A Study of Suitable Construction Waste Management Practices To Residential Project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka

A Study of Suitable Construction Waste
Management Practices to Residential

Project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka
University of East London
The Faculty of Civil Engineering
By
Sooriyakumaran Sujeenthiran
UL1743549
S.sujeenthiran Page 1
A Study of Suitable Construction Waste
Management Practices to Residential
Project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka
A Dissertation
Submitted for Research Project (EG 6104) to
The Department of Engineering of the
In Partial Fulfilment of The
Requirement for The
Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) Degree in
Civil Engineering with Structural Design
By
Sooriyakumaran Sujeenthiran
Declaration
I hereby certify that the project titled ‘A study of suitable construction waste
management practices to residential project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka’ Was solely
carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Eng. C. J. Vidanapathirana
I further certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for
assessment in any other course or institution, except where specifically stated.
Certified by,
Supervisor of the project: Eng. C. J. Vidanapathirana
Research Instructor
Civil Engineering Division
University of Moratuwa
………………………………….
Signature of the Supervisor
Date 23/12/2018
Internal Examiner Dr. A. M. R. Begam

Internal Examiner for IRP
………………………………….
Signature of the Examiner
Date 23/12/2018
Abstract
This research is study of suitable construction Waste management procedure of residential

project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka. This research main focus is how reduce in construction waste
material at residential site and recommend suitable demolition and construction waste material
in disposal method at Wellawatte Sri Lank.
This research has selected Wellawatte, because the study area of Wellawatte its big and growth
population in Sri Lanka, Residential buildings are mostly build and construct in this area,
maybe environmental sector its big impact and messy in this area. the research is talk, how to
minimize construction waste from this reusable and reduce methods and identify now how to
dispose in waste material an issues and barriers of that method and recommend suitable
disposal methods.
As such, the objective of this study is to develop an in-depth understanding of demolition and
construction waste management procedure in residential project. this literature review has
identified for main general sources of sector are, 1) procurement; 2) design; 3) material
handling; 4) weather.
These research quantitative, qualitative data collating methods are used, prepared
questionnaires and separate interview in qualify engineer and technical officer and project
managers. Analysing this Obtained data then finally recommended in good and possible
suitable construction waste management methods.
Obtain in suitable waste minimizing methods at from literature review has identify; flow the
government regulation of waste management; selected for suitable quality employee,
maximum used for reusable material, identify of waste generate way.
Key words
Re-use, Reduce
Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Key words .................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Background of Study .......................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Background of Wellawatte, Sri Lanka .............................................................................. 10
1.4 Problem statement ............................................................................................................. 11
1.4.1 Problems and issues in managing construction waste. ................................................ 11
1.4.2 Problem of Challenges in disposing construction waste ....................................... 11
1.5 Rationale/Aim ............................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.7 Research Question ..................................................................................................... 12
1.8 Research scale ............................................................................................................... 13
1.9 Significance of research ............................................................................................... 13
2. Literature review............................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Theoretical overview ...................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Empirical over view ....................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Handling .................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.2 Operation ................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.3 Procurement and Design factor ............................................................................... 17
2.2.4 Environmental Regulations and factors ................................................................... 17
2.3 Independent variable. .................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Depending variable. ....................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Conceptual frame work .................................................................................................. 19
2.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.7 Hypothesis..................................................................................................................... 20
3. Research Methodology ..................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Research philosophy ................................................................................................. 22
3.2 Research approach..................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Research strategy....................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Primary and secondary data collection...................................................................... 23
3.6 Time Horizons ........................................................................................................... 24
3.7 Data Analysis Plan .................................................................................................... 24
3.8 Target population and sampling methods ...................................................................... 24
3.9 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................... 24
4. Data Analysis and Finding ............................................................................................... 25
4.1 Reliability Test ............................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Demographic Data.......................................................................................................... 28
4.3 Variable analysis ............................................................................................................ 31
4.3.1 Independent variable – procurement and design ..................................................... 31
4.3.2 Independent variable – Handling ............................................................................. 33
4.3.3 Independent variable – Operation............................................................................ 35
4.3.4 Independent variable – Environmental Regulation and factor ................................ 37
4.4 Descriptive statistical Analysis ...................................................................................... 39
4.5 Inferential Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................... 41
5. Recommendation and conclusion ..................................................................................... 45
5.1 Research purpose............................................................................................................ 45
5.2 Found the variable resulted ............................................................................................ 45
5.3 Key finding of Analysis ................................................................................................. 45
5.4 Key findings of data analysis ......................................................................................... 46
5.5 New Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 46
5.6 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 46
5.7 potential barriers implementation................................................................................... 47
5.8 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 47
5.9 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 49
References ................................................................................................................................ 50
Appendix - 1 ............................................................................................................................ 52
List of Table and figure
Table 1 (source of waste and reason) ................................................................................................................... 18
Table 2 (gain chart of data analysis plan) ............................................................................................................. 24
Table 3 (Respondents details) ............................................................................................................................... 25
Table 4 (Reliability test details)............................................................................................................................. 26
Table 8 (Reliability test summarized details) ....................................................................................................... 27
Table 9 (Descriptive statistics data – variable 1) .................................................................................................. 39
Table 10 (Descriptive statistics data – variable 2) ................................................................................................ 40
Table 13 (correlation data variable -1) ................................................................................................................. 41
Table 17(suitable recommendation variable) ...................................................................................................... 43
Table 18 (Regression modal summary) ................................................................................................................ 44
Table 19 (Coefficients summary) .......................................................................................................................... 44
Table 20 (variable resulted) .................................................................................................................................. 45
Table 21 (material recommendation) ................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 1 (wellawatte area) .................................................................................................................................... 10

source: (ukessays, 2011) Figure 2 (Research layer) .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 3 (percentage of profession) ..................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4 (percentage of experience) ..................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 5 (material waste level details) .................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 6 ( cement bag) , Figure 7 ( cement waste bag), Figure 8 (waste concrete) ...................... 29
Figure 9 (waste glass), Figure 10 (waste glass) , Figure 11 (waste PVC) ............................ 29
Figure 12 (waste block), Figure 13 (waste brick) ................................................................................ 30
Figure 14 (waste steel), Figure 15 (waste off-cuts) ............................................................................ 30
Figure 16 (waste plywood board ), Figure 17 ( waste mortar), Figure 18 (waste wringing items) ............ 30
Figure 19 (variable -1 – data) ................................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 24 (variable - 2 – data) ............................................................................................................................... 34
1. Introduction
Sri Lanka is a developing country in the world and the construction industry contributes
average 7% to the GDP (LANKA, 2017). This contribution factor expected to be higher in
future years due to government attentiveness on expedite development activities in all areas.
Big projects such as construction of ports, highways, bridges, power plants, high rise buildings
have been already started in city of Wellawatte Sri Lanka and more projects are to be expected
in future. Construction and demolition waste form construction projects are unavoidable but
waste cannot be illegally disposed. This prevailing illegal disposal and wrong methods of waste
in Sri Lanka was counselled me to select the study area because illegal or wrong method
dispose of waste leads to create financial, social and environmental problems in Sri Lanka.
The construction industry is a valuable part of the Sri Lanka economy. the construction wastes
are usually generated by the construction activities site. In addition to its harmful impact on the
environment by generating waste and consuming landfills and natural unrecoverable resources,
construction project costs increase significantly due to the amount of waste.
Commonly Construction and demolition debris and waste materials that are dumped into forest,
streams, ravines and empty lots causes corrosion, pollutes wells, water tables and surface
waters, attracts pests, creates fire dangers and detracts from the beauty of natural areas. In many
countries, the large sizes of construction waste strain landfill capacities and leads to
environmental concerns.
It consists all building materials that being used for construction purposes. Material wastes are
unavoidable. One of the reasons to identify the source of construction wastes is to understand
the re-use potential of construction wastes. The major construction waste is the bricks,
concretes, timbers, glasses, metals, asphalt, plastic.
Presently, awareness of resource-efficient construction waste management practices is missing

