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Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies
Article in Water Environment Research · October 2010

DOI: 10.2307/29763416
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies
1 2 3,
Minghua Li , Rovshan Mahmudov , C. P. Huang *
ABSTRACT: This review covers publications in Physical Treatment
biological, chemical, and physical technologies for the Adsorption: Janos et al. (Janos, Hula et al. 2009)
treatment of hazardous wastes and remediation of studied the reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) by
contaminated sites published in 2009. oxihumolite and iron humate. Although both materials
reduced the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which was subsequently
KEYWORDS: treatment, temediation, hazardous, bound to humic acid matrix, iron humate was found to be
chemicals, physical, biological, aerobic, anaerobic, functional at wider pH range of 1 to 5 than oxihumolite.
adsorption, filtration, coagulation, flocculation, advanced Li et al. (Zhao, Chen et al. 2009) treated Cr(VI)
oxidation, ozonation, fenton, fenton-like, photocatalysis, contaminated water by nanoparticles of a mixed hydroxide
photo-electrochemical, ultrasound. of aluminum and magnesium with various Mg/Al molar
doi: 10.2175/106143010X12756668801770 ratios. It was found that the mixed Mg/Al hydroxide with
Mg/Al molar ratio of 3 had the largest adsorption capacity
————————— attributed to its small particles size and high zeta potential.
1
Post-doctoral fellow, Department of Civil and Gupta et al. (Gupta, Chauhan et al. 2009) studied
Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los As(III) and As(V) removal from natural ground water using
Angeles, 90095. Fe-modified chitosan. The adsorbent had successfully

2
Laboratory Manager, Department of Civil and reduced the total As to < 10 µg/L and interference anions
Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, did not interfere significantly the performance. Wang and
Newark, DE 19716 Lo (Wang and Lo 2009) used synthesized mesoporous

