CBSE - CBSE Class 12 Physics Solved Question Paper 2015 PDF

CBSE Class 12 Solved Question Paper 2015: Physics

Solved Question Paper: 2015
Class: XII
Subject: Physics
SECTION A
Question 1. In a series LCR circuit, VL= VC= VR. What is the value of power factor?
Solution. When VR =VL=VC then power factor cos Φ = R/Z = R/R = 1.
Question 2. What happens when a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction?
Solution. When p-n junction is forward biased , the holes are accelerated and they cross the
barrier to reach in region of N type of semiconductor. This increases the current in the p-n
junction circuit. The width of potential barrier deceases.
��
Question 3. Write a relation for polarisation P of a dielectric material in the presence of an
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external electric field E .
Solution. When a dielectric substance of dipole moment P, is placed in an electric field E0 ,

The reduced electric field E is given by E=E0 – P/ε.
Question 4. Define the term ‘mobility’ of charge carriers. Write its SI unit.
Solution. MOBILITY OF CHARGE carriers is defined as drift velocity per unit electric
field.
2
Its unit in s. I. system is m /v-s.
Question 5. The focal length of an equiconvex lens is equal to the radius of curvature of
either face. What is the refractive index of the material of the lens?
Solution. The formula of lens maker formula is given as,

1 1 1
𝑓
= (µ − 1)(𝑅1 − 𝑅2), but we are given R1=R2=f=R, therefore,
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1 1 1
𝑅
= (µ − 1)(𝑅 + 𝑅 ),
or µ =3/2=1.5
SECTION B
Question 6. Write the important characteristic features by which the interference can be
distinguished from the observed diffraction pattern.
OR
Explain the basic differences between the construction and working of a telescope and a
microscope.
Solution. Difference Between Interference And Diffraction:
1) Interference is the superposition of waves originating from two coherent sources of

light whereas diffraction is the superposition of the wavelets coming from different
parts of wave fronts of a wave.
2) The interference pattern is of uniform brightness throughout whereas in diffraction the
brightness of fringes keeps decreasing with the rise in diffraction pattern.
3) The fringe width of interference pattern may be equal or not but in case of diffraction
fringes are always of unequal width.
OR
Basic Difference In Between Microscope And Telescope:
1) The compound microscope has convex lens of longer focal length as objective and
eye piece of shorter focal
2) Tube Length Of Microscope, L= VO + Ue , since v0 is constant whereas ue can be
varied. In case of telescope, length of the tube L= FO+ Ue,
3) Microscope is used for viewing tiny object whereas telescopes are used for watching
distant and heavenly objects.
Question 7. State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains the
emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Use Rydberg formula to determine the wavelength of Hα line.
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7 –1
[Given: Rydberg constant R = 1.03 × 10 m ]
Solution. Bohr’s Postulates Of Hydrogen Atom:
1) Positive charges reside in the nucleus of hydrogen atom and electrons revolve around the
nucleus. There is electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative charges.
Electrons are orbiting in the stationary orbits due to centripetal force.
2) Electrons revolve in the quantized or preferred orbits, the angular momentum of which is
integral multiple of h/2π, where h is Plank’s constant i.e.
L = m v r = h/2π
3) When electrons are energized, they jump up the higher orbit and remain in the excited
orbit for about 10–4 s then return to their ground state releasing difference of energy in the
form of light.
h ν = E2 – E 1
For Determination Of Wavelength Of Hα
7 -1
R = 1.03 × 10 m (given)
Now 1/ƛ = R ( 1/n12 – 1/n22 ),for Hα, n1 = 2 and n2 = 3.
Therefore 1/ƛ = 1.03×107 ( 1/22 – 1/32) or 1/ƛ = 1.03 × 107 (1/4 – 1/9 ) or
7 -7 –7
1/ƛ = 1.03 × 10 × 5/36 or ƛ = 36 × 10 /5.15 =7 × 10 m
Question 8. State the two Kirchoff’s rules used in electric networks. How are these rules
justified?
Solution. Kirchhoff’s Rules Of Electric Network
1) Algebraic sum of current at a junction is always zero i.e.

n
I1 + I2 +i3+ i4+----- =0 i.e. n=1 ∑in=0
2) The potential difference of the whole network is equal to the sum of the products of
current and resistance of the individual network.
∑𝑛 𝑉 = ∑𝑛1 𝐼 𝑅
Justification: At a junction incoming current is equal to outgoing current i.e. there is no