in most Asian countries. The excessive construction and demolition wastage of materials,
improper waste management on construction site and low awareness of the need for waste
reduction or minimizing are common in construction sites. This is practices are particularly
needed for a development that responds to the challenges of environmental sustainability and
low carbon emission and minimal resource depletion.
1.2 Background of Study
The several construction projects ongoing in Wellawatte. Due to non-proper rules and
regulations for construction waste management tends to ignore this problem by the Wellawatte.
This research will help to find some guide lines for the related person or company to develop
best practices and policies for construction waste management in Wellawatte.
materials are for the largest input into construction activities. It is range of 50% - 60% of the
total cost. Construction area in used 65% of material R/F-concrete and 40% material in cement
mortar, lime, brick, aluminium and plastic used globally. But many naturally occurring material
are such as clay, rock, sand, glass and wood. In Sri Lanka concrete and mortar indicated 21%
to 25% of wastage respectively due to the excess use of materials. (Jayawardane, 1992).
This central bank of Sri Lank investigated the suitable ways of managing construction waste
and minimizing requirement for disposal. As per the Central Bank reports and from other
sources, it was very clear that, construction volume is comparatively high in Wellawatte area
and hence waste generation also to be high. (LANKA, 2017)
Construction waste management is one of the most important steps to city or country planning
because without prior construction waste and disposal you can't make clean and hygienic. Now
after collection of construction waste, waste can't be treated in a same way or same place. It
has to be segregated. Now this is the main and most important step of construction waste
management. Without proper separation, no properly waste management plan can actually
work. Landscapes can be ruined through places of tourist interest can lose their attraction; it is
also an impair for those who live in areas where construction waste collection and reusing is
not managed effectively and responsibly. Natural beauty is a gift and a right for future
generations and conserving it, as well as our natural resources, for this benefit is our
responsibility today. (ADaRSH, 2013)
1.3 Background of Wellawatte, Sri Lanka
This study is focused on the capital city of Wellawatte in Sri Lanka. After the war situation,
Wellawatte town phenomenally showing a population is huge improvement, because due to
the war, lots of families went to out station and abroad.so after the end up the war situation
most of the people came back and they want to stay in Wellawatte.
So especially in Wellawatte surrounding area there are several residential buildings are
construct or old building are demolition.so most of the construction waste and demolition waste
generate, so due to this environmental problem are occurring. so environmental big impacts
from construction and demolition waste increasingly and unsuitable disposal method become
a major issue depended on climate. construction Waste is generated at different stages of
construction process in Wellawatte surrounding area.
The following research Wellawatta area used to undertake the research in to residential
construction project. Site visited or research to identify the types of waste material generated
from residential building. Questionnaire (quantitative, qualitative data collection) were
conducted in approximately 81 persons (engineers, technical officers, project managers) and
personal interviews were recorded and summarised
Figure 1 (wellawatte area)
1.4 Problem statement
1.4.1 Problems and issues in managing construction waste.
Noted that the wastage of material in most of the construction site in Sri Lankan is beyond the
acceptable limits but no clear idea about quantity of waste, so there is no uncertainty that
construction or demolition waste can find elsewhere in Sri Lanka but quantity are not known.
(Jayawardane, 1992)
From the total waste stream in Australia, approximately 15 % are generated due to construction
waste. (smithers, 1998). Construction activities have been known to generate large and various
quantities of waste. According to the US Green Building Council, (2001), it accounts for up to
30% of total waste output in the United States alone, put at about 136 million tons per annum.
As a result, construction waste and demolition waste management has become one of the major
environmental problems in many cities. (Smithers, 2002)
Construction and demolition debris is the waste materials generated during the construction,
renovation and demolition of the buildings and structures which often contain bulky, heavy
materials, and salvaged building components and contribute considerably to the polluted
environment. The construction waste is basically generated by the wide range of such as
residential area, commercial building, office and shopping complex. (Llatas, 2011)
Environment issue is getting more care and the awareness of environment in Malaysia is
growing. It is very important to improve economic efficiency, to further develop waste
management and reduce. Construction waste reuse can be defined as the separation of
recoverable waste materials generated during construction and remodelling. (S.W, 2004)
1.4.2 Problem of Challenges in disposing construction waste
The management of construction and demolition waste is a problem suffered worldwide

(Taylor & Bogdan, 2015). Malaysia, like most of the developing countries, is facing an increase
in the generation and disposal of demolition waste. Construction waste management is
becoming a severe problem as fast construction industry of growth in order to achieve higher
economic development. The large increase of construction waste and demolition waste due to
the general building and infrastructure development projects have led to larger quantities of
construction waste materials requiring management.
1.5 Rationale/Aim
Some countries have achieved considerable success in construction waste management. But
the rest of the world is suffering harder to deal with construction waste material. construction
waste increases the load on landfill sites. In addition, if the construction waste management is
not managed properly, materials such as solvents and chemically treated woods can cause soil
and water pollution. It’s needed for construction companies to reduce waste in order to
minimise environmental damage and save natural resources. All construction companies are
encouraged to follow guidelines to reduce and reuse waste.
Aims of this research project are to Identify the types and scale of re-usable and reduce
materials generated in residential construction, renovation and demolition. Identify possible re-
use and reduce methods and Identify barriers, risks and opportunities in the re-use and reduce
process.
1.6 Objectives
As such objectives of this research effort were
 To Calculate the wastage quantity in residential project.

 To Find the types of waste material
 To Compare different construction waste management techniques for residential
project
 To Identify most suitable construction waste management methods for residential
project
1.7 Research Question
 How to calculate the waste quantity in residential project?