3
*Donald C. Phillips Professor, Department of Civil and magnetic γ-Fe2O3 to removal Cr(VI) from contaminated
Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, water. Mesoporous magnetic iron oxide exhibited similar
Newark, DE 19716. Tel: +1 (302) 831-8428, email: adsorption capacity as nonporous nano-γ-Fe2O3 (10 nm) but
huang@udel.edu is faster in its separation due to larger size. Grover et al.
(Grover, Komarneni et al. 2009) studied the uptake of
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Water Environment Research, Volume 82, Number 10—Copyright © 2010 Water Environment Federation
arsenite by layered double hydroxides, hydrotalcite and Arkas and Tsiourvas (Arkas and Tsiourvas 2009)
hydrocalumite. Steady state adsorption was reached within prepared hybrid silica nanoparticles with low cost
8-16 hr and more than 80% removal was achieved by both poly(ethylene imine) hyperbranched polymer. This hybrid
materials. material exhibited much higher adsorption capacity for two
Doula (Doula 2009) used clinoptilolite and its Fe- different categories of pollutant, i.e. heavy metal, such as
modified form to remove Cu, Mn and Zn from drinking Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and polycyclic aromatic compounds, such
water. Amorphous iron oxide coated with clinoptilolite as pyrene and phenanthrene, compared to the bare silica.
exhibited higher heavy metal adsorption capacity than the Aroua et al. (Aroua, Yin et al. 2009) modified activated
bare minerals. Ozay et al. (Ozay, Ekici et al. 2009) used carbon surface with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and tested its
magnetic hydrogel prepared in 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1- Pb2+ adsorption behavior. With 16.68 and 29.82 % mass
propansulfonic acid to remove metal ions from aqueous loading of PEI, the uptake rate increased by 4.7 and 8.4%
solutions. The hydrogel network with magnetic property respectively.
provided high metal adsorption capacity. Aguado et al. Mak et al (Mak, Rao et al. 2009) investigated the
(Aguado, Arsuaga et al. 2009) used amine-functionalized effect of hardness, alkalinity and organic matter on the
mesoporous silica to remove heavy metal from wastewater. removal of As(V) by zero-valent iron. Due to co-presence
The functionalized materials showed higher metal of HCO3- and Ca2+, the removal rate of As(V) increased
adsorption capacity than bare silica while maintaining with increase of concentration of both ions. However,
porous structure. formation of Ca-humate complex inhibited the removal of
Chen et al. (Chen, Hu et al. 2009) studied the As(V). Chen et al. (Chen, Shan et al. 2009) studied the
adsorption of Ni(II) and Sr(II) using multiwalled carbon effect of Cu(II) on the adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
nanotubes/iron oxide magnetic. The composite material on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. It was found that
showed much higher adsorption capacity than multiwalled oxidation treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
carbon nanotubes or magnetic iron oxide alone. The increased the surface area and the adsorption capacity. The
desorption occurred with acidic condition, making it a presence of Cu(II) suppressed the adsorption of 2,4,6-
promising candidate for pre-concentration of heavy metal trichlorophenol due to formation of surface complexes.
ions. Duran et al. (Duran, Tuzen et al. 2009) treated Lertpaitoonpan et al. (Lertpaitoonpan, Ong et al.
multiwalled carbon nanotubes with o-cresolphthalein and 2009) investigated the effect of organic carbon and pH on
tested the adsorption capacity for various metals. Results the sorption of sulfamethazine by soil. Increase in pH
indicated that the complexed materials concentrated Cu(II), reduced the partition coefficient (Kd) significantly, and a
Co(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) as much as 40 times in mass. stepwise linear regression model incorporating the anionic
fraction of sulfamethazine ionization and soil properties
1721
described the process well. Alkaram et al. (Alkaram, TEC was achieved after 16 cycles of injection within 10
Mukhlis et al. 2009) studied the removal of phenol using days.
surfactant modified bentonite and kaolinite. The phenol Simon et al. (Simon, Nghiem et al. 2009) studied the
adsorption capacity of clays modified with effect of membrane degradation on the removal of
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and pharmaceutical compounds. After 18-h of exposure to
phenyltrimethylammonium bromide exhibited higher than chlorine the rejection of target compounds was declined,
the unmodified samples and overall increased by increasing whereas exposure to dilute hypochlorite solution increased
of pH value. the rejection. Yangali-Quintanilla et al. (Yangali-
Quintanilla, Sadmani et al. 2009) studied the performance
Filtrations: Chang et al. (Chang, Chen et al. 2009) of nanofiltration membrane, NF-200 and NF-90, on the
compared the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine compounds.
from the water of Tai Lake, Taiwan, using nanofiltration Results indicated that NF-90 had more than 95% rejection
(NF), ultrafiltration (UF), sand filtration (SF), and SF-NF. of target compounds regardless of fouling.
Results indicated that SF-NF was the recommended Jermann et al. (Jermann, Pronk et al. 2009) studied
treatment process which NOM removal was up to 94% and the role of NOM on the separation of estradiol and
had lower energy consumption than UF-NF. Chen et al. ibuprofen during ultrafiltration. Fouling by NOM led to a
(Chen, Su et al. 2009) developed cellulose acetate-graft- significant increase of estradiol retention, while the impact
polyacrylonitrile membranes via the free radical on ibuprofen was negligible due to low KOC value. Ates et
polymerization process. The membranes showed 100 times al. (Ates, Yilmaz et al. 2009) studied the removal of
higher water flux than the cellulose membrane with good disinfection by-products by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
oil fouling resistance. membrane. Although ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
Ladhe et al. (Ladhe, Frailie et al. 2009) prepared membranes showed high rejection of high-molecular-
silica membrane modified with mercaptopropyltrimethoxy weight DOC, only 1.5-30% rejection was achieved for low-
silane to capture Ag ion from aqueous solution. The molecular-weight fraction.
membrane showed good selectivity to Ag+ ion against
competing cations, such as Ca2+. Parshetti and Doong Coagulation and Flocculation: Li et al. (Li, Yan et
(Parshetti and Doong 2009) treated trichloroethylene al. 2009) evaluated the influence of ozone pretreatment on
wastewater by PEG/PVDF and PEG/Nylon 66 Ni/Fe the size, zeta potential, fractal dimension, and effective
composite membranes. The removal efficiency increased density of coagulated flocs. Their results revealed that the
with increase of Ni loading and complete dechlorination of fractal dimensions increased with increasing ozone does,
resulting in densely packed flocs. Chiang et al. (Chiang,
1722
Chang et al. 2009) tested the effects of pre-ozonation on the solution of pH 7, 97% phenol removal was obtained after 2
removal of THM by coagulation. Pre-ozonation altered the h, attributed to the combined effect of sweep coagulation
hydrophobicity of NOM, thus enhanced the removal. and adsorption.
Gerrity et al. (Gerrity, Mayer et al. 2009) compared the
performance of photocatalysis and enhanced coagulation Chemical Treatment
for the removal of disinfection byproduct on pilot scale. Ozonation: Biard et al. (Biard, Couvert et al. 2009)
Photocatalysis by TiO2 led to increased chlorine demand tested dimethyl disulphide removal using ozone and
and trihalomethane formation potential, which made it less hydrogen peroxide by a compact scrubber configuration.
favorable compared to enhanced coagulation. With this configuration, the removal of dimethyl disulphide
Guo et al. (Guo, Wu et al. 2009) studied Sb(III) and increased from 16 to 34% attributed to the improved mass
Sb(V) removal by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation transfer rate. Faria et al. (Faria, Monteiro et al. 2009)
using different coagulate agents. It was found that the evaluated the effect of several metal oxides and metal
coagulant type, Sb species and pH had more pronounced oxides supported on activated carbon on ozone degradation
influence on the performance than coagulant dose and of three compounds, aniline, sulfanilic acid and Acid Blue
initial metal concentration. Aber et al. (Aber, Amani- 113. Those metal oxides containing mixtures of cerium and
Ghadim et al. 2009) studied Cr(VI) removal from synthetic manganese or cerium and cobalt exhibited the highest
and real wastewater using electrocoagulation process and mineralization degree. Coelho et al. (Coelho, Sans et al.
modeled the results with artificial neural network. 2009) treated dichlofenac with ozone and tested its
Maximum removals were achieved by Al and Fe at biodegradability and toxicity. More than 99% of
concentration of 0.15 and 0.98 mg/L, respectively and the dichlofenac removal and 24% mineralization were achieved
model correlated the results reasonably well with a R2 of with 0.68 mM of ozone in 30 min. Additionally, the treated
0.976. water exhibited less toxicity potency and more
Hyung and Kim (Hyung and Kim 2009) investigated biodegradability compared to the parent compound.
the removal of C-60 by conventional drinking water Rivas et al. (Rivas, Gimeno et al. 2009) investigated
treatment processes. Conventional water treatment process the degradation kinetics of a pharmaceutical compound,
efficiently removed the pristine C-60 but organic matter ranitidine, by ozonation. However, only 20-25%
coating reduced the efficacy slightly. Abdelwahab et al. mineralization was achieved and only at alkaline condition,
(Abdelwahab, Amin et al. 2009) treated phenol containing i.e., pH = 11 was capable of increasing the conversion to
oil wastewater by electrochemical process using a cell with 70%. Rosal et al. (Rosal, Rodriguez et al. 2009) treated