deposition of current at the junction.
According to Ohm’s law potential difference of a battery is equal to the product of current
and resistance offered the electric network. So total voltage of the electric networks is equal
to the total current multiplied by the total resistance of the network.
o
Question 9. Given the ground state energy E0 = –13.6 eV and Bohr radius a0 = 0.53 A . Find
out how the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron orbiting in the ground state
would change when it jumps into the first excited state.
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Solution. de-Broglie’s Wavelength
-19
Given E1 = –13.6 × 1.6×10 J,
2 -19 8 -1
E2 = –13.6/2 e V = –3.4 ×1.6×10 J and c =3× 10 ms
Now hc/ƛ = E2 – E1
or ƛ = hc/ E2 – E1= 6.63 × 10—34 ×3×108 / (13.6 – 3.4) × 1.6 × 10-18
ƛ = 6.63 × 3 × 10—7 / 10.2 × 1.6 = 1.22 × 10-7 m.
Question 10.
a) Distinguish between ‘Analog’ and ‘Digital’ forms of communication.
b) Explain briefly two commonly used applications of the ‘Internet’.
Solution. a) Difference Between Analog And Digital Signal
Analog Communication: A continuous signal of current or voltage which is in the form of a

sinusoidal wave is called analog communication signal.
Digital Signal: A form of communication in which level of signal ( voltage or current ) is in

the form of two level either 0 or 1. For example voltage signal either 0 or 5 V.
b) Two important applications of Internet are as follows:
i. Mails can be transferred across the globe within no time using the internet.
Yahoomail and gmail helps us to send mails with convenience within no time.
ii. Social networking sites like facebook and twitter helps people to interact with each
other and share their ideas within each other across the globe.
SECTION C
Question 11. Plot a graph showing the variation of current density (j) versus the electric field
(E) for two conductors of different materials. What information from this plot regarding the
properties of the conducting material, can be obtained which can be used to select suitable
materials for use in making (i) standard resistance and (ii) connecting wires in electric
circuits? Electron drift speed is estimated to be of the order of mm s −1. Yet large current of
the order of few amperes can be set up in the wire. Explain briefly.
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Solution.
Above graphs show the plot of current density verses electric field . Graph A represents that
material A is suitable for making connecting wires because in the electric field current
density is higher for material A.
Material B is suitable for making resistance wires since in the electric field current density is
low for material B.
Corresponding to low drift velocity mm s-1 the electron current flowing through the
conductor placed in the electric field is much higher because there are much higher number
of electrons per unit volume per unit time flowing through the conductor.
Question 12. State Biot - Savart law. Deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a point
on the axis of a current carrying circular loop of radius ‘R’ distant ‘x’ from the centre. Hence,
write the magnetic field at the centre of a loop.
Solution.
Let us consider a circular coil of radius a with centre O carrying current I. We take a point P
at a distance X from the centre of the circular coil such that AP = BP = r =√𝑎2 + 𝑥2 . Now in
order to find magnetic field intensity at an axial point P, we apply Biot savart law due to
current element Idl at point A as,
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𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90
dB = 0 × 𝑟 2 , which is acting perpendicular to AP along PC. AP makes angle Φ with the
4𝜋
axial line OP.
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90
Similarly dB’ =4𝜋 × 𝑟2
, which is acting perpendicular to BP along PD.
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
dB = dB’ = 4𝜋 × 𝑟2
.
Resolving dB and dB’ along and perpendicular to axial line., we get,
dBsinφ along axial line OP and dB cosφ perpendicular to OP. Magnetic field dB sinφ along
axial line OP survives, other component is cancelled. Therefore magnetic field at P is given
by,
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑎 𝜇 0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑎
dB sinφ = = 4𝜋 × 𝑟2
sinφ = 4𝜋 × 𝑟2
= 3 .
𝑟 4𝜋 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
Therefore magnetic field at P is given by,

𝜇0𝐼 𝑎 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑎
B= 3 .∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 3 × 2πa .
4𝜋 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 4𝜋 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
Case 1. The magnetic field at an axial point P is given by,