 How to find the type of waste material?
 How to Compare different construction waste management techniques for residential
project?
 How to Identify most suitable construction waste management methods for residential
project?
1.8 Research scale
There are several ways of collecting data with regard to the construction wastage level,
including site-investigation, personal interviews and questionnaire survey. This research
adopts a survey research design that relies on professional’s views of debris or material wastage
during construction operation. Construction waste and demolition waste change factor or
simply the density refers to the standard volume-to-weight conversion factor which is to be
used to convert unit of construction waste from volume (m3) to (Kg).
1.9 Significance of research
Foremost task is from this research can identify the benefits which are followed below
Minimizing project costs and commercial opportunities: - The project cost can be
minimized by effective use of construction materials. so if project cost minimized at a lower
price than in future contractor can lower the budget price so its higher possibilities to easily
win the tenders.as well as reducing project cost it can differentiate the contractor from other
competitive contractors by as a green builder.so among the public the contractors image will
increase.
Environmental benefits of project waste management: - Minimum amount of wastage

deliver to land fill, the natural resources can be protected by their less usage, it can lower the
carbon dioxide emissions while transporting, disposal or recycling the waste materials, Lower
amount of environment pollution
2. Literature review
2.1 Theoretical overview
There are problems regarding construction waste in residential construction site. Pollution
caused by construction waste negatively or harmfully affects the environment and leads to
energy and economic losses. Therefore, priority should be given to improving waste
management system for minimizing construction waste. In order to prevent the generation of
construction waste and to make it easier to reuse and recycle building materials and
components.
Durable building construction materials and components must be used for construction site.
This study showed that many modifications waste management are done in residential building
construction site due to fall. Using a durable material will delay the need to replace it,
Therefore, preventing the generation of lot of waste material in construction site.
Standard and modular structure for building construction material materials and components
should be adopted. The regulation regarding this subject in government must be reviewed in
terms of practicality and the necessary corrections, improvement changes must be made.
Municipalities or origination must increase their construction work under the regulation and
form an efficient inspection system
Regional and national programs and guidelines should be developed and used in relation to
construction waste management, its re-use and minimizing and appropriate disposal method,
thus implementing systematic waste management will provide environmental and economic
benefits . (Massachusetts, 2005)
The investigation results show that the general practice of Construction Waste Management as
a whole is very poor in lot of improvement. Educational institutions must include the
construction waste management teachings of sustainable construction in the program of
professionals in the construction industry. Also, constructional professional bodies should use
conferences and workshops to waste management related educate practising professionals.
Government should introduce specific regulation governing the handling or supervision and
disposal of construction wastes and follow up with strict monitoring to ensure compliance. (LY
Tam, 2004)
Constriction Waste will inevitably be produced during the construction site. Waste types, waste
quantities have been estimated is not possible and mitigation measures evaluated in terms of
the avoidance minimization, recycling and disposal. This will minimize the disposal
requirement and to keep void space at landfill sites.
construction wastes will include site clearance and demolition materials, construction dirty
sediments, waste concrete, wooden material, chemical waste. The possible for re-use and re-
cycling has been discussed and appropriate pathways for disposal have been identified. The
responsibilities for recycling and disposal have also identified. The construction waste
demolition debris material is under other construction projects or to public fill areas after
dewatering. (S.W, 2004)
Timber, cement mortar, concrete, blocks, steel, quarry chippings, coarse aggregates, paint, sand
and tiles are the key materials highly wasted on construction sites. The results indicated that
all the materials with the exception of pipes and electrical have high levels of contribution
toward the generation of waste on construction sites. The study has provided empirical
evidence on the levels of contribution and the levels of practice of waste minimization
measures in the construction industry. Encouraging re-use of waste materials in projects, using
low waste technology and recycling of some waste materials on sites are, however, observed
as the least significant factors that contribute to construction waste minimization and the least
practiced measures simply because such measures are seen as adding to their production cost
instead of reducing cost. (Yahya, 2006)
2.2 Empirical over view
According (Koshy, 2012), fist need to understand the construction waste, waste is produce of
more resources use than necessary resource. Waste point toward both the incidence of resource
and energy losses and the implementation of unnecessary work. waste should be definite as
any losses produced by activities that produce direct or indirect costs but do not add any value
to the product from the point of view of the client. There are generated in various construction
wastage in stages works to finishing, wastage sources such as wooden materials, concrete,
gravels, aggregate, masonry, metals, plastic, plumbing and electrical fixtures, glass, and
material handling.
According (Llatas, 2011), building material over the largest contributor to the generation of
construction waste, due mainly to the great amount of material usage. In actual practice,
materials provided to construction sites are not used totally for the purpose of which they were
intended. Approximately 7 to 17% of the construction materials will in the end up the waste.
Since material cost contributes to about 35% of the total construction cost, of which cement
and steel account for 45% of that cost.
improper management of construction materials may result to significant wastage in the

construction site. While some level of material wastage is unavoidable, the potential benefit of
preventing waste generation on site can be substantial, especially if the materials form bulk of
the project cost structure. Material waste considerably contributes additional cost to
construction because new purchases are usually made to replace wasted materials; cost of
rework, delays, and disposal cause financial losses to the contractor. Hence, it is necessary to
wastage in this area to have control over the economy of the project cost.
According (Mahayuddin, 2013), Generally wastages of building materials in two types first
type direct waste second type indirect waste. Direct waste is the loss of those materials, which
were damaged and cannot be repaired and then used, or which were lost during the building
process. Indirect waste on the other hand, only a monetary loss and the materials were not lost
physically. Such losses arise principally from replacement of materials, from use of materials
in excess of quantities allowable under the contract, and from errors.
2.2.1 Handling
According (Mahayuddin, 2013), Not just a tool for handling waste on construction site. It
should be also used as a tool during earlier project phases to inform the development of the
design by identifying possible waste streams to minimise and targeting recycle or reuse. Re-
cycling of steel and concrete is highly practiced; concrete when recycled produces a rough
aggregate which is used as a filter material for use foundations, footings, bridges, parking
places, roads etc.
According (S.W, 2004), Construction waste is highly variable, depending on the technology
used to build the structure. For example, there will be very little waste concrete and timber
forms for disposal if precast concrete components are adopted. Five major sources of building
material wastage generated on site are concrete, reinforcement, formwork, brick and block, and
tiles.
2.2.2 Operation
According (Koshy, 2012),The major construction company are many times as avoid the
Systematic collect and disposal method. Sometime Scrap dealers usually collect scrap metals
(mostly off-cuts of metal sheets, bars, electrical items and plumbing items), as well as other
non-usable materials are generated. Although second byer collecting material are positive
application of reuse and recycling, it is a system that functions at an efficient level.
The survey results indicate that the general practice of Solid Construction Waste Management
and site waste management as a whole is very poor for a lot of improvement. The construction
Professionals’ understanding of construction
2.2.3 Procurement and Design factor
According (Abbas, 2002), major construction and demolition waste sources occur at design
stage, such as design changes, and the variability in the level of design detail. considered and
classified construction waste material sources into groups which include design, material
procurement and operations.
2.2.4 Environmental Regulations and factors
According (Koshy, 2012) , Need for effective regulation construction and demolition waste
management is developing in importance, due to the increasing generation of construction and
demolition waste and to its adverse impacts on the environment. There are some unsuitable
method or unsuitable impact factor are providing. Government are no-providing regulations,
waste transportation error, unsuitable minimizing method, over production, poor handling,
incorrect storage, incorrect ordering, design amendment, manufacturing defects and rework are
factors that contribute in material waste
According (LY Tam, 2004), The construction industry is globally among of the main
consumers of energy and resources. In the present world there is a massive demand for steel
and cement, cement itself contributes over 5% to global manufactures and largely to energy
consumption, because material selection is made independent of environmental consideration.
Extreme use of natural resources and a large amount of construction and demolition waste are
a result of a lack of awareness of resource-efficient construction environmental practices
2.3 Independent variable.
Factor 1- Procurements and design.
Factor 2- Handling.
Factor 3- Operation.
Factor 4- Environmental regulation and factors.
Sources of waste Reason