horizontally oriented aluminum cathode and a horizontal caffeine by ozonation in aqueous phase and investigated the
aluminum screen anode. At high current density and a parameters that affected the kinetics. Results indicated that
1723
alkaline condition led to higher ozone decomposition and reaction, comparing with dark that yielded only 57%
caffeine degradation. mineralization. Balci et al. (Balci, Oturan et al. 2009)
De Witte et al. (De Witte, Van Langenhove et al. assessed the kinetics and mechanisms of atrazine
2009) studied levofloxacin ozonation in aqueous phase degradation by electro-Fenton reaction. Up to 82%
under various conditions of pH and initial chemical mineralization was achieved with absolute rate constant of
concentrations. The degradation rate doubled at pH 10 2.54 x 109 M-1s-1.
compared to pH 7, indicating direct ozonation was the Ben et al. (Ben, Qiang et al. 2009) investigated the
dominant mechanism. Lucas et al. (Lucas, Peres et al. degradation of six veterinary antibiotics in swine
2009) treated vinery wastewater with ozonation process in wastewater by Fenton process. Under optimal conditions,
a pilot-scale bubble column reactor. A steady COD high COD removal was achieved and was indifferent to the
reduction was observed and the reaction rate increased with background COD and suspended solids. Melero et al.
increase of pH. (Melero, Martinez et al. 2009) evaluated the performance
of Fenton-like process to treat industrial pharmaceutical
Ultrasound Treatment: Nakui et al. (Nakui, Okitsu wastewater. The TOC degradation was 50% after 200 min
et al. 2009) studied the effect of coal ash and pH on the in a batch stirred tank reactor and 60% in a fixed bed
decomposition and adsorption behavior of hydrazine in reactor.
sonochemical treatment. It was found that the ultrasonic Trovo et al. (Trovo, Nogueira et al. 2009)
decomposition occurred at pH 1 and 8. However at pH 4, investigated sulfamethoxazole degradation by solar photo-
hydrazine was removed mainly by adsorption, and no Fenton process in distilled water and seawater. Due to ion
decomposition by ultrasonic irradiation was observed. interference, the degradation and mineralization of parent
Panchangam et al. (Panchangam, Lin et al. 2009) evaluated compounds were hindered in seawater compared to
the role of sonication in the photocatalytic decomposition distilled water. Sirtori et al. (Sirtori, Zapata et al. 2009)
of perfluorooctanoic acid. The authors reported that studied the feasibility of using solar photo-Fenton to treat
physical dispersion of TiO2 and improved mass transfer industrial pharmaceutical wastewater. The toxicity of the
enhanced the degradation rate. wastewater was decreased due to the increase of
biodegradability which led to over 95% of DOC removal.
Fenton/Fenton-Like Treatment: Kassinos et al. Masomboon et al. (Masomboon, Ratanatamskul et al.
(Kassinos, Varnava et al. 2009) compared the Fenton 2009) treated 2,6-Dimethylaniline by Fenton process under
degradation of atrazine and fenitrothion in dark and light in various conditions. At pH 2, 2 mM of ferrous ion, and 20
the presence of H2O2. Both parent compounds were mM of hydrogen peroxide conditions, 70% COD removal
completely eliminated within 5 min with photo-Fenton was achieved and the intermediates identified were 2,6-
1724
dimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene, 2,6- reaction was orbital-controlled and were highly influenced
dimethylbenzoquinone, 3-hexanone, maleic acid, acetic by adsorptive capacity.
acid, formic acid, and oxalic acid. Gonzalez-Olmos et al. Antoniou et al. (Antoniou, Nambiar et al. 2009)
(Gonzalez-Olmos, Roland et al. 2009) treated MTBE with investigated the degradation pathway of creatinine by
Fenton-like process using iron-containing zeolites, Fe- photocatalysis. It was found that the initial pH governed the
ZSM5 and Fe-Beta, in the presence of H2O2. Results reaction pathway and additional transformation steps were
showed that Fe-Beta had slower reaction rate but higher identified under acidic condition. Bastos et al. (Bastos,
H2O2 utilization than Fe-ZSM5. Eriksson et al. 2009) studied the degradation of
Guan et al. (Guan, Dong et al. 2009) evaluated the polybrominated phenoxyphenols, metabolized compound
effect of competing anions on As(III) removal during of brominated flame retardants, using photolysis under
KMnO4-Fe(II) process. The presence of competing anions various conditions. Results indicated that the degradation
decreased As(III) removal in the decreasing order of rate was highly dependent on solution pH, and the presence
phosphate > humic acid > silicate > sulfate. Iurascu et al. of hydrogen peroxide, but was indifferent to the chemical
(Iurascu, Siminiceanu et al. 2009) evaluated the structure of the compounds.
performance of Fe-laponite Fenton agents prepared at Arslan-Alaton et al. (Arslan-Alaton, Olmez-Hanci et
various temperatures using phenol degradation as an al. 2009) evaluated treatment of four commercial aryl
indicator. Complete phenol removal was achieved with all sulfonates, namely, naphthalene sulfonic acid, H-acid, K-
Fe-laponite and the catalyst prepared at 350 oC had the best acid, J-acid and benzene sulfonic acid using H2O2/UV-C
performance. photohydrolysis. This photodegradation process was not
Martinez and Bahena (Martinez and Bahena 2009) effective in dealing with aryl sulfonates, especially
treated chlorbromuron urea herbicide by electro-Fenton trisulfonated K-acid. Echavia et al. (Echavia, Matzusawa
process with a reticulated vitreous carbon cathode and et al. 2009) investigated the photo-degradation of three
platinum anode. Total organic carbon removal efficiency pesticides, acephate, dimethoate, and glyphosate, in water
was influenced by cell voltage, pH and initial herbicide using UV light and TiO2-silica gel. Complete
concentration. decomposition of target compounds was achieved within
60 – 105 min. Miranda et al. (Miranda, Yanez et al. 2009)
Photocatalytic Treatments: Bekbolet et al. studied the removal of methylmercury by TiO2
(Bekbolet, Cinar et al. 2009) used quantum mechanical photocatalytic reaction assisted by UV-A irradiation. Under
approach (Density Function Theory) to explain the optimal conditions, more than 95% of methylmercury was
degradation mechanism of dinitronaphthalene isomers by removed within 2 min irradiation.
Degussa P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and reported that the
1725
Chin et al. (Chin, Jurng et al. 2009) prepared various synthesized CNT-TiO2 composites by sol-gel method and
V2O5/TiO2 nanoparticles and evaluated their catalytic tested its photocatalytic activity by degrading methylene
capability exemplified by 1,2-dichlorobenzene oxidation. blue. The initial oxidation rate was enhanced by one fold
Results revealed that the target compound was removed at compared to pure TiO2 sample due to the supporting CNT.
46 and 95% at 150 and 200 oC, respectively. Devi et al. Belessi et al. (Belessi, Lambropoulou et al. 2009)
(Devi, Murthy et al. 2009) studied the photo-degradation of prepared a magnetic photocatalyst by modifying TiO2
five synthetic dyes using TiO2 and Mo-doped TiO2 under nanoparticles with γ-Fe2O3. All magnetic photocatalysts
solar light. Slight acidic environment was favorable for the exhibited good catalytic activity towards propachlor
degradation of anionic dyes and pH 8.0 condition is more degradation and were reused several times without losing
favorable for removal of cationic dyes. their photoactivity. Chang et al. (Chang, Hou et al. 2009)
Chan and Chu (Chan and Chu 2009) studied the prepared Zr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and assessed their
effect of cobalt on the degradation of atrazine by TiO2 photocatalystic activity. The sample calcinated at 950o C
heterogeneous photolysis process. The treatment efficacy exhibited 40 times higher activity than P25 due to the co-
was pH dependent; the highest degradation rate was doping of TiO2 surface with Zr4+ and phosphate species.
observed at neutral pH range. Among the cobalt salts Malagutti et al. (Malagutti, Mourao et al. 2009)
studied, only CoCl2 inhibited reaction rate. Bassaid et al. studied the photocatalytic activity of Ag-doped TiO2
(Bassaid, Robert et al. 2009) found that the performance of nanostructured thin film using rhodamine B degradation as
TiO2 photocatalyst was improved in the presence of indicator. Results indicated that Ag(0.25%):TiO2 thin film
calcium oxalate and attributed the improvement to the high enhanced the photocatalytic activity due to the electron
adsorption capacity of target compounds onto TiO2. transfer from TiO2 to Ag that reduced electron-hole
Esquivel et al. (Esquivel, Arriaga et al. 2009) loaded recombination. Wang et al. (Wang, Geng et al. 2009)
TiO2 on semi-conductive optical fiber electrode and prepared Au/ZnO nanorodes with large surface area and
assessed its performance in a photoelectrochemical reactor. controllable spatial distribution and concentration of Au.
The photo-generated H2O2 increased by 50% with this The photocatalyst showed higher degradation rate
configuration compared to other types of TiO2 film. compared to other TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles exemplified
Bouazza et al. (Bouazza, Ouzzine et al. 2009) prepared by degrading Rhodamine B.
CNT-TiO2 hybrid materials with various crystal structures Hou et al. (Hou, Li et al. 2009) loaded Cu2O highly
and compared their photocatalytic activity. The degradation oriented on TiO2 nanotube array and compared its
rate of propene strongly depended on the crystalline photocatalytic efficiency with non-coated TiO2 electrode in
composition following the order: rutile < anatase < the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. Enhanced
anatase/rutile. Gao et al. (Gao, Chen et al. 2009) photoelectrocatalytic activity was observed via Cu2O
1726
loading due to the high photon harvesting efficiency and performance of UV/H2O2 process in by removing methyl
reduction of electron-hole recombination rate. Li and tert-butyl ether. The pretreatment with ion exchange and
Shang (Li and Shang 2009) doped TiO2 array with nitrogen softening was more cost effective than pellet softening,