𝜇0 𝐼
B at point P = 3 × 2π𝑎 2
.
4𝜋 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
Case 2. The magnetic field at the centre O, of the circular coil i.e. at x=0 is given by,
= µ0 2𝜋 𝐼 𝑎 2 = µ 0 2𝜋 𝐼 µ0 𝐼 .
𝐵0 4𝜋
× 3
4𝜋
× 𝑎
=
2
× 𝑎
2
( 𝑎 )2
Question 13. What dose a polaroid consist of? Show, using a simple polaroid, that light
waves are transverse in nature. Intensity of light coming out of a polaroid does not change
irrespective of the orientation of the pass axis of the polaroid. Explain why.
Solution. Polaroid is made of natural tourmaline crystal but we do not have large size
tourmaline crystal naturally occurring, tourmaline is not suitable for large size light
polarization. Therefore in practice artificial Polaroid is used. Artificial Polaroid is made from
needle type crystal of iodoquinine sulphate known as herapathite crystals which are packed
side by side, in layers with their axis parallel. Herapathite crystals are very fragile, when they
are slightly disturbed. So they protected by keeping them in layers in between the parallel
glass plates.
In order to polarise and show that light is composed of transverse component, we take two
Polaroid , one Polaroid T1 serves as polariser and other Polaroid T2 as analyser. When
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electromagnetic light is incident on the polariser, it gets polarised i.e. E. M. Wave motion is
confined in one particular direction only. Now we place second Polaroid parallel to first
polaroid’s axis and analyse the light emerging out from analyser on changing the its
orientation about its own plane. We observe that intensity of light is maximum when axes of
polariser and analyser are parallel and then goes on deceasing and finally becomes zero or
minimum when axes of T1 and T2 are perpendicular to each other as shown in the diagrams.
This experimental demonstration shows that light has transverse nature which can be
polarised. Had light been longitudinal in nature then intensity of light would have not
changed on changing orientation of analyser with respect to polariser.
Question 14. How is a Zener diode fabricated? What causes the setting up of high electric
field even for small reverse bias voltage across the diode? Describe, with the help of a circuit
diagram, the working of Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
OR
(a) Explain with the help of a diagram, how depletion region and potential barrier are formed
in a junction diode.
(b) If a small voltage is applied to a p-n junction diode, how will the barrier potential be
affected when it is (i) forward biased, and (ii) reveres biased?
Solution.
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p n
Semiconductor diode is fabricated by proper varying level of doping of p type and n type
extrinsic semiconductors by amalgamating them at the junction. Zener diode has the
characteristic to operate in the break-down region. Zener diode has very sharp breakdown
voltage.
When Zener diode is forward biased , it acts as ordinary diode but when Zener diode is
reverse biased as shown in the diagram ,it becomes special diode. This diode works at reverse
low voltage. When vz is negative and low, corresponding to –vz, there is sharp increase in the
current at breakdown voltage. At vz, the resistance shown by Zener diode, becomes zero. So
the negative voltage at which current increases sharply, is called Zener’s breakdown voltage.
The cause of setting high electric field is sharp increase of charge carriers across the junction
at breaking voltage.
The characteristics of Zener diode to conduct large current while maintaining low voltage
across it, finds application in voltage regulator.
OR
(a) When we diffuse p and n type of semiconductor to form junction diode, at the
junction the diffusion of holes from p region and electrons from n region takes place.
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In this case some of the electrons cross the barrier to reach p region and some of the
holes come in the n region. In the p region a layer of electrons and in the p region a
layer of holes is formed which repel further movements of charge carriers across the
junction as a result of which a potential barrier is formed across the junction. The
thickness of this potential barrier is called depletion layer and this region is called
depletion region as shown in the diagrams.
(b) When p n junction diode is forward biased, holes get repelled by positive polarity at
the p region and holes reach in the n region to get attracted by negative polarity acting
on n region. So junction diode conducts, which reduces potential barrier’s thickness
and the thickness of depletion layer also deceases.
On the other hand when junction diode is reverse biased, the diode conducts poorly as
a result of which thickness of depletion layer and potential barrier increases.
Question 15. Light of intensity ‘I’ and frequency ‘� ’ is incident on a photosensitive surface
and causes photoelectric emission. What will be the effect on anode current when (i) the
intensity of light is gradually increased, (ii) the frequency of incident radiation is increased,
and (iii) the anode potential is increased? In each case, all other factors remain the same.
Explain, giving justification in each case.
Solution.
(a) Effect Of Intensity (I) Of Light On Anode Cuirrent: When we keep increasing the
intensity of light falling on photosensitive surface, the photoelectric current also keep
increasing but the energy of each photoelectron remains the same. In doing so, we are
increasing number of photons falling on photo metal and photoelectric current is directly
proportional to number of photoelectrons emitted by incident photons.
(b) Effect Of Frequency (ν) Of Light On Anode Cuirrent: On increasing the frequency of
falling light on photo metal, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from photosensitive
surface increases but the photoelectric current remains the same. The kinetic energy of
photoelectrons depends on frequency of incident light i.e. higher is the frequency of photons,
higher will be the kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
(c) Effect Of Anode Potential On Anode Cuirrent: On increasing anode potential, initially
anode current increases as more and more number of photoelectrons are attracted by the
anode. When we keep on increasing anode potential, after some time anode current does not
increase. Soon saturation of anode current approaches because there are no more
photoelectrons left to be collected by increased potential of anode.
Question 16. When is a transistor said to be in active state? Draw a circuit diagram of a p-n-p
transistor and explain how it works as a transistor amplifier. Write clearly, why in the case of
a transistor (i) the base is thin and lightly doped and (ii) the emitter is heavily doped.
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V
Solution. When input voltage i is greater than 0.6V for silicon semiconducting chip then the
transistor conducts. When emitter current increases corresponding to it collector current also
increases and if Vi is equal to 1.0V, then transistor is said in the on state. This is called active
state of transistor.
For the given amplifier circuit, Ie = Ib + Ic and VCB = VC + ICRC OR VC = VCB – ICRC.
When the positive half cycle of a. c. comes in the input circuit, the emitter base circuit is
forward biased and the p n p transistor conducts. The emitter current Ie increases
corresponding to which collector current increases and collector voltage decreases means VC
becomes less negative, as a result of which output voltage VO gets magnified i.e. output
voltage increases.
When negative cycle of input voltage comes then less input current Ie flows. In turn less
collector current Ic flows i.e. Ic decreases. Thus VC becomes more negative and output
voltage varies with the input a. c. signal.
i) Base of p-n-p transistor is lightly doped so that hole-electron combination is low and
less base current in the emitter-base circuit.
ii) Collector region is heavily doped so that majority charge carrier holes are collected by
the collector in the collector-base circuit.
Question 17.
(a) State three important factors showing the need for translating a low frequency signal into
a high frequency wave before transmission.
(b) Draw a sketch of a sinusoidal carrier wave along with a modulating signal and show how
these are superimposed to obtain the resultant amplitude modulated wave.
Solution. (a) Following are three important factors in choosing to convert low frequency
signal into high frequency signal before transmission.
1. Low frequency signals are weak to travel long-long distances.