Procurement Ordering error, supplier’s error resulting in
excessive materials on site, delivery
methods, delivery schedule, poor quality
material, Poor advice from suppliers,
Design Changes to design, documentation error
Material handling Damages due to transportation, Unsuitable
storage, Inappropriate handling, Poor
product knowledge,
Weather Humidity, temperature and rain and flood
Residual Cutting materials to sizes
Operation Re-schedule work, variation and neglect ,
Un-skilled labour, Time restraint, Poor
communication, Poor coordination
Regulation Un flow the government environmental
regulations
Table 1 (source of waste and reason)
2.4 Depending variable.
To the global waste management impact construction waste materials gives substantial
influence. from all kind of construction waste management sectors needs to be waste material
reduced and even if these Pollution are reduced Today, the atmosphere takes longer time to
make resistant to the changes.
The management impacts can be contended by implementing certain purposes to reduce

consumption, and for design integrate waste management proceedings as a particular standard
rules.
2.5 Conceptual frame work
Procurements and Design H-1
Operation H-4
Waste Management
Handling H-2
Environmental regulation
H-3
factors
2.6 Summary
New build, renovation and refurbishment of commercial buildings is likely to increase as a

section of overall construction generator of waste sent to landfill. If the environmental
performance of the sector is to be must be improved, then new ideas will need to be found to
encourage recycling and reuse sending large amounts of bulky waste material to landfill sites.
It is evident that so far waste material levies have had little effect on the quantities of material
diverted from landfill.
The industry and builders need to cooperate to develop new standardised and legal systems for
following the outcome of the construction process. In addition, there is a need for information
on best practice waste minimisation techniques to be mostly spread throughout the industry.
An opportunity exists for a portal which brings people with a need for re-use waste material
into contact with those who renovate and demolish buildings. Such processes can assist in
closing the loop on the construction re-use by making refurbishment and demolition by-
products the feedstock for new construction.
2.7 Hypothesis
H-1 > There is significance influence of Procurements and Design in construction waste
management
H-2 > There is significance influence operation in construction waste management
H-3 > There is significance influence of handling in construction waste management
H-4 > There is significance influence of environmental regulations and factors in

construction waste management.
3. Research Methodology
This research has a particular design (onion method) that it must follow. The research onion
method was developed by Saunders (2007). It demonstrates the stages that must be covered
when developing a research scheme. The research onion method provides an effective progress
through which a research methodology can be designed. First, the research philosophy method
requires definition. The second which is adopted are creates the starting point for the suitable
research approach. third step are research strategy is adopted. fourth layer classifies the time
horizon. (saunders, 2007)
source: (ukessays, 2011) Figure 2 (Research layer)

Construction and demolition waste is the produced during new construction, renovation, and
demolition of buildings and structures. It is most often disposed of in landfills; however, recent
recognition of the possible for the direct of waste components from landfills has led to
construction waste becoming a target for recycling and reuse.
Construction waste and demolition needs proper Regulation and management so that excessive
disposal activities and impacts on the environment can be avoided. The critical waste
management is to estimate the quantity and composition of construction waste generated.
Quantification of construction waste provides a necessary tool for evaluating the actual size of
the waste, and hence activity proper decision to be made for waste minimization and
management.
The purposes of the study determine the research methodology. Quantitative and qualitative
research method in the form of questionnaire and interview survey is professional employed to
obtain the waste identify, wastage size,
The project site was selected because it involved residential building and construction
activities. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaire with the project manager
and civil engineer, quantity surveyor and site supervisor at the project site.
Another reason that on-site investigation is suitable approach is that construction companies
are obliged to provide info on their construction waste management.
The survey was carrying out throughout the duration of the research, from September 2018 to
December 2018. Simple descriptive data such as averages, ranges and percentages and unite
were used to analysis primary data from the construction site.
3.1 Research philosophy
The research philosophy in this study focuses on four main research philosophies which include
positivism, realism, pragmatism, and interpretivism (saunders, 2007). the research that will be
used pragmatism because pragmatism qualitative and quantitative is a mixed method which
involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting
up in philosophical discussions about which is the best approach.
This research is no single point cases of view that can provide the multiple point cases view.
Pragmatism uses multiple or mixed data collection designs example interviews and
Questionnaires. Therefore, research will have the freedom of using of the research methods,
techniques.
3.2 Research approach
Two types of approaches are onion method. first the deductive and second inductive approach.
The deductive approach develops based upon previous research, indeductive approach general
focus can be research formed after the collected (saunders, 2007). This research adopts the
indeductive approach.
This Reacher about will be investigating the suitable ways of managing construction-waste and
how to minimizing in construction waste. This richer can investigate how to disposal method
and how to minimizing that is identify of possible reusable way and determinate how to recycle
on the site, this all survey information is collected in directly visit site and can possible
interview or ask the professional employers. So, indeductive approach is perfect this research.
3.3 Research strategy
The research strategy is how the researcher plans to carry out the work. The strategy can include
a number of different type, such as case study research, interviews, surveys. (saunders, 2007)
This research general plan of how the researcher will go about answering the research question.
The research will use a convergent parallel mixed method (survey, case study) approach for
the completion of the research. This involves the use of qualitative and quantitative method. In
this approach, data collected by qualitative method and that of quantitative method are analysed
parallel and then compared.
3.4 Research method
So this layer, ways to use quantitative and qualitative methods for the research purposes. This
layer is three, mono method, mix method and multi method (saunders, 2007). Mono method,
gather only one type of information from qualitative or quantitative, mix method allows use
both qualitative and quantitative methods for the research purposes. Multi-methods help in
research with the use of the qualitative, quantitative and observation information. In this
research, will use mixed method of data collection.
3.5 Primary and secondary data collection
Generally, two type of data collection used first primary data collection and next secondary
data collection. In this research used primary data collection. (saunders, 2007)
Interviews, will be used to gather information about how to minimizing construction waste in
site and how to disposal method in their company, gather for suitable method of reuse in
construction waste or decolonization material in real time, and how to reduce.
Questionnaires, research related structured question will be formulated and sent to professional
employee in construction sector.
3.6 Time Horizons
Time Horizon is the time framework within which the reach is intended for completion. Two
types of time horizons are cross sectional and the longitudinal. In this research, will use cross
sectional method because with only 3 months given for this research. The below chart will
demonstrate how the time period allocated for the project.
3.7 Data Analysis Plan
Activities 1-week 3-week 4-week 5-week 7-week 8-week 9-week 10-week 12week
Introduction to the research
Name approval
Development literature review
Submit proposal
Collect the data
Data analysis
Presentation of the report
Submit final report
Table 2 (gain chart of data analysis plan)
3.8 Target population and sampling methods
This researcher is approach to stratified sampling method whereby individuals are chosen by
particular qualification person’s. Individuals chosen minimum five site are a representative
(engineer, supervisor and project manager) of the entire population. Information will be
collected from each 81 representatives to help in the questionnaire.
3.9 Ethical considerations
The ethical parameters that should be followed during the primary data collection research
consists of taking all the information related to construction site. It should not be taken from
any websites. Moreover, the researchers bias should be avoided by using comparison from
various sources. The primary research should be any individual collecting in the related to
construction site to give the answer all the questions.
4. Data Analysis and Finding
This chapter reports and discusses the data analysis and survey findings. After the questionnaire
survey was carried out, statistical analyses were the undertaken on the responses using various
methods on described in the research methodology. this questionnaire develops on four
Independent variables; procurement and design stage, handling stage, operation stage,
environmental regulation.
81 responses were received questionnaires distributed giving a 100% response rate. The survey
helps collecting information on the existence of systems for recording and measuring
construction waste material. It also provides a measure of the construction waste levels of the
most common construction waste streams used in the residential construction industry.
The analysis is carried out in Microsoft excel and SPSS. This data analysis section of results
obtained from the only for questionnaire survey. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences
(SPSS) software was used for analysis. Descriptive statistic was conducted to find out the
average value of the construction wastage material level for each identified residential
construction building opined by the respondents. all the questionnaires will be measured and
by using five type of scale start from strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly
agree.
Four hypotheses were suggested for this study. The study required to know if any significant
differences on construction wastage material level among the Civil engineer, Project manager,
and Site engineer, Architecture and Technical officer between respondents from the contracting
firm and construction company; and due to different working experience
First data obtained for questionnaire one from all 25 Wellawatte construction sites is combined
together in one table and pie chart format. In second analysis of response for a particular rank
for a particular percentage of construction waste material is carried out. After the analysis is
completed for all activities the activity gets first rank for most waste generation from maximum
construction site.
Profession No of Respondents
Architect 8
Civil engineer 12
Site engineer 18
Project manager 8
Technical officer 35
Table 3 (Respondents details)
4.1 Reliability Test
It is ’Cronbach’s alpha is one of the most of the popular measures that can be examine the
internal reliability test. ‘Sekaran’ and ‘Bougie’ (2016) highlight that its value ranges between
0 to 1, the closer the result is to 1 the better resulted, and that a result above 0.7 is considered
acceptable resulted. the reliability test of the questionnaire that was distributed is evaluated
using SPSS application, and the results achieved are summarized in table below.
Independent variables – procurement and design
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Items
Based on
Standardiz
ed Items
0.89 0.89 4
Table 4 (Reliability test details)
According to table 4 the Cronbach alpha for the independent variable of procurement and
design is 0.71. The Cronbach alpha requirement for higher reliability is 0.7. the Cronbach
Alpha result for the variable is greater than 0.89 hence the reliability of the variable by item
numbers 1,2,3 and 4 is acceptable.
Independent variables – Handling
Alpha Alpha Items
Based on
Standardiz
ed Items
0.79 0.79 4
According to table 5 the Cronbach alpha for the independent variable of Handling stage is 0.89.
The Cronbach alpha requirement for higher reliability is 0.79. the Cronbach Alpha result for
the variable is greater than 0.79 hence the reliability of the variable by item numbers 1,2,3 and
4 is acceptable.
Independent variables – Operation
Alpha Alpha Items
Based on
Standardiz
ed Items
0.82 0.82 4
According to table 6 the Cronbach alpha for the independent variable of Operation stage is
0.92. The Cronbach alpha requirement for higher reliability is 0.82. the Cronbach Alpha result
for the variable is greater than 0.82 hence the reliability of the variable by item numbers 1,2,3
and 4 is acceptable.
Independent variables – Environmental regulation and factors
Alpha Alpha Items
Based on
Standardiz
ed Items
0.71 0.71 4
According to table 7 the Cronbach alpha for the independent variable Environmental regulation
and factors is 0.71. The Cronbach alpha requirement for higher reliability is 0.71. the Cronbach
Alpha result for the variable is greater than 0.7 hence the reliability of the variable by item
numbers 1,2,3 and 4 is acceptable.
Reliability Test Summarized
Independent variables Cronbach's Alpha No of questionnaire