and fluorine by anodizing titanium foil in a fluoride and weak-acid ion exchange, and high-pH lime softening
ammoniate-based electrolyte followed by calcinations. The process.
co-doped array exhibited enhanced visible light absorption Mendez-Arriage et al. (Mendez-Arriaga, Torres-
and photo-degradation efficiency. Ao et al. (Ao, Xu et al. Palma et al. 2009) compared the degradation efficiency of
2009) prepared N-doped titania hollow spheres using pharmaceutical wastewater using three AOP processes
carbon spheres as template and tested the photocatalytic under solar illumination: photo-Fenton (FH),
activity under visible light irradiation. The hollow structure sonophotocatalysis (SP) and TiO2/Fe2+/sonolysis (TFS). In
and nitrogen doping imparted the particles with greater contrast to 60% mineralization exhibited by the FH
photocatalytic activity compared to commercial P25 in the process, 92% DOC and total ibuprofen removal were
degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B. achieved by the TFS process within 240 min. Guinea et al.
(Guinea, Brillas et al. 2009) compared the performance of
Other AOP processes: Dai et al. (Dai, Liu et al. three AOP processes, namely conductive-diamond
2009) studied the oxidation of various forms of Cr(III) by a electrochemical oxidation (CDEO), ozonation, and Fenton
manganese-bearing mineral, birnessite. It was found that oxidation, for the treatment of enrofloxacin synthesis
Mn(II) greatly reduced the oxidation rate and the presence industrial wastewaters. CDEO was the most efficient in
of EDTA inhibited oxidation due to formation of chelates. mineralization and ozonation was the most efficient COD
Li et al. (Xiao, Qu et al. 2009) studied free-radical removal method.
generation by oxygen microbubbles in the presence of Kurniawan and Lo (Kurniawan and Lo 2009) treated
copper. It was found that the free-radical concentration was low biodegradable landfill leachate by an integrated H2O2
enhanced as well as the polyvinyl alcohol degradation rate. and granular activated carbon process. Total COD removal
Kim et al. (Kim, Yamashita et al. 2009) compared the was improved from 58% by granular activated carbon
degradation of personal care products using UV and adsorption along to 82%. Ravera et al. (Ravera, Buico et
UV/H2O2 treatments. Results indicated that UV alone was al. 2009) treated 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid with
not sufficient in removing target compounds at an energy microwave irradiation in the presence of H2O2. Although
intensity of 5644 mJ/cm-2. In contrast, combination of results were promising in batch scale experiments with
UV/H2O2 treatment degraded more than 90% of parent 70% degradation within 20 min, the scale-up process
compounds within 30 min. Li et al. (Li, Hokanson et al. yielded less striking results.
2008) evaluated the effect of pretreatment on the
1727
Bokare and Choi (Bokare and Choi 2009) compared 2,4 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The removal of COD,
the oxidative degradation of 4-chlorophenol by zero-valent average current efficiency, and final Cl- concentration was
aluminum (ZVAl)/O2 and zero-valent ion (ZVI)/O2 1.63, 2.25, and 1.67 times higher than those without
systems. The ZVAl/O2 system showed high oxidation microwave radiation, respectively. Rao et al. (Rao, Rohit
efficiency over wider pH range comparing to the ZVI/O2 et al. 2009) evaluated the performance of three-dimensional
system. Kang and Choi (Kang and Choi 2009) studied the carbon bed electrochemical reactor in treating landfill
effect of organic matter on the degradation of 4-cloropheol leachate. The degradation process followed two-stage
by ZVI/O2 treatment. The presence of both humic acid and pseudo-first order kinetics with a mineralization efficiency
fulvic acid enhanced the degradation rate via mediating of 0.83.
electron transfer from ZVI surface to O2. Chen et al. (Chen, Su et al. 2009) studied the reaction
of dimethyl sulfide in wire-cylinder pulse corona at room
Electro-chemical processes: Flox et al. (Flox, Arias temperature. Results indicated humidity, oxygen
et al. 2009) investigated the electrochemical incineration of concentration, and gas composition influenced the dimethyl
cresols by PbO2 and boron-doped diamond anodes. All sulfide removal with energy consumption of 0.8 kJ per mg
cresols were completely mineralized at similar rate by dimethyl sulfide removed. Xiao et al. (Xiao, Qu et al.
using both electrodes and the degradation kinetics followed 2009) studied ammonia removal using electrochemical
a pseudo-first-order expression. Chatzisymeon et al. process with and without UV irradiation. More than 97% of
(Chatzisymeon, Xekoukoulotakis et al. 2009) studied the ammonia was converted to nitrogen using RuO2/Ti and
treatment of olive mill industrial wastewater using boron- IrO2/Ti electrodes both under UV irradiation and the
doped diamond by electrochemical method. It was found reaction rate increased more than 1.5 times compared to
that initial COD loading and treatment were critical to that in the absence of UV.
phenol removal. Only 19% COD removal and 36% phenol Aouni et al. (Aouni, Fersi et al. 2009) used an
removal was achieved for an undiluted effluent with 40,000 electrocoagulation/nanofiltration process to treat a textile
mg/L COD. Cui et al. (Cui, Li et al. 2009) compared the industrial wastewater. The electrochemical coagulation
performance of four types of electrode, namely Ti/boron- process effectively removed the color and COD, while the
doped diamond, Ti/Sb-SnO2, Ti/RuO2 and Pt, on the nanofiltration step further improved the removal efficiency
degradation of bisphenol A by electrochemical method. of color, COD, conductivity, alkalinity, and total dissolved
The degradation rate followed the order of Ti/boron-doped solids.
diamond = Ti/Sb-SnO2 > Pt >> Ti/RuO2.
Gao et al. (Gao, Zhao et al. 2009) studied the effect of Chemical Reductions: Cao et al. (Cao, Wu et al.
microwave radiation on the electro-chemical degradation of 2009) studied the effect of multicomponent gas additives
1728
on NO reduction. Both experimental and model results site derived clay sediments with 19.59% removal only.
indicated that CO, CH4 and H2 addictives decreased the Geng et al. (Geng, Jin et al. 2009) studied the effect of
optimal temperature for NO reduction. Nakatsuji et al. chitosan coating on the removal of Cr(VI) by ZVI
(Nakatsuji, Yamaguchi et al. 2008) studied NOx reduction nanoparticles. Results indicated that the chitosan coated
with Rh-based catalysts in presence of SOx. NOx was found ZVI had great stability and exhibited 3 times higher Cr(VI)
to be selectively reduced with CO at a high efficiency and reduction rate than the ethanol-water stabilized ZVI.
SOx drastically enhanced the selectivity of NOx reduction. Chemical Soil Remediation: Gomez et al. (Gomez,
Jagtap et al. (Jagtap, Umbarkar et al. 2009) synthesized Alcantara et al. 2009) developed a two-stage process using
Ag/Al2O3 catalysts with 1 (wt) % of SiO2 or TiO2 doping electrokinetic to mobilize beno[a]pyrene from kaolin and
and tested the catalytic activity by reducing NOx. Ag/Al2O3 electrochemical method to degrade the target compounds.
doped with TiO2 or SiO2 showed consistent NOx reduction They demonstrated that 76% of benzo[a]pyrene were
with high SO2 tolerance. recovered from kaolin at pH 7 and 73% could be degraded
Lin et al. (Lin, Liou et al. 2009) investigated the within 16 hr. Khalladi et al. (Khalladi, Benhabiles et al.
reduction of trichloroethylene by Pd/Sn bimetallic 2009) treated diesel fuel polluted soils by surfactant
nanoparticles. Dramatic enhancement of degradation rate washing. Results showed that the sodium dodecyl sulfate
was observed with more than 99% of mineralization. removed 97% of diesel fuel after 4 hr treatment in column
Garetto et al. (Garetto, Vignatti et al. 2009) prepared experiments.
Pt/Al2O3 catalyst and tested its capability of the Alcantara et al. (Alcantara, Gomez et al. 2009) treated
hydrodechlorination of tetrachloride. The catalyst showed PAH contaminated soil by surfactant desorption followed
good reactivity and was regenerated under air with full by electrochemical degradation. Among the five tested
recovery of its catalytic capability. surfactants, Tween 80 exhibited the best mobilization of
Rao et al. (Rao, Mak et al. 2009) investigated the PAH from kaolin. In the electrochemical treatment process,
effect of humic acid on arsenic removal by zero-valent iron the degradation rate of PAH tested followed the order of
from groundwater. It was found that the reduction reaction benzanthracene > fluoranthene > pyrene, which was the
was inhibited by the presence of humic acid due to the same order of their ionization potential.
formation of soluble Fe-humate. Katsenovich and Kim et al. (Kim, Ryu et al. 2009) studied the
Miralles-Wilheim (Katsenovich and Miralles-Wilheirn feasibility of catholyte conditioning with acidic solution as
2009) studied ZVI and palladized bimetallic particle on the pretreatment to remediate Zn and Ni contaminated soils.
degradation of trichloroethene in batch and column The acidic pretreatment enhanced the Zn and Ni removal
experiments. Results indicated that the palladized by 41 and 40% , respectively, after 4 weeks of operation.
bimetallic particles were less active compared to ZVI in the
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Biological treatment Fenton oxidation process as a pretreatment substantially
Aerobic treatment: Belfoldi et al. (Felfoldi, Szekely et al. improved the removal of pharmaceuticals prior to discharge
2010) studied the treatment of coal coking wastewater by to municipal wastewater treatment plant. O’Grady et al.
aerobic activated sludge process. Phenol degradation at (O'Grady, Evangelista et al. 2009) studied the
concentrations up to 1500 mg/L was achieved. Members of biodegradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by
the Thiobacillus genus were detected in the activated Rhodococcus species. Results showed that when an
sludge, and were supposedly responsible for the intensive alternative carbon source was available Rhodococcus