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2. High frequency signals are energetic enough to travel long distances.
3. There is distortion in nature of low frequency signal due to resistances present in
atmosphere as a result of which fidelity of the signals is lost.
(b) The modulating signals which are weak to travel long distances are made to ride on the
energetic carrier waves called superimposition of modulating signal on carrier wave signal.
In this process amplitude modulation is one of the methods of superimposition. In amplitude

modulation, carrier wave is clipped according to the amplitude of modulating signal and
modulating signal is superimposed on carrier wave as shown in diagrams. This arrangement
is called amplitude modulated signal. This modulated signal is energized and amplified
before transmission.
Question 18. You are given three circuit elements X, Y and Z. When the element X is
connected across an a.c. source of a given voltage, the current and the voltage are in the same
phase. When the element Y is connected in series with X across the source, voltage is ahead
of the current in phase by �/4 . But the current is ahead of the voltage in phase by �/4 when Z
is connected in series with X across the source. Identify the circuit elements X, Y and Z.
When all the three elements are connected in series across the same source, determine the
impedance of the circuit.
Draw a plot of the current versus the frequency of applied source and mention the
significance of this plot.
Solution. When elements X, Y, Z are connected separately with source of a. c. voltage,

according to given conditions, element X is resistor, element Y is inductor and element Z is a
capacitor.
On connecting elements X, Y and Z with source of a. c. mains, a. c. circuit becomes resonant

circuit and net impedance of the circuit is Z=R, because XL = XC i.e. ω L= 1/ω C.
Alternating current versus frequency graph is given below:

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+
Question 19. Write symbolically the nuclear β decay process of 11
6 C . Is the decayed product
X an isotope or isobar of 11
6 C?
Given the mass values m ( 11

6 C ) = 11.011434 u and m (X) = 11.009305 u. Estimate the Q-
value in this process.
Solution. ß-decay nuclear equation is given below:

11 11 0
6𝐶 → 7 𝐶 + −1𝑒 + 𝐸ß
11
The daughter element X is an isotope of carbon 6𝐶
11 11
6𝐶 = 11.011434 𝑢 and 7𝐶 = 11.009305 𝑢
Mass difference = (11.011434 -11.009305) u = .002029 u = .002029 × 931.5 M e V =

1.946835 M e V = 1.946835 × 1.6 × 10-13 = 3.114936× 10-13 J.
Question 20. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find
the nature and position of the image formed. Where should a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm be placed so that the final image is formed at the position of the object itself?
Solution. The focal length of convex lens f = 10 cm.
The position of object from the lens u = –15 cm.
The lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u.
Therefore 1/10= 1/v – 1/-15 or 1/v = 1/10 – 1/15 or 1/v = 1/30
or v =30 cm
Therefore image is formed at a distance of 30 cm from the convex lens on the other side of
the lens, it is inverted, real and magnified.
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Let the concave mirror is placed at a distance u to form image at the same point where object
is placed i. e. V = - (30+15) = -45 cm.
Focal length of concave mirror f = -10 cm.
Mirror formula 1/f = 1/u + 1/v.
Therefore 1/u = 1/f – 1/v = 1/-10 – 1/-45. 1/u = (-9 + 2)/90 = –7 / 90
or u = –90 / 7 = –13 cm approximately.
Therefore the mirror must be placed at a distance of approximately 13 cm from image

formed by the convex lens.
Question 21. Arrange the following electromagnetic wave in the order of their increasing
wavelength:
(a) γ- rays
(b) Microwaves
(c) X-rays
(d) Radio waves
How are infra-red waves produced? What role dose infra-red radiation play in (i) maintain the
Earth’s warmth and (ii) physical therapy?
Solution. Follwing is the arrangement of electromagnetic wave in the increasing order of