Procurement and design 0.89 4
Handling 0.79 4
Operation 0.82 4
Environmental regulation 0.71 4
and factors
Table 8 (Reliability test summarized details)
Table 8 shows independent variable with its relative questions and Cronbach’s alpha value
achieved respectively. The highest value is for procurement and design stage 0.89, and lowest
procurement and Environmental regulation and factors 0.71. All the results show a value higher
than 0.7 accept the variable.
4.2 Demographic Data

Respondents data
The first data analysis was conducted on the demographic data provided by the respondents, in
which consists of 81Profession. Architect (9.88%), Civil Engineer (14.81%), Site Engineer
(22.22%), Project manager (9.88%) and Technical officers (43.21%). respondents were from
the consulting and contracting firm while 81 respondents were from the construction company.
Percentage of Profession
9.88 % 9.88%
14.81%
43.21%
22.22%
Architect Civil Engineer Site Engineer Technical Officer Project Manager
Figure 3 (percentage of profession)
The majority of the respondents (24.69%) involved in the construction industry for more than
10 years, (38%) with 2 to 5 years, (27.16%) with 1 to 2 years, and (9.88%) with to less than 1
year of experience. The summary of the profession and respondents’ profile is as shown in
Figure 3
Percentage of Experience
9.88%
24.69%
27.16%
38.27%
less than 1 year 1-2 year 2-5 year more than 5 year
Figure 4 (percentage of experience)
Professional’s respondents View on construction Wastage Material Level
A plot is a graphical representation of the distribution in a data set using number of quartiles,
minimum and maximum values are observed. The plots for each of the construction building
material wastes level are drawn (Figure-5) to show the overall percentage of the survey response.
Construction Waste Material level

