Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdv(f &efuke)f ü
1.2.2016 aeYwGif zwfMum;aom
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;rsm;
1/ ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅukrm&(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom tbd"r®a'oem odrSwzf G,&f mrsm;...................... 1
2/ 'kw,
d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅaZmwdu(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom Oa,smZeuxm..................................... 10
3/ jrefrmEdkiif HESihf y|mef;a'oemawmf½Gwzf wfylaZmfrI(a'gufwm b'´EÅax&dE´).. 12
4/ tusK;d ay;&mumvuGJjym;aom uHav;rsK;d udkavhvmjcif;(t&Sit
f *¾0Ho)......25
5/ [',0w¬KESihpf yforQ okawoejyKjcif; (yxrausm-f OD;pHoif;vdIi)f ........ 34
6/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@
t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)?t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)?t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5).......47
7/ jrefrmEdkiif Hü tbd"r®moif,lavhvmrI (t½Si0f Zd ÆmeE´)......................53
8/ cE¨mig;yg;ESihf 0dyóem (t½Siyf nmeE´)..................................63
9/ jrefrmwkYd\"avh ema&;qkid &f mxkHwrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd
tbd"r®m½IaxmifhrSavhvmjcif; (t½Sit f &d,)............................ 69
10/ pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m;av;yg; ac: umuG,af &;w&m;av;yg;
(t&Sitf &d,0Ho)...................................................... 77
11/ yk*Hacwftbd"r®musr;f rsm;ppfwrf; (a'gufwm tmumrdk;ol).............. 88
12/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®medó,usr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@
t½Si"f r®ygv(r'kb-d 2)/ t½Sief E´mpm&(r'kb-d 3)....................... 100
13/ Ak'¨tbd"r®m½Sd umvESihf tmumoudk avhvmjcif;
(OD;at;rif;? ygarmu©? '*kHwuúokdv)f ................................. 111
-1-
1.2.2016 aeY
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;zwfyGJ ü
ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅukrm&(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom
tbd"r®ma'oem odrSwzf G,&f mrsm;
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfü--
,H {w¬ 0k¹krd aEÅm?
ovu©Pm ylZw d m y&dpäEd ém/
0kwåm"dum p "r®m?
tbd"ar®m awe tu©mawm/
usr;f pmyrmP
q|oH*g,em pmawmfrl usr;f pmtaetm;jzifh-
- ygVdawmf 7-usr;f ? 12-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 4987
- t|uxm 7-usr;f ? 3-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 1461
- #Dum 6-usr;f ?3-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 1458
pkpkaygif; pmrsuEf Sm 7906
½Sdygw,f/
tck ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moemrSm½Sw
d hJ tbd"r®mckepfusr;f a'oemawmfonf usr;f pmtaeeJU
(12)tkyq f kdayr,fh ay,smvawGukd azmfxkwNf yD; ½GwMf uoifMuvQif tkyaf ygif; (120)xuf
awmifrsm;Edkiyf gw,f/
wcsed uf ocFsmyg&*lynm½Sirf sm;u ]]tbd"r®may,smvawGukd olwk&Yd UJ ocsmF twwf