thiocyanate biodegradation observed in the system. Essam erythropolis and Rhodococcus equi removed EE2 up to
et al. (Essam, Amin et al. 2010) isolated a phenol degrading 47% in 13 h and 39% in 65%, respectively. Wang et al.
strain (TW1) and studied the kinetics of phenol (Wang, Lee et al. 2009) studied biological degradation of
degradation. Alcaligenes TW1 utilized phenol as both acrylic acid from municipal and industrial wastewaters
carbon and energy source and its growth kinetics were well using two strains: Ralstonia solanacearum and Acidovorax
described by the Haldane kinetics model. Liu et al. (Liu, avenae. Generally Ralstonia solanacearum showed better
Nikolausz et al. 2009) isolated two strains (Acinetobncter ability to degrade acrylic acid and also tolerated
sp. XA05 and Sphingomonas sp. FG03) from activated acrylonitrile toxicity than Acidovorax avenae.
sludge and phenol contaminated soil that showed high Shnghal and Thakur (Singhal and Thakur 2009)
phenol degradation. Experiments in suspended and attached isolated three fungus strains from pulp and paper mill
cells showed that the latter had slightly better phenol wastewater which showed capable of significantly reducing
degradation. color (more than 50%) and lignin content (35-40%).
Moussavi et al. (Moussavi, Khavanin et al. 2009) Asgher et al. (Asgher, Azim et al. 2009) utilized a white rot
studied the phenol removal by a catalytic ozonation process fungus for the degradation of dyes in textile industrial
combined with biological treatment. The process was most wastewater. The process was optimized for pH,
efficient at pH of 8 and was not affected by water salinity temperature, and starch concentration as a carbon source.
up to 50 g/L of NaCl. El-Rahim et al. (El-Rahim, El-Ardy et al. 2009) studied the
Badawi et al. (Badawy, Wahaab et al. 2009) and effect of pH on the degradation of “textile direct violet dye”
Sirtori et al. (Sirtori, Zapata et al. 2009) studied a combined by Aspergillus niger fungal strain. At optimum pH value of
Fenton oxidation as pretreatment step for the treatment of 2, 3, 8, and 9, 98.9, 97.3, 97.0, and 97.3% color removal
wastewaters containing pharmaceuticals. The was achieved, respectively.
pharmaceutical compounds were not removed by Kim et al. (Kim, Ahn et al. 2009) isolated three
conventional biological wastewater treatment process and bacterial strains from pulp wastewater treatment plant
were found to adsorb on sludge flocs. The application of sludge, e.g. Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca,
1730
and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that showed capability sufficiently for the sludge to be suitable for landfill
of phenanthrene degradation. Results showed that the disposal.
bacterial consortium successfully degraded phenanthrenen Sattler et al. (Sattler, Garrepalli et al. 2009)
while very low phenanthrene degradation was observed in studied carbonyl sulfide (COS) removal in anaerobic
pure cultures. biofilter using three types of media including aged
compost, fresh compost, wood chips, or a compost/wood
Anaerobic treatment: Cagnetta et al. (Cagnetta, Intini et chip mixture. Results showed that H2S did not have adverse
al. 2009) utilized isolated aerobic bacteria Burkholderia effect on COS degradation for the compost and
xenovorans to degrade PCB in marine sediments. compost/wood chip mixture. Also the age of the compost
Combination of two complimentary techniques had no effect on COS removal rate.
mechanochemical (MC) pretreatment followed by Zupancic and Gotvajn (Zupancic and Gotvajn
biological treatment was shown to be an effective method 2009) studied anaerobic biodegradation of pharmaceutical
for PCB degradation in marine sediments with 50% of PCB waste fermentation broth mixed with pig slurry and corn-
removal in less than 8 days under proper operating grass silage. At low concentrations of the pharmaceutical
conditions. broth with organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.8 kg/m3-d (in
Chen et al. (Chen, Lin et al. 2010) studied the addition to OLR of pig slurry and corn grass silage of 1.5
effect of oxygen on the reductive dehalogenation of kg/m3-d) resulted in 79% of COD removal and methane
pentachlorophenol (PCP). Results showed that the highest production rate of 30.9 L/d. However, the process failed
dehalogenation was achieved at headspace oxygen after 20 days when pharmaceutical broth concentration was
percentage (HOP) of 40 to 60%, while at HOP of 80-100% increased to OLR of 2.2 kg/m3-d. When only
reductive dechlorination of PCP was negligible. pharmaceutical broth was used with adding a mixture of
Pehilivanoglu-Mantas and Ozturk (Pehlivanoglu- pig slurry and corn-grass silage the process failed in 10
Mantas and Ozturk 2009) studied sludge stabilization from days.
leather and textile industries under aerobic and anaerobic Chen et al. (Chen, Kao et al. 2009) studied the
conditions. Aerobic treatment resulted in greater volatile biodegradation of tetracyanonickelate (TCN) by Klebsiella
suspended solids (VSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) oxytoca under anaerobic conditions. K. oxytoca utilized
removal for sludge from leather industry, whereas both TCN as the nitrogen source and complete TCN degradation
aerobic and aerobic stabilization gave similar results for was achieved in 14 days. Methane was the final product of
sludge form textile industry. In both cases, however, VSS TCN biodegradation The study also showed that TCN
and TOC removal was in the range from 38 to 60%, degradation was impacted by high concentrations of nitrate,
indicating that the sludge organic content did not decrease nitrite, or ammonia.
1731
Pires and Momenti (Pires and Momenti 2009) titrate and ammonia inhibited TCN biodegradation. The
studied the combination of anaerobic biodegradation with end product of TCN degradation was methane with
ozonation, UV radiation and ozonation in the presence of optimum pH of 7.1.
UV radiation to remove highly persistent compounds from
the wastewater of a cellulose kraft pulp plant. Only Bioreactors: Vlyssides (Vlyssides, Barampouti et al. 2009)
anaerobic degradation in horizontal anaerobic immobilized studied the effect of ferrous iron on the performance of
sludge bed (HAISB) allowed 50% removal efficiency for upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) for the treatment
COD and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) and 80% of diary wastewater with COD of 1500 to 11000 mg/L. The
removal efficiency for BOD. Application of post ozonation addition of ferrous iron resulted in substantial improvement
brought the combined removal efficiency for AOX and in COD removal rate. The sludge settling characteristics
COD to 96% and 70%, respectively. Application of post also improved with increase in feed COD that was
advanced oxidation processes (AOP) did not affect BOD attributed to the formation of ferrous sulfide.
concentration, which allowed the wastewater to be Zhang et al. (Zhang, Zhao et al. 2009) employed
processed by a second step biological treatment to further combined UASB with microbial fuel cell-biological aerated
reduce the organic content of the wastewater. filter (UASB-MFC-BAF) for the treatment of molasses
Karadima et al. (Karadima, Theodoropoulos et al. wastewater (COD = 127,500 mg/L) with parallel electricity
2009) evaluated the toxicity of wastewater from cheese generation. The process allowed 53.2, 52.7, and 41.1%
manufacturing after anaerobic treatment for hydrogen removal of COD, sulfate, and color, respectively, while
production. Results showed that the effluent toxicity to generating electricity with power and current densities of
zebrafish, Thamnocephalus and Daphnia was due to high 1410.2 and 4947.9 mA/m2, respectively.
concentrations of PO43-, SO42-, NH3, and NO3- in the treated Combination of catalytic advanced oxidation
effluent. Sakai et al. studied (Sakai, Kurisu et al. 2009) process (CAOP) O3/MgO/H2O2 with biological treatment in
isolated a culture from lotus fields that degraded benzene a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) also showed a great
under methanogenic conditions. Results implied that potential for the treatment of wastewater with high
benzene was degraded by sequential degradation by concentration of formaldehyde (Moussavi, Yazdanbakhsh
fermenting bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and et al. 2009). CAOP removed 75 and 65.6 % formaldehyde
methanogens. and COD, respectively. The final effluent after SBR was
Chen et al. (Chen, Kao et al. 2009) studied the free of formaldehyde and contained less than 60 mg/L
effect of nitrogen sources and pH on the anaerobic COD.
degradation tetracyanonickelate (II) [K-2[Ni(CN)(4)] Leitao et al. (Leitao, Araujo et al. 2009) studied
(TCN) by Klebsiella oxytoca. Results showed that nitrate, anaerobic degradation of coconut husk liquor (CHL) in
1732
UASB. CHL was effectively treated even at high OLR of advantage of removing the remaining phenol from
10 kg/m3-d generating biogas with methane concentration hydrolytic/acidogenic reactor.
of 75%. COD and tannins removal efficiency was 80% and Zang et al. (Zhang, Huang et al. 2009) studied a
78%, respectively. combined biofilm electrode reactor for phenol degradation.
Wijetunga et al. (Wijetunga, Li et al. 2010) used A 100% phenol degradation rate in the biofilm supported
UASB to treat wastewater from textile industry. The study on a TiO2 electrode was achieved in 18 h, which was better
involved discoloration of the wastewater with different dye than separate electrochemical and biological treatment.
concentrations and COD loading of up to 3000 mg/L. It COD removal of such a combined bioreactor was at 80% in
was found that more than 85% color removal at all dye 16 h also outperforming separate electrochemical and
concentrations and COD loading was due to biodegradation biological treatment. Bajaj et al. (Bajaj, Gallert et al. 2009)
of Acid Red 131 and Acid Yellow 79 while Acid Blue 204 studied the degradation of phenol by a mixed culture in
was removed due to adsorption onto anaerobic granules. aerobic fixed bed reactor at concentrations of 7 mmol/L.