16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Figure 5 (material waste level details)
They enable us to study the distributional characteristics of the construction wastage level of
each material. One may also notice that the extreme maximum level waste for Brick and Block.
Concrete, cement, glass and PVC waste
The amount of Concrete, cement, glass and PVC waste can be estimated if the construction
material wastage level of is known. The survey study shows that the average wastage level is
4%. The wastage could be reduced to 3% or 2% if careful material ordering and handling is
applied. The amount of Concrete, cement, glass and PVC waste is estimated according to 80%
Professional’s respondents answer to 4%.
Figure 6 ( cement bag) Figure 7 ( cement waste bag) Figure 8 (waste concrete)
Figure 9 (waste glass) Figure 10 (waste glass) Figure 11 (waste PVC)
blockwork and brickwork
Extreme waste of material generated by construction site according to block and brick is
estimated to be 14% of the quantity of this material in the common construction project. One
may also notice that the extreme maximum level waste for Brick and Block. The estimated
amount of waste can thus be estimated to 95% Professional’s respondents answer to 14%.
Figure 12 (waste block) Figure 13 (waste brick)
Reinforcement steel
The amount of R/F steel waste can be estimated if the construction material wastage level of is
known. The survey study shows that the average wastage level is 4%. The wastage could be
reduced to 3% or 2% if careful material ordering, design stage and handling and is applied. The
amount of R/F steel waste is estimated according to 80% Professional’s respondents answer to
4%.
Figure 14 (waste steel) Figure 15 (waste off-cuts)
Wood, Cement mortar and conduit and wiring items
The amount of Wood, Cement mortar and conduit and wiring waste can be estimated if the
construction material wastage level of is known. The survey study shows that the average
wastage level is 9%. The wastage could be reduced to 4% or 3% if careful material ordering,
design stage and handling and is applied. The amount of waste is estimated according to 80%
Professional’s respondents answer to 9%.
Figure 16 (waste plywood board ) Figure 17 ( waste mortar) Figure 18 (waste wringing items)
4.3 Variable analysis
4.3.1 Independent variable – procurement and design
Changes to the design while construction is in progress can generate wastes in many ways.
Firstly, if the construction materials or items have already been purchased based on the original
structure or architecture design, waste will result if the materials cannot be resold or give back
to the supplier. Similarly, if a structure has already has been constructed and build, the change
in design may result in partial demolition, thus resulting in material wastage.
Procurement error, is the main reason of waste generation. As such, the procurement must be
specifying quality, quantity and the timing of deliveries of materials in accurately. Methods of
delivery and packaging and the standards by which construction materials are to be judged and
rejected must be stated. Communications between material supplier should be such that details
regarding transportation, eventual site location, order of delivery, packaging sizes are available
to all those involved.
Ordering errors and Suppliers error
This independent variable section of the questionnaire was included to data analyses the first
variable of the procurement and design a checked the responses of the professional respondents
regarding this variable. According to the fig -19 if the respondents strongly agreed and 74.07%
of respondents agreed 14.81% this question.
% Independent variable -1
Ordering and Suppliers error
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral
Figure 19 (variable -1 – data)
Design and contract document errors
regarding this variable. According to the fig - 20 if the respondents strongly agreed 18.52%
and 49.38% of respondents agreed this question.
Independent variable - 1
Design and Document errors
%
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Designers unfamiliarity with alternative products

and 49.38% of respondents agreed this question.
Designers unfamiliarity products
%
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Construction material product errors
and 27.16% of respondents agreed and 11.11% disagree this question.
Independent variable -1
% Material production errors
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree
4.3.2 Independent variable – Handling

Construction waste caused by the material handling can be effectively reduced by founding
procedures for the reception of goods, plan in advance adequate storage area space, and provide
adequate storage space and provide adequate handling resources and methods, taking into
account a variety of factors including means of this factor access. Effective procedures must
be developed for the receipt and issue of materials within the site by giving adequate
instructions to fixers, handlers, and others regarding the most effective practices relating to
their handling stage.
Damage during to transportation and off-loading
This independent variable section of the questionnaire was included to data analyses the second
variable of the Handling stage a checked the responses of the professional respondents
Independent variable-2
Damage to transportation
%
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Using excessive quantities of material than required
% Excessive quantities
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Figure 24 (variable - 2 – data)
Material misplacement on site

Material misplacement on site
%
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Manufacturing defects
This independent variable section of the questionnaire was included to data analyses the
second variable of the Handling stage a checked the responses of the professional
respondents regarding this variable. According to the fig - 26 if the respondents strongly
agreed 82.72% and 17.28% disagree this question.
% Manufacturing defects
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
4.3.3 Independent variable – Operation

This factor is mostly worker’s mistakes may be a result of their inefficiency, inexperience, or
and the bad supervision. Professional respondents were asked to score the major causes of
wastes arising from operational activities on residential construction sites. When the responses
of the causes of waste arising from operational activities were compared, the results showed
no significant difference at level. Hence, all the data were pooled together.
Lack of material control and waste management plans
This independent variable section of the questionnaire was included to data analyses the three
variable of the operation stage a checked the responses of the professional respondents
regarding this variable. According to the fig – 27 if the respondents strongly agreed 44.44%
and 17.28% agree this question.
% Lack of material control
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Residual such as off-cutting material
Residual
%
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Operation such as equipment errors.
regarding this variable. According to the fig - 29 if the respondents strongly agreed 100% this
question.
Equipment errors
%
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Lack of weather or climate Precautions situation
Lack of weather precautions
%
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
4.3.4 Independent variable – Environmental Regulation and factor
The lack of permanent environmental laws

This independent variable section of the questionnaire was included to data analyses the four
variable of the environmental low a checked the responses of the professional respondents
% Lack of permanent environmental law
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Harmful weather conditions such as heavy rainfall, direct sunlight these can deteriorate the
construction materials
% Harmful wether conditions
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Long term material storage against the environment factors will deteriorate the materials
Independen variable - 4
% Long terms material storage against the enviroment factors
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Unfollow environmental regulation
Unfollow the environmental requlation
%
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
4.4 Descriptive statistical Analysis
This part of analysis’s independent variable to find the standard deviation, maximum and
minimum
procurement and design
Table - 9 Is clearly show that Mosely professional respondents agreed that procurement and
design stage is very important to minimize the waste management for the possible challenges
of the residential building site with the maximum mean of 4.6296 and a standard deviation of
±0. 5521, while the lowest mean with 3.8642 and a standard deviation of ±0.4021 was that they
feel avoid to designer’s unfamiliarity with alternative products stage during the residential
construction minimize to material wastages.
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
PaD1 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.6296 .5521

PaD2 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.0372 .5025
PaD3 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 3.8642 .4021
PaD4 81 3.00 2.00 5.00 4.2716 .5125
Valid N (listwise) 81
Table 9 (Descriptive statistics data – variable 1)
Handling stage
Table - 10 Is clearly show that Mosely professional respondents agreed that Handling stage is
very important to minimize the waste management for the possible challenges of the
residential building site with the maximum mean of 4.7778 and a standard deviation of
±0.88680, while the lowest mean with 3.8395 and a standard deviation of ±0.56519 was that
they feel avoid to manufacturing defects a handling stage during the residential construction
minimize to material wastages.
Had1 81 3.00 2.00 5.00 4.7778 .68920
Had2 81 3.00 2.00 5.00 4.0741 .56519
Had3 81 3.00 2.00 5.00 3.8395 .88680
Had4 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.6543 .76093
Operation stage
Table – 11 Is clearly show that Mosely professional respondents agreed that Operation stage is
very important to minimize the waste management for the possible challenges of the residential
building site with the maximum mean of 4.9200 and a standard deviation of ±0.81271, while
the lowest mean with 4.1975 and was that they feel avoid to Residual such as off-cuts stage
during the residential construction minimize to material wastages.
Ope1 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.1975 .81271
Ope2 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.6173 .73430
Ope3 81 .00 5.00 5.00 4.9200 .63800
Ope4 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.3827 .56053
Environmental low and factor
Table- 12 Is clearly show that Mosely professional respondents agreed that Environmental low
is very important to minimize the waste management for the possible challenges of the
residential building site with the maximum mean of 4.8765 and a standard deviation of
±0.89770, while the lowest mean with 3.9630 and a standard deviation of ±0.36683 was that
they feel avoid to unfollow environmental regulation stage during the residential construction
minimize to material wastages.
EnLo1 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.8025 .48528