ynmeJY azmfxkwMf urnf}}vdkY aus;Zl;awmf½Sif wdy#d u"&rif;uGe;f q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk
avQmufxm;Muygw,f/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ]]'Dtwdki;f yJ ½Gwzf wf MunfnKd Muyg}}vdkY
rdeYfMum;awmfrlaMumif; Mum;odbl;ygw,f/
-3-
tbd"r®y#d uudk tm*krjf yef ajzqdkaom t½Sijf rwfrsm;onf pmrsuEf Smaygif; 4987-
½Sd usr;f pmwdkYukd tm*kr½f Gwq
f kdjy&ygw,f/ a&;ajzpmrsuEf Smaygif; 7906-rsuEf SmwdkYukd
a&;om;ajzqdkMu&ygw,f/
ae&mXmeESihfy&dowf
tbd"f r®ma'oemawmfukd tb,faMumifh bk&m;½Siu f ewfjynfokYd<uNyD; a[mawmfrl
&wmvJ¿
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf y&rw¬obm0"r® oufoufukdom a[mawmfrlonfh
a'oemawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh-
(1)y&rw¬obm0udk odjrifvufcEH kid af om y&dowfü a[mrSom tusKd ;rsm;rnfjzpfygonf/
(2)jzwfawmuf jzwfawmufNyD; a[mvQifvnf; odjrifEkdiaf om"r® r[kwjf cif;aMumifh
wpfqufwnf; wpfcsed w f nf; a[m&onhf a'oemawmfjzpfygonf/
(3)xdkaMumifh wqufwnf;wcsed w f nf; em,lEkdiaf om y&dowfü a[m&rnfha'oemawmf
jzpfygonf/
'kw,
d tcsuu f tbd"r®ma'oemawmf[m omrefÓPftjrifeJUobm0udk rodEkdif
ygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh udk,ef m;rvnf oabmraygufwmudk vSnhyf wfzkH;vTr;f wJhtaeeJU ]]tbd
"r®m[m bk&m;a[mwm r[kwb f l;}}vkYd ajymvdkuaf wmh oifp&mvnf;rvdkbl;ç odp&mvnf;
rvdkawmhbl;? tbd"r®m "r®obm0awGu owå0gwdki;f &JUoEÅmefrSm txift½Sm;½Sad eygw,f/
aeYpOf cPwdki;f cPwdki;f jzpfay:aewJh obm0"r®awGukd obm0"r® (tbd"r®m) tjrifjzifh
jrifwwfMunfw h wfvQif vuf½jdS zpfay:aewJh udavomawG tjzpfenf;NyD; wajz;ajz; ukeo f mG ;
Edkiw
f ,f? ay:aewJYjyóemawG Nidr;f oGm;r,f? qif;&J'ku©awG csKyfNidr;f ukeq f kH;oGm;r,f?
a,m*DawG tm;xkwaf eMuwJh owdy|mefav;yg;[m tbd"r®mobm0awGyJ/ tbd"r®m
wwfvQif owdy|mefav;yg;udk ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;zdkY vG,o f Gm;ygw,f/ tbd"r®mobm0udkjrifrS
-4-
obm0w&m;
avmuü aeYpOfMum;od awGUjrifae&aom ouf½Sçd oufrJh t&m0w¬Kwdki;f onf trSef
wu,f xif½Sm;½Sad eaom y&rw¬ obm0"r®rsm;r[kwyf g/ tay:,Hj'Aftm;jzifh rSwo f m;
ac:a0:í vG,u f lap&ef todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh ]or®Kwdopöm}rsm;omjzpfygonf/
]vl}[laom ynwftwGif;ü trSefwu,fxif½Sm;½Sdaeaom ½kyf"mwfç emrf"mwf
wdkYonfom y&rw¬obm0w&m; rsm;jzpfygonf? ,if;½kyfemrfwdkYudkom y&rw¬"r®ç
[kac:onf? vlaumifBuD;udk y&rw¬"r®ç[k rac:yg/
xdkYtwl opfyifçawmçawmif tp½Sad om oufrJht&m0w¬Krsm;onf ajrça&çavç
rD;"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY\ tpkta0;rQom jzpfonf/ xdk opfyifçawmçawmifwkdYonf y&rw¬
obm0w&m;rsm; r[kwyf g/ ,if;wkYdü trSew f u,f xif½Sm;½Sad eaom ½ky"f mwfwkdYonf
omvQif y&rw¬obm0w&m;rsm;jzpfí ,if;wdkYukd ]y&rw¬"r®}[kac:&onf/
-5-
"r®onf twåçZD0r[kwf
½ky"f mwfçemrf"mwftm;jzifhESpyf g;aom y&rw¬obm0 w&m;wdkYonf awGUxjd cif;
(=zkoe)? cufrmjcif;(=uu©V)tp½Sad om udk,yf kid o f abmvu©Pm toD;oD;udk aqmifxm;
Muygw,f/ xdktoD;oD;aom udk,yf kdio f abmvu©Pmtm;jzifh ynm½Sw