Gonzalez-Gutierrez and Escamilla-Silva (Gonzalez- The growth kinetics were well described by the Haldane
Gutierrez and Escamilla-Silva 2009) studied azo dye kinetic model with rate constant of µmax = 0.3096 h-1, half
reactive red 272 degradation in hybrid UASB and activated saturation constant Kx = 0.7933 mmol/L, and inhibition
carbon bed. The main factors that affected the dye removal constant Ki = 6.887 mmol/L. The very high Ki value
efficiency were initial concentrations of dye, electron donor indicated high adaptability of the mixed culture to phenol
and the residence time in the reactor. Annuar et al. degradation.
(Annuar, Adnan et al. 2009) studied azo dye Trypan Blue Ince et al. (Ince, Kolukirik et al. 2009) studied the
degradation by fungal biomass of Pycnoporus sanguineus. effect of toluene on composition and activity of acetoclastic
The discoloration efficiency was directly proportional to methanogens in UASB. Results showed that the inhibition
the dye concentration and temperature with first order of methagenic activity was directly proportional to the
degradation rate. increase in toluene concentration. The activity of
Donoso-Bravo (Donoso-Bravo, Rosenkranz et al. acetoclastic genus Methanosaeta was shown only slightly
2009) studied phenol degradation in Anaerobic Sequencing affected by toluene concentration. Martinez-Hernandes et
Batch Reactors (ASBRs). The feed contained 5 g/L of COD al. (Martinez-Hernandez, Olguin et al. 2009) studied the
derived from phenol and glucose as a co-substrate. Nearly effect of carbon source, e.g. acetate, on the treatment
100% phenol degradation was achieved in 10 days in a toluene contaminated wastewater in UASB. Decrease in
single stage reactor (hydrolytic/acidogenic reactor). A two acetate loading resulted in reduction of toluene degradation
stage reactor (hydrolytic/acidogenic –methanogenic) had an and nitrogen consumption rates. Three times increase in
acetate-C/toluene-C ration resulted in two-fold increase in
1733
toluene degradation rate. Camarill and Rincon (Camarillo surface of activated carbon was covered with biofilm
and Rincon 2009) studied the inhibition of microbial eliminating the adsorption as one of possible ways of VOC
activity by various organics such as olive oil, ethanol and removal.
phenol in UASB. Results showed that the COD removal Hort et al. (Hort, Gracy et al. 2009) studied the
rate was independent on olive oil concentration. The removal of ammonia and volatile sulfur containing organic
methanogenic activity, however, was strongly affected by compounds (VOSC) by sewage sludge and yard compost as
the presence of ethanol and phenol at concentrations of 250 a biofilter media. Removal efficiencies of 100% for VOSC
and 150 mg/L, respectively. and 94% for ammonia were achieved.
Biofilters: Wang and Wu (Wang and Wu 2009) studied the Bioremediation: The use of genetically engineered
removal of high-molecular-weight organic compounds in endophytic bacteria substantially enhanced
membrane bioreactor. Organics with molecular weight in phytoremediation of TCE contaminated sites (Weyens, van
the range of 100 kDa were degraded to lower molecular der Lelie et al. 2009). Introducing the TCE degrading strain
weight in the range from 10 to 100 kDa. Under oxic Pseudomonas putida to TCE contaminated soils showed to
conditions a small fraction of the organic matter was reduce evapotranspiration of TCE by 90% in the field
transformed to higher molecular weight compounds that conditions. The poplar root endophyte P. puptida W619-
were further retained by the membrane. TCE was engineered by horizontal gene transfer of TCE
Cai and Sorial (Cai and Sorial 2009) utilized a metabolic activity.
combination of trickling bed biofilter with cyclic Lee et al. (Lee, Yoon et al. 2009) combined
adsorption/desorption bed to treat a mixture of volatile bioleaching with electrokinetics that showed a substantial
organic compounds (VOCs), e.g. toluene, styrene, methyl cost saving for arsenic removal from mine tailing soil under
ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). anaerobic condition. In anaerobic conditions arsenic was
Below critical loading of 34.0 g/m3-d, 99% COD removal mobilized by anaerobic culture that utilized As(V) as an
efficiency was achieved. At COD loading rate above the electron acceptor. Anaerobic mobilization followed by
critical value also stable degradation of the VOCs was electrokinetic precipitation allowed 66.5 % of arsenic to be
observed, but with efficiency less than 99%. removed from soil.
Smolin et al. (Smolin, Shvidenko et al. 2009) Xie et al. (Xie, Tang et al. 2009) isolated an XP-
studied the removal of aromatic compounds, e.g. o- M2 strain from Pseudomonas genus that successfully
nitrophenol, o-aminobenzoic acid with activated carbon degraded aromatic compounds in soils. The culture
biofilter. The removal mechanism was shown to be solely degraded 10 mg/L of benzoate in 12 h. The kinetic
due to biodegradation of the aromatic compounds. The
1734
parameters for the Andrews model for benzoate supplied as electron acceptor benzene was only partially
degradation were KS = 2.47 g/L and KI = 3.81 g/L. degraded. When chlorate was used for in-situ oxygen
Bhowmik et al. (Bhowmik, Asahino et al. 2009) generation, benzene was completely degraded within four
studied the bioremediation of ground water form PCE weeks. Kang et al. (Kang, Park et al. 2009) studied the
contaminated sites via natural attenuation and effect of aging on bioremediation of crude oil contaminated
biostimulation. During natural attenuation the soil sites by a diesel degrading strain Rhodococcus sp. YS-7.
microbial culture was found to be dominated by multiple The strain disappeared in aged soils 36 days after the
species, while during biostimulation the dominant species inoculation. The study showed that saturated aliphatic (SA)
were β-proteobacteria species. PCE degradation was shown and aromatic hydrocarbon (AH) fractions of the aged crude
to proceed via reductive dehalogenation. oil contaminated sites were the most toxic to the
Perpetuo et al. (Perpetuo, Marques et al. 2009) Rhodococcus sp. YS-7.
studied phenol degradation by Chromobacterium Kalyani et al. (Kalyani, Sharma et al. 2009)
violaceum with a cloned phenol monooxygenase gene from studied the biodegradation of soils contaminated with
Escherichia coli. The phenol degradation showed the endosulf, a widely used pesticide. A strain that degraded
accumulation of two reaction intermediates catechol and endosulf was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which
hydroquinone implying that orto or para hydroxylation of was capable of degrading α- and β-endosulf with only
phenol was the main initial step in phenol degradation. 2.12% production of endosulfan sulfate during 20 days of
Nagamani et al. (Nagamani, Soligalla et al. 2009) isolated a innoculation.
strain (Xanthobacter flavus MTCC 9130) that was capable Matsumura et al. (Matsumura, Hosokawa et al.
of utilizing phenol as a sole carbon source in phenol 2009) isolated 26 bacterial strains capable of degrading
contaminated soils with phenol at concentrations up to bisphenol-A (BPA, 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propane)
1100 mg/L, but bacterial growth was suppressed at higher from 85 contaminated soils samples in Japan. The isolated
phenol concentrations. Dastager et al. (Dastager, Deepa et strains belonged to Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, and
al. 2009) reported isolating a strain (Pantoea strain NII- Bacillus groups. HPLC analysis suggested different
153) that utilized phenol as a sole carbon source and used bisphenol-A degradation pathways within the groups, but
for wastewater treatment and soil remediation. The strain all of them could be used for the bioremediation of
showed high tolerance for phenol at concentrations up to contaminated soils.
900 mg/L. Muller et al. (Muller, Vogt et al. 2009) isolated
Langenhoff et al. (Langenhoff, Richnow et al. toluene degrading bacterial consortium from BTEX
2009) studied the remediation of soils contaminated with contaminated aquifer under anoxic conditions. Analysis
benzene under anaerobic conditions. When nitrate was showed that the consortium was comprised of 12 strains
1735
types mainly composed of Deltaproteobacteria (several References
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biodegradation in a coupled granular sludge determining process parameters and reaction
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Chiang, P. C., E. E. Chang, et al. (2009). "Effects of pre- Devi, L. G., B. N. Murthy, et al. (2009). "Heterogeneous
ozonation on the removal of THM precursors by photo catalytic degradation of anionic and
coagulation." Science of the Total Environment cationic dyes over TiO2 and TiO2 doped with
407(21): 5735-5742. Mo6+ ions under solar light: Correlation of dye
structure and its adsorptive tendency on the
1739
degradation rate." Chemosphere 76(8): 1163- Essam, T., M. A. Amin, et al. (2010). "Kinetics and
1166. metabolic versatility of highly tolerant phenol
Donoso-Bravo, A., F. Rosenkranz, et al. (2009). degrading Alcaligenes strain TW1." Journal of
"Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor as an Hazardous Materials 173(1-3): 783-788.
alternative for the biological treatment of wine Faria, P. C. C., D. C. M. Monteiro, et al. (2009). "Cerium,
distillery effluents." Water Science and manganese and cobalt oxides as catalysts for the
Technology 60(5): 1155-1160. ozonation of selected organic compounds."
Doula, M. K. (2009). "Simultaneous removal of Cu, Mn Chemosphere 74(6): 818-824.
and Zn from drinking water with the use of Felfoldi, T., A. J. Szekely, et al. (2010). "Polyphasic
clinoptilolite and its Fe-modified form." Water bacterial community analysis of an aerobic
Research 43(15): 3659-3672. activated sludge removing phenols and
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some trace elements via using multiwalled carbon Bioresource Technology 101(10): 3406-3414.
nanotubes as solid phase extraction adsorbent." Flox, C., C. Arias, et al. (2009). "Electrochemical