their wavelength:
a) Gamma rays
b) X-rays
c) Micro waves
d) Radio waves
i) When sun light falls on the atmosphere of earth, major part of the ultraviolet radiation
of sun light is reflected in the space. The infrared radiations of sunlight are
obsorbedby the atmosphere after multiple reflection because infrared radiations are
not energetic enough to go out of earth’s atmosphere. Infrared radiations has hot
radiations so after multiple reflection, they heat up the atmosphere. Infrared radiations
falling on earth and warm atmosphere keeps the surface of earth warm.
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ii) In physical therapy the warmth and heat energy of infrared radiations are used. These
radiations provide soothing effect in our muscles. They repair and heal up the weak
cells and tissues.
Question 22. Explain briefly the process of charging a parallel plate capacitor when it is
connected across a d.c. battery.
A capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ is charged to ‘V’ volts by a battery. After some time the
battery is disconnected and the distance between the plates is doubled. Now a slab of
dielectric constant, 1 < k < 2, is introduced to fill the space between the plates. How will the
following be affected?
(a) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor
(b) The energy stored in the capacitor Justify your answer by writing the necessary
expressions.
Solution. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by connecting it with battery in series with a
resistor and a key. The charging of capacitor takes place through resistor R and it is
exponential growth of charges through the capacitor. When capacitor of capacitance C is
fully charged to its maximum then expression for charging is given below:
𝑡
−
𝑞 = 𝑞0 ( 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 )
In the above equation of charging of a capacitor, q0 is maximum charging and RC is time

constant. Therefore time constant T = RC.
When a parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery of voltage V and after charging
battery is removed then potential difference across the plates is maitained to V but on
seperation of plates to double the previous seperation and filling the space by dielectric
constant 1 < 𝑘 < 2, the capacitance C decreases.
𝑞 𝐶𝑉
a ) Electric field E =∈ 𝐴 = ∈𝐴 . Therefore electric field decreases as capacitance of the
capacitor decreases.
1 1 ∈ 𝑉2
b ) The energy stored in the capacitor U = 2 ∈ 𝐸 = 2
2 𝑑2
. Therefore the energy stored
decreases as d increases.
SECTION D
Question 23. Ajit had a high tension tower erected on his farm land. He kept complaining to
the authorities to remove it as it was occupying a large portion of his land. His uncle, who
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was a teacher, explained to him the need for erecting these towers for efficient transmission
of power. As Ajit realised its significance, he stopped complaining. Answer the following
questions:
(a) Why is it necessary to transport power at high voltage?
(b) A low power factor implies large power loss. Explain.
(c) Write two values each displayed by Ajit and his uncle.
Solution.
a ) It is necessory to transmit power at high voltage because at high voltage transmission,

power loss and expenditure is less and the conducting metallic required will not cost much.
Power company will have to construct less number of towers, so cost of construction is less.
b ) cos∅ is called power factor. In case ∅ is less than 900 then power consumed is more, so
there is loss of power.
c) Ajit wanted to get power transmission tower removed beause he wanted to utilise his
ploughable land for crop procurement. The value he exhibited is better land utilization and
nurturing of nature. His uncle wanted electricity for future development and progress.
SECTION E
Question 24.
(a) Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain an expression for the energy stored in a solenoid
of self-inductance ‘L’ when the current though it grows from zero to ‘I’.
(b) A square loop MNOP of side 20 cm is placed horizontally in a uniform magnetic field
acting vertically downwards as shown in the figure. The loop is pulled with a constant
−1
velocity of 20 cm s till it goes out of the field.
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(i) Depict the direction of the induced current in the loop as it goes out of the field. For
how long would the current in the loop persist?
(ii) Plot a graph showing the variation of magnetic flux and induced emf as a function of
time.
OR
��
(a) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular loop area A carrying current I. Show that it
��
acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m � I A .
(b) Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a solenoid of length ‘2l’, radius ‘a’
having ’n’ number of turns per unit length and carrying a steady current ‘I’ at a point on the
axial line, distance ‘r’ from the centre of the solenoid. How does this expression compare
with the axial magnetic field due to a bar magnet of magnetic moment ‘m’?
Solution.
(a) Self inductance is defined as induced emf produced per unit rate change of current
through the inductance coil i.e.
𝑒
L=- 𝑑𝑖 or L = - e, when di/dt =1 As-1.
𝑑𝑡
(b)
(i) So far square loop MNOP is inside the magnetic field ,there is no induced curret produced
but when coil moves out of magnetic field , induced current is produced in the clockwise
direcion of square loop MNOP. This induced current lasts as soon as change in magnetic flux
lasts.
(ii)
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OR
a)
When current I passes through the circular coil of area A, the coil behaves as a bar magnet
and magnetic dipole moment M of the coil is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. It has
observed that :
M ∝ I, M ∝ A. Therefore M ∝ I A OR M = K I A, where K is proportionality