d kdY rSwo
f m;xm;
Muygw,f/ taMumif;rJh tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmMuonfr[kwyf J taMumif;w&m;wdkY\
aqmifxm;rIç axmufyHrIwkdYaMumifhom jzpfay:vmMuygw,f/ xdky&rw¬obm0w&m;
wdokY nf owå0gtaumiftxnfj'Af0w¬K r[kwMf uyg/ toufç vdyjf ymç 0dnmOftp½So d nfjzifh
trsKd ;rsKd ; ac:a0:,lqaeaom twåçZD0vnf; r[kwyf g/ edówå= owå0gvnf; r[kwyf g/
edZÆD0= toufç vdyjf ymç 0dnmOfvnf; r[kwyf g/ xdky&rw¬ obm0wdkY\ twGi;f ü
twåçZD0r½Sdyg/
t½dk;udkt½Guzf kH;
ouf½Sçd oufrJh avmutwGi;f ü trSew f u,f xif½Sm; ½Sad eaom xdk½kyçf emrfobm0
y&rw¬wku Yd kd ykxkZOfowå0gwdko Y nf trsm;tm;jzifh trSet f wdki;f rodrjrifMuygbl;/ tay:,H
ynwfrsm;\ zk;H tkyx f m;jcif;udk cHaeMu&ygw,f/ þodko Y jd rif&ef rvG,u
f al omaMumifv h nf;
bk&m;½Sio f nf okwåeaf 'oemawmfwkdYü y&rw¬obm0w&m;oufoufukd a[mawmfrrlyJ
trsm;odjrif em;vnfvG,o f nfh a0g[m&ynwfrsm;ESihf ,SOw f GJíom a[mawmfrlygonf/
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf tay:,Hynwfukdrlwnfí a[mMum;onfh a'oemawmf
r[kwyf g/ wu,ftppftrSet f m;jzifh xif½mS ;½So
d nfh y&rw¬obm0w&m;rsm;udo k m azmfxw k f
í a[mawmfrlonfh ]y&rw¬a'oemawmf}jzpfygonf/ owå0gwdkY\ tvdkp½ku d uf kd rvdkuyf J
oabmw&m;½So d avmuf jynfhjynhpf kHpkH ukepf ifatmif a[mMum;awmfrlonhf ]],xm"r®
a'oem}}awmfjzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifh ½S½d o Sd rQ y&rw¬"r® obm0tm;vkH;udk &Edkio f rQaom
enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;wdkYjzifh odr;f usKH;pkaygif;í a[mawmfrlxm;ygonf/
,aeYtbd"r®m
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfu-
1/ bk&m;½Sif wm0wðomewfjynfrSm a[mawmfrlwJha'oemawmfu a&wGuo f wfrSwvf kdY
r&Edkiaf vmufatmif rsm;jym;vSaMumif; t|uxmrsm;ü rdeaYf wmfrx l m;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh
0dw¬m& (tus,)f a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
2/ pE´ul;awmrSm aeYoefYtem;,lpOf bk&m;½Siu f t½Sio f m&dykwå&mtm; a[mawmfrlwJh
a'oemawmfu oacFy (tusO;f csKyf) a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
3/ t½Sio f m&dykwå&mu uóybk&m;½Sio f moemawmfu vif;EdkYom;jzpfcJhbl;wJh tbd"r®
yg&rD½Sif wynh&f [ef;awmf ig;&mtm; a[mMum;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfu ]emwd-
oacFyçemwd0w d ¬m& (rusO;f vGe;f rus,v f Ge;f )a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
,ckq|oH*g,emwif tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf wynhf&[ef;awmfig;&mwdkYtm;
t½Sio
f m&dykwå&mrax&f a[mMum;awmfrt l yfaom emwdoacFy emwd0w d m¬ & tbd"r®ma'oem
awmfjrwfjzpfygonf/
½Sirf sm;jzpfMuygonf/
tbd"r®monf-
1/ a'oemtm;jzifh-
y&rw¬obm0"r®wkdYü uRrf;usiv f rd ®mawmfrlaom bk&m;½Sio
f nf y&rw¬obm0"r®
wdkYukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh tmPma'oemç a0g[m&
a'oemç y&rw¬a'oem[laom a'oem okH;rsdK;wdkYwGif ]]y&rw¬a'oem}}
jzpfygonf/
2/ omoemtm;jzifh-
½kyef mrf"r® tpktykrH Qü ]igç ighOpöm} [krw S x
f ifaeMuaom owå0gwdu kY kd þtbd"r®m