Journal of Hazardous Materials 169(1-3): 466- incineration of cresols: A comparative study
471. between PbO2 and boron-doped diamond
Echavia, G. R. M., F. Matzusawa, et al. (2009). anodes." Chemosphere 74(10): 1340-1347.
"Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphate Gao, B., G. Z. Chen, et al. (2009). "Carbon
and phosphonoglycine pesticides using TiO2 nanotubes/titanium dioxide (CNTs/TiO2)
immobilized on silica gel." Chemosphere 76(5): nanocomposites prepared by conventional and
595-600. novel surfactant wrapping sol-gel methods
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effect of pH on bioremediation potential for the Applied Catalysis B-Environmental 89(3-4): 503-
removal of direct violet textile dye by Aspergillus 509.
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a TiO2 modified optical fiber electrode and its dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at boron-doped
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and regeneration of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts during the
1740
hydrodechlorination of carbon tetrachloride." Guinea, E., E. Brillas, et al. (2009). "Oxidation of
Applied Catalysis B-Environmental 87(3-4): 211- enrofloxacin with conductive-diamond
219. electrochemical oxidation, ozonation and Fenton
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stabilized Fe-0 nanoparticles for removal of 2131-2138.
hexavalent chromium in water." Science of the Guo, X. J., Z. J. Wu, et al. (2009). "Removal of
Total Environment 407(18): 4994-5000. antimony(V) and antimony(III) from drinking
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pilot-scale photocatalysis and enhanced (CFS)." Water Research 43(17): 4327-4335.
coagulation for disinfection byproduct Gupta, A., V. S. Chauhan, et al. (2009). "Preparation and
mitigation." Water Research 43(6): 1597-1610. evaluation of iron-chitosan composites for
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process using electrokinetic remediation and contaminated real life groundwater." Water
electrochemical degradation for treating Research 43(15): 3862-3870.
benzo[a]pyrene spiked kaolin." Chemosphere Hort, C., S. Gracy, et al. (2009). "Evaluation of sewage
74(11): 1516-1521. sludge and yard waste compost as a biofilter
Gonzalez-Gutierrez, L. V. and E. M. Escamilla-Silva media for the removal of ammonia and volatile
(2009). "Reactive red azo dye degradation in a organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs)." Chemical
UASB bioreactor: Mechanism and kinetics." Engineering Journal 152(1): 44-53.
Engineering in Life Sciences 9(4): 311-316. Hou, Y., X. Li, et al. (2009). "Photoeletrocatalytic activity
Gonzalez-Olmos, R., U. Roland, et al. (2009). "Fe-zeolites of a Cu2O-loaded self-organized highly oriented
as catalysts for chemical oxidation of MTBE in TiO2 nanotube array electrode for 4-
water with H2O2." Applied Catalysis B- chlorophenol degradation." Environ Sci Technol
Environmental 89(3-4): 356-364. 43(3): 858-863.
Grover, K., S. Komarneni, et al. (2009). "Uptake of arsenite Hyung, H. and J. H. Kim (2009). "Dispersion of C-60 in
by synthetic layered double hydroxides." Water natural water and removal by conventional
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arsenic from water: Effects of competing anions Ince, O., M. Kolukirik, et al. (2009). "Toluene inhibition on
on As(III) removal in KMnO4-Fe(II) process." an anaerobic reactor sludge in terms of potential
Water Research 43(15): 3891-3899. activity and composition of acetoclastic
1741
methanogens." Journal of Environmental Science Kang, Y. S., Y. J. Park, et al. (2009). "Inhibitory effect of
and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & aged petroleum hydrocarbons on the survival of
Environmental Engineering 44(14): 1551-1556. inoculated microorganism in a crude-oil-
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degradation in water through a heterogeneous Biotechnology 19(12): 1672-1678.
photo-Fenton process catalyzed by Fe-treated Karadima, C., C. Theodoropoulos, et al. (2009).
laponite." Water Research 43(5): 1313-1322. "Environmental Hazard Assessment of Cheese
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modification to improve the sulphur tolerance of Production." Bulletin of Environmental
Ag/Al2O3 for SCR of NOx with propene under Contamination and Toxicology 83(3): 428-434.
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Environmental 90(3-4): 416-425. oxidation of aqueous solutions of atrazine and
Janos, P., V. Hula, et al. (2009). "Reduction and fenitrothion through dark and photo-Fenton
immobilization of hexavalent chromium with reactions." Chemosphere 74(6): 866-872.
coal- and humate-based sorbents." Chemosphere Katsenovich, Y. P. and F. R. Miralles-Wilheirn (2009).
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fouling for the retention of estradiol and Science of the Total Environment 407(18): 4986-
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Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated soil."
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663-672. 505.
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organic compounds using zero-valent iron in the pharmaceuticals and personal care products
presence of natural organic matter serving as an during UV and UV/H2O2 treatments."
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878-883.
1742
Kim, Y. M., C. K. Ahn, et al. (2009). "Synergic Lertpaitoonpan, W., S. K. Ong, et al. (2009). "Effect of
degradation of phenanthrene by consortia of organic carbon and pH on soil sorption of
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Kurniawan, T. A. and W. H. Lo (2009). "Removal of UV/H2O2 processes for methyl tert-butyl ether
refractory compounds from stabilized landfill and tertiary butyl alcohol removal: Effect of
leachate using an integrated H2O2 oxidation and pretreatment options and light sources." Water
granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption Research 42(20): 5045-5053.
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Ladhe, A. R., P. Frailie, et al. (2009). "Thiol-functionalized fluorine co-doped titanium oxide nanotube arrays
silica-mixed matrix membranes for silver capture with enhanced visible light photocatalytic
from aqueous solutions: Experimental results and performance." Environ Sci Technol 43(23):
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460-471. Li, T., X. M. Yan, et al. (2009). "Impact of preozonation on
Lafi, W. K., B. Shannak, et al. (2009). "Treatment of olive the performance of coagulated flocs."
mill wastewater by combined advanced oxidation Chemosphere 75(2): 187-192.
and biodegradation." Separation and Purification Lin, C. J., Y. H. Liou, et al. (2009). "Supported Pd/Sn
Technology 70(2): 141-146. bimetallic nanoparticles for reductive
Langenhoff, A. A. M., H. Richnow, et al. (2009). "Benzene dechlorination of aqueous trichloroethylene."
Degradation at a Site Amended with Nitrate or Chemosphere 74(2): 314-319.
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187. detoxication of phenol by using free and
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Combination of Anaerobic Bioleaching and Sphingomonas sp FG03." Journal of
Electrokinetics for Arsenic Removal from Mine Environmental Science and Health Part a-
Tailing Soil." Environmental Science & Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental
Technology 43(24): 9354-9360. Engineering 44(2): 130-136.
Leitao, R. C., A. M. Araujo, et al. (2009). "Anaerobic Lucas, M. S., J. A. Peres, et al. (2009). "Ozonation kinetics
treatment of coconut husk liquor for biogas of winery wastewater in a pilot-scale bubble
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1743
Mak, M. S. H., P. H. Rao, et al. (2009). "Effects of treatment of an industrial pharmaceutical
hardness and alkalinity on the removal of wastewater." Water Research 43(16): 4010-4018.
arsenic(V) from humic acid-deficient and humic Mendez-Arriaga, F., R. A. Torres-Palma, et al. (2009).
acid-rich groundwater by zero-valent iron." "Mineralization enhancement of a recalcitrant
Water Research 43(17): 4296-4304. pharmaceutical pollutant in water by advanced
Malagutti, A. R., H. A. J. L. Mourao, et al. (2009). oxidation hybrid processes." Water Research
"Deposition of TiO2 and Ag:TiO2 thin films by 43(16): 3984-3991.
the polymeric precursor method and their Miao, L. H., F. R. Li, et al. (2009). "Biological treatment of
application in the photodegradation of textile high-pH and high-concentration black liquor of
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of toluene under denitrifying conditions." removal of methylmercury assisted by UV-A
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Martinez, S. S. and C. L. Bahena (2009). "Chlorbromuron Moussavi, G., A. Khavanin, et al. (2009). "The
urea herbicide removal by electro-Fenton investigation of catalytic ozonation and
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43(1): 33-40. processes for the removal of phenol from saline
Masomboon, N., C. Ratanatamskul, et al. (2009). wastewaters." Journal of Hazardous Materials
"Chemical oxidation of 2,6-dimethylaniline in the 171(1-3): 175-181.
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Characterization of Novel Bisphenol - A- process integrated with the biological treatment."
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catalytic wet peroxide oxidation systems for the within a bacterial consortium during growth on
1744
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Microbiology Ecology 70(3): 586-596. "Assessment of aerobic and anaerobic
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decomposition of hydrazine in water: Effects of anaerobic process with O-3, UV and O-3/UV for
coal ash and pH on the decomposition and cellulose pulp bleaching effluent treatment."
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aqueous 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol by electrooxidation of landfill leachate in a three-
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1747
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Article in Water Environment Research · October 2010