EnLo2 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.8765 .56683
EnLo3 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.2547 .64118
EnLo4 81 2.00 3.00 5.00 3.9652 .89770
4.5 Inferential Statistical Analysis

Correlation Analysis
It is correlation analysis is a method of statistical evaluation used to study the strength of a

relationship between numerically measured, that variables. This analysis of statistical
evaluation of hypothesis a found of recommending variable.
Correlation analysis coefficient is the measurement of correlation and ranges between
 +1 and -1. strongest positive correlation possible is indicated by +1,
 strongest negative correlation possible is indicated by -1. 0 indicates no correlation
 values closer to zero highlight weaker/poorer.
H-1 > There is significance influence of Procurements and Design in construction waste
management
Correlations
Procurement And RcQuPaD1

Design
Pearson Correlation 1 .965**
Procurement and Design Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 81 81
Pearson Correlation .965** 1
RcQuPaD1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001

N 81 81
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 13 (correlation data variable -1)
According to the table -13 shows a very good correlation in Procurements and Design stage
when the construction site. The correlation coefficient of 0.965 shows a very good relationship
between variables. Hence this hypothesis is significant and accepted.
H-2 > There is significance influence operation in construction waste management
Correlations
Operation RcQuOpe3
Operation Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 81 81
RcQuOpe3 Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 81 81

According to the table - 14 shows a very good correlation in Operation stage when the ongoing
construction site. The correlation coefficient of 0.877 shows a very good relationship between
variables. Hence this hypothesis is significant and accepted.
H-3 > There is significance influence of handling in construction waste management
Correlations
Handling RcQuHad2
Handling Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 81 81
RcQuHad2 Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 81 81

According to the table -15 shows a very good correlation in Handling stage when the ongoing
H-4 > There is significance influence of environmental law and factor in construction waste
management.
Correlations
Environmental Law RcQuEnLo

Factors 4

Environmental Low
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
and Factors
N 81 81
RcQuEnLo4 Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 81 81

According to the table- 16 shows a very good correlation in environmental low when the
Most suitable recommendation variable
variable Correlations Resulted Most suitable variable

Procurement & Design 0.965 Most suitable
Operation 0.877 suitable
Handling 0.895 suitable
Environmental law and factor 0.794 suitable
Table 17(suitable recommendation variable)
According to the table - 17 Show that very most suitable variable in construction waste
management. Mosely professional respondents agreed the Procurement & Design stage is
most suitable depending factor.
Regression Analysis
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Adjusted R Std. Error of R Square

Model R R Square Square the Estimate Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change
1 .895a .860 .879 .83245 .860 25.485 4 58 .001
a. Predictors: (Constant), Procurement & Design, Handling, Operation, Environmental Law and factors
b. Dependent Variable: Waste management

Table 18 (Regression modal summary)
According table -18 the regression analysis shows the significance value less than 0.01, this
analysis part that the model summary show that independent and dependent variables that are
significant and acceptable. The Adjusted R square value of the model is 0.860, which shows a
very good correlation between selected independent and dependent variable.
Coefficients Table
Coefficients
Unstandardized
Coefficients Standardized Coefficients 95.0% Confidence Interval for B
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound

1 (Constant) -15.515 3.473 -2.988 .001 -23.525 -4.58
Procurement & Design .821 .456 .452 1.881 .001 .145 1.556
Handling .693 .352 .421 2.525 .000 -.001 .355
Operation .632 .321 .411 4.864 .000 .341 1.231
Environmental Law and .521 .185 .323 6.488 .000 .356 .554
factors
a. Dependent Variable: Waste management

Table 19 (Coefficients summary)
According table -19 the regression analysis shows Coefficients, this analysis part that the
summary show that independent and dependent variables that are significant and acceptable.
The Standardized Coefficients value of the higher than 0.821 procurement and design stage,
which shows a very good correlation between selected independent and dependent variable.
5. Recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Research purpose
This research study achieved some success although various constraints. Since this research
study adopts a survey research design and relies on professional respondent’s perception of
construction material wastage during construction procurement and design stage, handling
stage, operation stage and environmental factors which is considered a subjective assessment,
future study should adopt a case study research design and actual measurement of materials
wastage and associated cost overruns. In the present study, the wastage level for different
materials commonly used in the construction site is successfully determined.
This research study analysis in view of chosen sample with questionnaires and it will show the
construction material wastage management for suitable practices to residential project in the
construction Sri Lanka industry. Quantitative method is helpful to reorganize individual
variable as well as their connection to the independent and dependent variable. Results relating
to the impact made by implementation in construction waste management to residential project
improve the Wellawatte construction industry.
One of the most suitable variable frequently found problems in the construction projects is
insufficient stage of the construction waste management in after SPSS analysis. Even after
some extent of wastage rate allowable in each residential construction project, this limit
extended beyond the allowable limit of waste. Finally, all data collected from the expected
professional respondents and Analysed with the help of SPSS software.
5.2 Found the variable resulted

Independent Variable Dependent variable
Procurement & Design
Operation Waste management
Handling
Environmental law and
factor
Table 20 (variable resulted)
5.3 Key finding of Analysis

The research study has identified the main sources of construction materials waste in the
Wellawatte construction industry. The level of contribution of the construction waste sources
to the generation of waste saw differences between of the professional respondents. Reason
for the waste management in construction projects in Sri Lanka and other countries from
previous researches were discussed under empirical overview. Independent variables for
research were identified from previous researches in empirical overview. Justification for the
selection of independent variable was explained in empirical overview.
5.4 Key findings of data analysis
All the four variable evaluated were considered as major causes of waste on construction sites.
SPSS statistical analysis conducted to identify the most suitable significant variables affecting
the construction waste management. The correlation coefficient test resulted above 0.965 of
results for the variables of procurement and design factors. This ensures the reasonable to good
correlation between all variables. The significance level of independent variables was 0.001,
0.000,0.000,0.000. All these variables are significant and acceptable.
5.5 New Conceptual Framework
Procurements and Design H-1
Operation H-4
Waste
Handling H-2 Management
Environmental regulation
H-3
factors
5.6 Research Objectives
Research Objectives – 1 (RO1) - To Calculate the wastage quantity in residential project
The RO1 is achieved by primary data analysis data observation. Key challenges and the barriers
have identified from data analysis were waste material quantity when the procurement and
design, handling, operation stage.
Research Objectives – 2 (RO2) - To Find the types of waste material
The RO2 is achieved by primary data analysis data observation. Key sources and type of
material have identified from data analysis were waste material type when the procurement and
design, handling, operation and environmental law and regulation stage
Research Objectives – 3 (RO3) To Compare different construction waste management
techniques for residential project
The RO3 is achieved by primary data analysis data observation. Key techniques of construction
waste material have identified from data analysis were waste different new techniques when
the procurement and design, handling, operation and environmental law and regulation stage.
Research Objectives – 4 (RO4) To Identify most suitable construction waste management
methods for residential project
The RO4 is achieved by primary data analysis data observation. Key most suitable construction
waste management methods of construction waste material have identified from data analysis
were waste most suitable methods when the procurement and design, handling, operation and
environmental law and regulation stage.
5.7 potential barriers implementation
The research results revealed that the four most significant measures to construction waste
management potential barriers to implementation of residential construction Wellawatte
industry are should procurement and design factors, handling stage factors, operation stage,
environmental factors and regulations should be committed to changes.
5.8 Recommendation
This research recommendation found are after from data analysis. professional respondents
have agreed for having suitable construction waste management practises to minimizing the
material waste. This research study reviewed the main issues of construction waste
management on construction sites from Wellawatte Sri Lanka. Qualitative and quantitative
analysis were carried out on different forms of data scope to obtain a general understanding of
waste management approaches.
Recommendations of this research.
Reduce of construction waste in procurement and design stages.
1. The main direct causes of construction material waste in construction sites are
procurement workers lack of awareness, poor design resulting in excessive R/f steel
off-cuts and the rework and variations. In contrast, the factors emanating from poor
logistics management and procurement problems were considered as being of reduce
of this significance.
2. Architects or structural engineer perceived that residential building construction
clients present the main barrier to implementing improved construction waste material
management. residential building construction client requirements for variation late in
the design process increases waste materials during construction site, and there is a
general lack of interest or support from clients towards reusing construction material.
Minimizing to operation stage.
1. Proper construction site waste management methods and techniques, and operational
preparation of accurate specification for materials are recommended measures to adopt
in the quest to minimize to construction materials waste.
2. The current practices implemented by contractors to minimise construction material
waste on construction sites are operational stage adequate storage, workers training and
awareness, and on time delivery of material.
Reduce to handling stage.
1. Construction material waste to handling stage practices to that need to be implemented