constant. If I = 1, M = 1 and a = 1 then K = 1. Therefore M = I A.
b)
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We know, the magnetic field intensity due current (I) carrying circular coil of radius a at its
axial point P at a distance r from its centre is given by:
µ0 2∏𝐼𝑎 2
B = 4∏ 3 , if there are n number of turns per unit length of a long solenoid then there
2 2
[𝑎 +𝑟 ]2
are n dx number of turns in dx length of solenoid.
Therefore magnetic field due to these turns is given by,
µ 0 2∏𝐼𝑎 2 𝑛𝑑𝑥
dB = 4∏ [ 2 2 ]32
.
𝑎 +𝑟
𝑎 𝑧𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑑𝜃
Now sinθ = 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
or dx = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 .
Putting these values in the formula of Db, we get,
µ 0 2∏𝐼𝑎 2 𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝜃 𝑎
dB = 4∏ 𝑧 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
, but sinθ = 𝑧 , therefore,
µ 0 𝑛 𝐼 𝑎 2 𝑑𝜃 µ 0 𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 µ 0𝑛𝐼 𝜃2 µ 0𝑛𝐼 𝜃2

dB = 2 𝑧2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 2
or dB = 2
∫𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2
[– cosθ]𝜃1 .
1
µ 0𝑛𝐼
B= 2
[cos𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ], if 𝜃1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 = ∏ then
µ 0𝑛𝐼
B= 2
[1- (-1) ] = µ 0 𝑛 𝐼.
This is the magnetic field due to long solenoid of length 2l at axial point at a distance r.
Question 25.
(a) In young’s double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for obtaining constructive and
destructive interference fringes. Hence, deduce the expression for the fringe width.
(b) Show that the fringe pattern on the screen is actually a superposition of slit diffraction
from each slit.
(c) What should be the width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within
the central maximum of the single slit pattern, for green light of wavelength 500 nm, if the
separation between two slits is 1 mm?
OR
(a) Two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 of focal lengths f1 and f2, respectively, are placed
coaxially in contact. An object is placed at a point beyond the focus of lens L1. Draw a ray
diagram to show the image formation by the combination and hence derive the expression for
much more.…

the focal length of the combined system. (b) A ray PQ incident on the face AB of a prism
ABC, as shown in the figure, emerges from the face AC such that AQ = AR.
Draw the ray diagram showing the passage of the ray through the prism. If the angle and
refractive index of the material of prism is 60�of the prism is 3 , determine the values of
angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
Solution.
much more.…

a) Condition For Constructive And Destructive Interference:
Let us consider waves originating from two coherent sources as,
𝑦1 = 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 ---(1)
𝑦2 = 𝑏 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) ---(2)
where a, b and 𝜑 are amplitudes and phase difference respectively.
According to superposition principle, the resultant wave ‘s displacement is given by,
y = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
y = [𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 + bsin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑] = sin 𝜔𝑡 [a + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] + b𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑.
Now let us assume R cosθ = a + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] ---(3)
and R sinθ = b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 ---(4).
Putting these substitutions in above eqn, we get,
y = R sin [𝜔𝑡 + θ] ----(5).
Equation (5) represents the resultant wave, the amplitude of which is given by,
2 2
𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = [a + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] + [b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑]
2
[ 2 2 ]
R2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos𝜑 or R = � a2 + b2 + 2ab cos𝜑
Condition For Constructive Interference :
In order to have intensity of interfering waves maximum,
I ∝ 𝑅 2 i. e. I ∝ a2 + b2 + 2ab cos𝜑 .
Cos𝜑 = MAX =+ 1. Therefore 𝜑 = 0, 2∏, 4∏, 6∏---.
i.e. 𝜑 = 2𝑛∏, where n = 1,2, 3, 4.................

ƛ
Path difference = x = 2∏ 𝜑 = n ƛ
Condition For Destructive Interference:
For this I should be minimum i. e. Cos𝜑 =minima = - 1. . Therefore 𝜑 = ∏, 3∏---.
i.e. 𝜑 = (2n − 1) ∏, where n = 1,2, 3, 4.................
much more.…

ƛ
Path difference = x = 2∏ 𝜑 =(2n − 1) ƛ /2.
Fringe Width: The interfering waves reach to point P from two coherent sources S1 and S2 ,
of light as shown in the diagram. The path difference between the two waves is given by,
Path difference = S2P – S1P =BP -AP
Now from triangles ∆APE and ∆APF
BP2 = BF2 + PF2 = D2 + (X +d/2 )2 = D2 +x2 + xd
OR BP = (D2 +x2 + xd )1/2 = D[ 1+ (x/D)2 + xd/ D2 ]1/2 = D[1+ (x/D)2/2 + xd/ D2 /2]
or BP = D+ x2/ 2D + xd / 2D.
Similarly AP = D+ x2/ 2D - xd / 2D.
Now Path difference = S2P – S1P =BP –AP = xd /D.
But for the bright fringe path difference = xd/D = n ƛ , where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ----
or x = nD ƛ /d.
For dark fringe path difference = xd/D = (2n-1) ƛ /2 , where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ----
or x =( 2n- 1)D ƛ /2d.
Fringe Width: Let us consider fringe width of bright fringe.

