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BMCT 3143
CHAPTER 1
HEAT TRANSFER-INTRODUCTION
Outline
• Introduction
• Heat Conduction
• Forced Convection
• Natural Convection
• Thermal Radiation
• Condensation & Boiling
• Heat Exchangers
• Introduction to mass transfer
Objectives
Heat Heat
35C
100C 80C
Initial State (0 hour) Current State (1 hour) Equilibrium State (2 hours)
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
T1 T2 A
q
q q q
dx
x dx
When x → 0
In heat conduction
analysis, A represents The rate of heat conduction
the area normal to the through a solid is directly
direction of heat proportional to its thermal
transfer. conductivity.
Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity:
The rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness
of the material per unit
area per unit
temperature difference.
The thermal
conductivity of a
material is a measure of
the ability of the material
to conduct heat.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates A simple experimental setup
that the material is a to determine the thermal
good heat conductor, conductivity of a material.
and a low value
indicates that the
material is a poor heat
conductor or insulator.
The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various
materials at
room
temperature.
Thermal Diffusivity
cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity per
unit mass
cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity per
unit volume
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material
Ex: In the absence of a fan, heat transfer from the surface of the hot block is by natural convection since any
motion in the air in this case is due to the rise of the warmer ( and thus lighter) air near the surface and the
fall of the cooler ( and thus heavier) air to fill its place,
Heat transfer between the block and the surroundings air is by conduction if the temperature difference
between the air and the block is not large enough to overcome the resistance of air to movement and thus to
initiate the natural convection.
Forced convection: If the fluid
is forced to flow over the
surface by external means such
as a fan, pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free) convection: If
the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density differences
due to the variation of
temperature in the fluid. The cooling of a boiled egg by forced
and natural convection.
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also
considered to be convection because of the fluid motion induced during the
process, such as the rise of the vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the
liquid droplets during condensation.
Newton’s law of cooling
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
Radiation emitted
by real surfaces
Emissivity :
A measure of how closely a surface approximates a
blackbody for which = 1 of the surface. 0 1.
Radiation is usually
significant relative to
conduction or natural
convection, but negligible
relative to forced Radiation heat transfer between a surface
convection. and the surfaces surrounding it.
When radiation and convection occur
simultaneously between a surface and a gas:
dx q
Tw
Wall
x
Example 2:
Convection Calculation
Air at 20oC blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250oC. The convection heat transfer
coefficient is 25 W/m2.oC. Calculate heat transfer.
Example 3:
Radiation Heat Transfer
Two infinite black plates at 800oC and 300oC exchange heat by radiation. Calculate the heat
transfer per unit area.
Example 4
Multimode Heat Transfer
Assuming that the plate Example 2 is made of carbon steel (1%) 2 cm thick and that 300 W is
lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the inside plate temperature.
( kcarbon steel= 43 W/m.oC)