yd#uwfü obm0 "r®tm;avsmfpGm qkH;rawmfrltyfaomaMumifh ],xmy&m"
omoemç ,xmEkavmromoemç ,xm"r®omoem[laom omoemawmf ok;H &yf
wGif ]],xm"r®a'oemawmf}}jzpfygonf/
3/ uxmtm;jzifh -
þtbd"r®y#d uü &m*tp½Sad om udavomwdkU\ ajzmifhajzmifhqefYusib f ufjzpfukef
aom ½kyef mrfwkdYukd ydki;f jcm;owfrSwí f a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh ]oH0&moH0&
uxmç 'd|0d ed ad 0Xeuxmç emr½lyy&dapä'uxm[laom uxm oHk;rsKd ;wdkYwGif
]]emr½lyy&dapä'uxm}}jzpfygonf/
-8-
4/ odu©mtm;jzifh-
þtbd"r®y#d uü txl;tm;jzifh t"dynmodu©mudk a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh
t"doDvodu©mç t"dpw d åou d ©mç t"dynmodu©mokH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]]t"dynmodu©m}}
jzpfygonf/
5/ y[metm;jzifh-
todÓPfynm\ tEko,ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfaomaMumifh ]0Dwduúry[mefç
y&d,k|mey[mefç tEko,y[mef okH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]tEko,y[mef} jzpfygonf/
- ynmjzifh udavomwdkYukd t<uif;tuserf ½Sad tmif y,fowfEkdiaf omaMumifh ]w'*F
y[mefç0du©rÇey[mefç orkapä'y[mefokH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]orkapä'y[mef} jzpfygonf/
- tbd"r®y#d ujzifh 'kpö&w d oHuad voç wPSmoHuad voç 'd|o d Huad vo okH;rsKd ;
wdkYwGif ]'d|od Huad vo}udk y,fygonf/
- 0de,yd#uü a[mawmfrt l yfaom oDv"r®wu kYd kd jynhpf akH tmifusiahf om &[ef;awmf
onf oDvjynhpf kHrIukd taMumif;jyKí ykç'dçtm[laom 0dZÆmÓPf okH;yg;odkY
a&mufEkdiyf gonf/
- okwåeyf #d uwfü a[mawmfrltyfaom orm"d"r®wkdYukd jynhpf kHatmifusiho f kH;aom
yk*Kd¾ vfonf orm"djynhpf krH u I kd taMumif;jyKí tbdnmOf 6-yg;wdku Y kd &½SEd kid yf gonf/
- tbd"r®y#d uü a[mawmfrltyfaom y&rw¬"r®wkdYukd jynhpf kHatmif usihfokH;aom
yk*Kd¾ vfonf ynmESijhf ynfph rkH uI kd taMumif;jyKí y#dorÇ'd gÓPfav;wefEiS hf jynhpf jkH cif;
odkY a&mufEkdiyf gonf/
- 0de,yd#uü a[mawmfrltyfaom oDv"r®wkdYukd jynfhpkHatmif rjznfhusihfaom
&[ef;onf ]]'kóDv=oDvysupf D;ol}}[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/
- okwåEÅy#d uü a[mawmfrltyfaom orm"d"r®wkdYukd rusihfaom yk*¾Kd vfonf
rdpäm'd|=d t,ltjrif rSm;,Gi;f ol[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/
- tbd"r®y#d uü a[mawmfrt l yfaom ynm"r®wu kYd kd ausmv f eG í
f BuHpnfaomolonf
rBuHpnftyfaomt&mudk BuHpnfaomaMumifh pdwåau©y= pdwyf sHUvGihf ½l;oGyjf cif;
[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/
t½Siu
f krm&
(t*¾r[my@dw)
ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdvf (&efuke)f
-10-
1.2.2016 aeY
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;zwfyGJ ü
'kw,
d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅaZmwdu(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom
Oa,smZeuxm
Ekid if aH wmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúov kd (f &efuke)f ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmfEiS w
fh uG pmwrf;
&Sirf sm;tygt0if oHCmawmfrsm;? vlyk*¾Kd vfynm&Sirf sm;tm;vkH;ukd pkHpkHnDnD zl;ajrmfcGihf?