th th
Fringe width = n fringe – (n-1) fringe = nD ƛ /d – (n-1)D ƛ /d = D ƛ /d
Therefore fringe width = ß = D ƛ /d .
Same is the fringe width of dark fringe.
b) On looking for single slit diffraction pattern, we observe that diffraction pattern is the
same as interference of waves by double slits experiment. The only difference is that
in diffraction, we have central maxima and where maxima occurs in case of
interference there occurs minima in diffraction pattern.
c) Width of single slit = 2x = D ƛ /a, where a is slit width of single slit .
And fringe width of double slit = ß = D ƛ /d .
Now ß = D × 10-9 /10-3, ( given d= 10-3m and ƛ = 10-9m )
But10 ß = 10× D × 10-9 /10-3 = D ƛ /a
-9 -3 -9 -4
10× D × 10 /10 = D× 10 /a or a = 10 m.
OR
much more.…

a)
Above is the required diagram for image formation by two lences separated a distance a = d.
he distance of object in front of lens L1 = u
The distance of image in front of lens L1 at position I1 = v’
The lens formula for L1 is given by,
1 1 1
𝑓1
= 𝑣′ − 𝑢 ----(1)
The final image is formed at I by the lens L2 at distance = (v – d )

Therefore lens formula for L2 .i given by,
1 1 1
𝑓2
= 𝑣 − (𝑣 ′ −𝑑) ----(2)
Now adding eqns (1) and (2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑓1
+ 𝑓 = 𝑣′ − 𝑢 + 𝑣 − (𝑣 ′ −𝑑) but 𝑓
= 𝑣 − 𝑢 , therefore,
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑣 ′ −𝑑−𝑣′
+ 𝑓 = 𝑓 + 𝑣′ − (𝑣 ′ or + 𝑓 = 𝑓 + 𝑣′ 𝑜𝑟
𝑓1 2 −𝑑) 𝑓1 2 (𝑣 ′ −𝑑)
1 1 1 𝑣 ′ −𝑑−𝑣′ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑓1
+ 𝑓 = 𝑓 + 𝑣 ′ (𝑣 ′ −𝑑) or 𝑓1
+ 𝑓 = 𝑓 − 𝑑 �𝑓 + 𝑢 � [− 𝑓 + 𝑣 ] or
2 2 1 2
1 1 1 𝑑
+ = −
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
This is the required formula.
much more.…

b)
The required ray diagram for light to travel through prism is shown.
0
Given angle of prism A =60 , refractive index of prism glass = √3
𝐴 +𝛿 60 +𝛿 60 +𝛿
sin sin sin
We know µ = [ 2
𝐴 ], therefore √3 = 2
60 = 2
sin 30
or
sin sin
2 2
60+𝛿 √3 0
sin 2
= 2
= sin 60 or 60 + δ = 2× 60 or δ = 60
𝐴+ 𝛿 60+60 0
Again angle of incident i = 2
OR i = 2
=60 .
Question 26.
(a) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two charges q1 and q2
� ��
located r1 and r2 , respectively, in an external electric field.
(b) Three point charges, + Q, + 2Q and – 3Q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle ABC of side l. If these charges are displaced to the mid-point A1, B1 and C1,
respectively, find the amount of the work done in shifting the charges to the new locations.
much more.…

Define electric flux. Write its S.I unit. State and explain Gauss’s law. Find out the outward
flux to a point charge +q placed at the centre of a cube of side ‘a’. Why is it found to be
independent of the size and shape of the surface enclosing it? Explain.
Solution.
a)
Two charges Q1 and Q2 are shown at positions ��⃗

𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟��⃗2 . The position vector of Q1 Q2 is
𝑟1 − 𝑟��⃗2 .
given by, ��⃗
��⃗
𝑟2
Therefore potential energy due to these two charges = U = W =∫��⃗
𝑟1
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 .
��⃗
𝑟2 Q1.Q2 Q1.Q2 1 r2 Q1.Q2 1 1
or U = ∫��⃗
𝑟1 4∏∈0 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟 = 4∏∈0
�− 𝑟 �r1 = 4∏∈0
[ 𝑟��⃗ − 𝑟��⃗ ] .
1 2
b) The potential energy of system of thee charges Q, 2Q, -3Q are placed at the three corners
of an
equilateral triangle of angle 600 is given by,
1 𝑄(2𝑄 )+ 2𝑄(−3𝑄 )+ (−3𝑄 ) 𝑄 1 2𝑄 2 −6𝑄 2 − 3𝑄 2
U = 4∏∈ � 𝑙
�= 4∏∈0
�
𝑙
�.
0
The potential energy at the mid points of the equilateral triangle is,
1 2𝑄 2 −6𝑄 2 − 3𝑄 2
Um = 4∏∈0
� 𝑙 �
2
Now, the amount of work done in displacing the charges to the mid points of the equilateral
triangle is given by,
1 2𝑄 2 −6𝑄 2 − 3𝑄 2 1 2𝑄 2 −6𝑄 2 − 3𝑄 2 1 7 𝑄2
U – Um = 4∏∈0
� 𝑙
�− 4∏∈0
� 𝑙 � = 4∏∈0 𝑙
.
2
Gauss’s law of electric flux states that surface integration of electric field intensity over a
closed surface is 1/∈0 time the charge enclosed by the surface, i.e.,
1
∮ 𝐸𝑑𝑠 = ∈0
𝑞. Where q is the charge enclosed by the surface.
S. I. unit of electric flux is weber or T m2.