Minghua Li C.P. Chin-pao Huang

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ABSTRACT: This review covers publications in Physical Treatment

reduced the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which was subsequently

photo-electrochemical, ultrasound. of aluminum and magnesium with various Mg/Al molar

Mg/Al molar ratio of 3 had the largest adsorption capacity

Angeles, 90095. Fe-modified chitosan. The adsorbent had successfully

Newark, DE 19716 Lo (Wang and Lo 2009) used synthesized mesoporous

huang@udel.edu is faster in its separation due to larger size. Grover et al.

(Grover, Komarneni et al. 2009) studied the uptake of

materials. material exhibited much higher adsorption capacity for two

solutions. The hydrogel network with magnetic property respectively.

porous structure. formation of Ca-humate complex inhibited the removal of

fraction of sulfamethazine ionization and soil properties

Mukhlis et al. 2009) studied the removal of phenol using days.

hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and pharmaceutical compounds. After 18-h of exposure to

of pH value. the rejection. Yangali-Quintanilla et al. (Yangali-

Quintanilla, Sadmani et al. 2009) studied the performance

oil fouling resistance. membrane. Although ultrafiltration and nanofiltration

silane to capture Ag ion from aqueous solution. The molecular-weight fraction.

membrane showed good selectivity to Ag+ ion against

resulting in densely packed flocs. Chiang et al. (Chiang,

hydrophobicity of NOM, thus enhanced the removal. and adsorption.

Gerrity et al. (Gerrity, Mayer et al. 2009) compared the

performance of photocatalysis and enhanced coagulation Chemical Treatment

0.976. water exhibited less toxicity potency and more

caffeine degradation. mineralization. Balci et al. (Balci, Oturan et al. 2009)

concentrations. The degradation rate doubled at pH 10 2.54 x 109 M-1s-1.

increase of pH. (Melero, Martinez et al. 2009) evaluated the performance

of Fenton-like process to treat industrial pharmaceutical

decomposition and adsorption behavior of hydrazine in reactor.

decomposition occurred at pH 1 and 8. However at pH 4, investigated sulfamethoxazole degradation by solar photo-

biodegradability which led to over 95% of DOC removal.

Fenton/Fenton-Like Treatment: Kassinos et al. Masomboon et al. (Masomboon, Ratanatamskul et al.

dimethylbenzoquinone, 3-hexanone, maleic acid, acetic by adsorptive capacity.

(Iurascu, Siminiceanu et al. 2009) evaluated the structure of the compounds.

performance of Fe-laponite Fenton agents prepared at Arslan-Alaton et al. (Arslan-Alaton, Olmez-Hanci et

performance. photohydrolysis. This photodegradation process was not

concentration. decomposition of target compounds was achieved within

60 – 105 min. Miranda et al. (Miranda, Yanez et al. 2009)

Photocatalytic Treatments: Bekbolet et al. studied the removal of methylmercury by TiO2

degradation mechanism of dinitronaphthalene isomers by removed within 2 min irradiation.

Degussa P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and reported that the

Bouazza et al. (Bouazza, Ouzzine et al. 2009) prepared by degrading Rhodamine B.

ammoniate-based electrolyte followed by calcinations. The process.

(Guinea, Brillas et al. 2009) compared the performance of

Li et al. (Xiao, Qu et al. 2009) studied free-radical removal method.

2008) evaluated the effect of pretreatment on the

fulvic acid enhanced the degradation rate via mediating of 0.83.

of dimethyl sulfide in wire-cylinder pulse corona at room

The degradation rate followed the order of Ti/boron-doped solids.

diamond = Ti/Sb-SnO2 > Pt >> Ti/RuO2.

Garetto et al. (Garetto, Vignatti et al. 2009) prepared experiments.

bimetallic particles were less active compared to ZVI in the

concentrations up to 1500 mg/L was achieved. Members of biodegradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by

degradation. color (more than 50%) and lignin content (35-40%).

wastewaters containing pharmaceuticals. The was achieved, respectively.

of phenanthrene degradation. Results showed that the disposal.

pure cultures. biofilter using three types of media including aged

compost, fresh compost, wood chips, or a compost/wood

Combination of two complimentary techniques had no effect on COS removal rate.