more efficiently in construction sites.
2. Cost savings and increasing profits are considered, by most implemented handling stage
improved to construction projects to be the most important benefits and incentive for
material waste minimisation.
3. Appoint to skill labour after that reduce the construction waste material
4. Provide qualified training.
Environmental factors and regulation.
1. Government organisations on part of should embark on suitable or related policies and

regulation that could provide critical support to make lean methods feasibility.
2. The identified barriers and solved potential barriers to implementation of should
provide an enabling environment for construction industry a successfully implement
lean construction and improve construction quality and efficiency.
3. Construction material to avoid the directly connect to climates factors (rain) and
provide storage facilities.
Recommendation for particular material
Material Waste preventative action

Brick, Block 1. Avoid tipping any bricks, care in
stacking all bricks
2. Care in every brick work movement
Wood (form work) 1. Careful store and moving from set to
set, floor to floor
2. After carefully remove or dumbing to
regulation wise
3. Use for drawing or design wise
4. Careful scheduling to sizes
Concrete 1. Mixing to be controlled to operations
and handling in progress.
2. Use for actual quantity and design
specification
3. Carefully dropping and unloading
ready mix
Reinforcement steel 1. Reduce excessive reinforcement steel
off-cuts
2. Carefully store
3. Use for drawing specification
4. Carefully move to floor to floor
5. Reduce fore excess use of tying wire
6. Carefully scheduling to sizes
Table 21 (material recommendation)
Recommendation for future studies
1. This research is suggested and recommended in the opinion of construction builders of

the lean construction philosophy.
2. Sustainability, Resource Efficiency and Waste Elimination in the Wellawatte
Construction Industry
5.9 Conclusion
This research study reviewed the main barriers and prevent action relating to construction
material waste management on Wellawatte residential construction sites. Qualitative and
quantitative analysis were carried out on different forms of data aiming to obtain a general
understanding of construction waste management approaches in Wellawatte.
A thorough review of literature based on the questionnaire’s primary subject area helped clarify
the cause-effect relationships between the investigated variable parameters. As a conclusion,
construction waste management was only practiced to a certain extent. The awareness and
implementation of construction waste material minimization was of concern in only certain
areas.
It can be concluding from the research study that systematic analysis of activity causing more
construction waste and types of waste which occur frequently on construction sites is helpful
for identification of major causes of construction waste. it is identified, it can be avoided or
minimized or reduce resulting in major financial and environmental benefits for the firm. If
construction waste material collected from construction site and reuse can save money and
conserve resources and preserve environment factors.
This research study is a foundation for future studies about construction waste management
firm. it can be used as a reference for construction companies or builders to establish their
waste management plans and procedures. This study can be a material for training sessions on
construction sites and help construction company’s builders to find the best way to control
waste material.
References
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APPENDIX - 1:
Questionnaire Survey Sheet
APPENDIX - 2
Presentation

A Study of Suitable Construction Waste Management Practices To Residential Project in Wellawatte, Sri Lanka

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A Study of Suitable Construction Waste

Management Practices to Residential

University of East London

The Faculty of Civil Engineering

Internal Examiner Dr. A. M. R. Begam

This research is study of suitable construction Waste management procedure of residential

Figure 1 (wellawatte area) .................................................................................................................................... 10

Presently, awareness of resource-efficient construction waste management practices is missing

Figure 1 (wellawatte area)

1.4.1 Problems and issues in managing construction waste.

1.4.2 Problem of Challenges in disposing construction waste

The management of construction and demolition waste is a problem suffered worldwide

As such objectives of this research effort were

 To Calculate the wastage quantity in residential project.

1.7 Research Question

 How to calculate the waste quantity in residential project?

1.9 Significance of research

Environmental benefits of project waste management: - Minimum amount of wastage

2.2 Empirical over view

improper management of construction materials may result to significant wastage in the

2.2.3 Procurement and Design factor

2.2.4 Environmental Regulations and factors

2.3 Independent variable.

Factor 1- Procurements and design.

Factor 4- Environmental regulation and factors.

Sources of waste Reason

The management impacts can be contended by implementing certain purposes to reduce

2.5 Conceptual frame work

Procurements and Design H-1

New build, renovation and refurbishment of commercial buildings is likely to increase as a

H-2 > There is significance influence operation in construction waste management

H-3 > There is significance influence of handling in construction waste management

H-4 > There is significance influence of environmental regulations and factors in

source: (ukessays, 2011) Figure 2 (Research layer)

3.1 Research philosophy

3.2 Research approach

3.3 Research strategy

3.4 Research method

3.5 Primary and secondary data collection

3.7 Data Analysis Plan

Table 2 (gain chart of data analysis plan)

3.8 Target population and sampling methods

3.9 Ethical considerations

Independent variables – Handling

Reliability Test Summarized

Independent variables Cronbach's Alpha No of questionnaire

4.2 Demographic Data

Architect Civil Engineer Site Engineer Technical Officer Project Manager

Figure 3 (percentage of profession)

Figure 4 (percentage of experience)

Construction Waste Material level

Figure 5 (material waste level details)

Figure 9 (waste glass) Figure 10 (waste glass) Figure 11 (waste PVC)

Figure 12 (waste block) Figure 13 (waste brick)

Figure 14 (waste steel) Figure 15 (waste off-cuts)

Wood, Cement mortar and conduit and wiring items

Figure 19 (variable -1 – data)

Figure 20 (variable -1 – data)

Designers unfamiliarity with alternative products

Figure 21 (variable -1 – data)

Figure 22 (variable -1 – data)

4.3.2 Independent variable – Handling

Figure 23 (variable -2 – data)