much more.…

Let us find the electric field due to a charge at the centre of a sphere of radius r,
𝑞
We know Coulomb law of electric field E = 4∏∈ 𝑟2
and surface area of sphere
0
S = 4 ∏ 𝑟2.
𝑞
Therefore E=𝑆∈
0
1
or ES= ∈0
𝑞.
A cube is a closed surface, so electric flux passing through its surface is given by,
1
∮ 𝐸 6𝑎 = 2
∈0
𝑞. This electric flux is independent of area of the cube because Gauss’s law is
applicable on closed area . It is independent of nature of the area.
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much more.…

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CBSE Class 12 Solved Question Paper 2015: Physics

Solution. When VR =VL=VC then power factor cos Φ = R/Z = R/R = 1.

Question 2. What happens when a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction?

Solution. When a dielectric substance of dipole moment P, is placed in an electric field E0 ,

Solution. The formula of lens maker formula is given as,

Solution. Difference Between Interference And Diffraction:

1) Interference is the superposition of waves originating from two coherent sources of

Basic Difference In Between Microscope And Telescope:

Use Rydberg formula to determine the wavelength of Hα line.

Solution. Bohr’s Postulates Of Hydrogen Atom:

Solution. Kirchhoff’s Rules Of Electric Network

1) Algebraic sum of current at a junction is always zero i.e.

Justification: At a junction incoming current is equal to outgoing current i.e. there is no

or ƛ = hc/ E2 – E1= 6.63 × 10—34 ×3×108 / (13.6 – 3.4) × 1.6 × 10-18

ƛ = 6.63 × 3 × 10—7 / 10.2 × 1.6 = 1.22 × 10-7 m.

a) Distinguish between ‘Analog’ and ‘Digital’ forms of communication.

b) Explain briefly two commonly used applications of the ‘Internet’.

Solution. a) Difference Between Analog And Digital Signal

Analog Communication: A continuous signal of current or voltage which is in the form of a

Digital Signal: A form of communication in which level of signal ( voltage or current ) is in

b) Two important applications of Internet are as follows:

Resolving dB and dB’ along and perpendicular to axial line., we get,

Therefore magnetic field at P is given by,

Case 1. The magnetic field at an axial point P is given by,

1. Low frequency signals are weak to travel long-long distances.

In this process amplitude modulation is one of the methods of superimposition. In amplitude

Solution. When elements X, Y, Z are connected separately with source of a. c. voltage,

On connecting elements X, Y and Z with source of a. c. mains, a. c. circuit becomes resonant

Alternating current versus frequency graph is given below:

Given the mass values m ( 11

value in this process.

Solution. ß-decay nuclear equation is given below:

Mass difference = (11.011434 -11.009305) u = .002029 u = .002029 × 931.5 M e V =

Solution. The focal length of convex lens f = 10 cm.

The position of object from the lens u = –15 cm.

The lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u.

Therefore 1/10= 1/v – 1/-15 or 1/v = 1/10 – 1/15 or 1/v = 1/30

Focal length of concave mirror f = -10 cm.

Mirror formula 1/f = 1/u + 1/v.

Therefore 1/u = 1/f – 1/v = 1/-10 – 1/-45. 1/u = (-9 + 2)/90 = –7 / 90

or u = –90 / 7 = –13 cm approximately.

Therefore the mirror must be placed at a distance of approximately 13 cm from image

(d) Radio waves

Solution. Follwing is the arrangement of electromagnetic wave in the increasing order of

(a) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor

In the above equation of charging of a capacitor, q0 is maximum charging and RC is time

(a) Why is it necessary to transport power at high voltage?

(b) A low power factor implies large power loss. Explain.

a ) It is necessory to transmit power at high voltage because at high voltage transmission,

M ∝ I, M ∝ A. Therefore M ∝ I A OR M = K I A, where K is proportionality

Therefore magnetic field due to these turns is given by,

Putting these values in the formula of Db, we get,

µ 0 𝑛 𝐼 𝑎 2 𝑑𝜃 µ 0 𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 µ 0𝑛𝐼 𝜃2 µ 0𝑛𝐼 𝜃2

Let us consider waves originating from two coherent sources as,

where a, b and 𝜑 are amplitudes and phase difference respectively.

According to superposition principle, the resultant wave ‘s displacement is given by,

y = [𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 + bsin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑] = sin 𝜔𝑡 [a + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] + b𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑.

Now let us assume R cosθ = a + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] ---(3)

and R sinθ = b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 ---(4).

Putting these substitutions in above eqn, we get,

y = R sin [𝜔𝑡 + θ] ----(5).

R2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos𝜑 or R = � a2 + b2 + 2ab cos𝜑

Condition For Constructive Interference :

Two charges Q1 and Q2 are shown at positions ��⃗