude of the work

Hint 1. The electron volt

Electric potential energy is defined as

Hint 2. Algebraic sign of the work

Hint 3. Magnitude of the work

has a speed of 4.40 m/s at point A.

Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.