awGUqkHcGihf&onht f wGuf 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;rdygaMumif; OD;pGm ajymMum;yg&ap/
tbd"r®mqkid &f mpmwrf;zwfyGJjzpfojzihf tbd"r®mESihf ywfoufqufET,af omtjrifukd
tenf;i,fwifjyygrnf/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm r[my&deAd ÁmefpHawmfrlcgeD;tcsed rf Sm ]]a,m a0g tmeE´ r,m "ar®m p
0dea,m p a'odawm ynawåm}} ponftm;jzihf aemufqkH;rSmwrf;pum;awmfukd rdeYfMum;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ xkad emufqkH;rSmwrf;pum;awmfrSmygonfh "r®[lonf tbd"r®? okwåEÅ"r®
ESprf sKd ;pvkH;ukd qkvd kjd cif;jzpfonf/
xkEd Sprf sKd ;wGif tbd"r®onf y"metusqkH;? tajccHtusqkH;jzpfonf/ tbd"r®rS
okwåEÅ"r® [laom tnGet Yf an§muf tukid ;f tcuf t½Gupf onf jzmxGuv
f mjcif;jzpfaMumif;
em;vnfoabmayguf&rnfjzpfonf/
yÍöu©E¨m? 'Gg'om,wemed - ponftm;jzihf obm0oufoufuko d m a[mMum;
awmfrltyfaom "r®onf tbd"r®jzpfonf/ xkt
d bd"r®ukd tajccHí avmujzpf&yf? jzpfpOf
rsm;ukd oufaoom"uxkwjf yí w&m;emy&dowfrsm; xifomjrifom&Sv d matmif? em;vnf
oabmaygufvmatmif &Si;f vif;a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom "r®onf okwåEÅ"r® jzpfonf/
okwåEÅy#d u[lí todtrSwjf yKMuonfh 'DCedum,f? oH,kwåeu d m,f? t*Fkwå&
edum,f- paom usr;f rsm;ukd avhvmMunhv f Qif cE¨mig;yg;? tm,weq,fEh pS yf g;? "mwfq,fh
&Spyf g;ponfrsm;ESihf zóç a0'emç onmç apwemç ynmç 0D&, d ç reodum&-paom
emrfoabm tbd"r®obm0ESihu f if;NyD; &Si;f vif;a[mMum;xm;aoma'oem r&So d nfukd
awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ okwåEÅ"r®rsm;wGif w&m;emy&dowf\ p½ku d ?f pdwaf epdwxf m;ESihf uku
d n
f D
atmif rsuaf rSmuftjzpftysu?f rsuaf rSmuf tajctaersm;ukd rD;armif;xk;d jyNyD; tbd"r®
obm0ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odatmif a[mMum;xm;jcif;jzpfonfukd awGU&S&d rnfjzpfonf/
tcsKd Uyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;u ]]tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[mr[kw}f }[kqNkd yD; tbd"r®mukd vufrcH
-11-
b'´EÅaZmwdu
'kw, d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf
Ekid if Hawmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokv d f (&efuke)f
(30? 12? 2015)
jrefrmEdkiif HESihf y|mef;a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrI
a'gufwmb'´EÅax&dE´
ed'gef;
jrefrmEdkiif Honf ucsi?f u,m;? u&if? csi;f paom wdki;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf
ArmvlrsKd;wdkU rSDwif;aexdkif&m wdkif;jynfjzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm Ak'¨bmomrsm;jzpfMuí
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIukdvnf; vdkuef musiho f Hk;Muonf/ jrefrmEdkiif Hü Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESiht f nD jrefrmh
"avhyaJG wmfrsm;udk jyKvkyuf si;f yavh &SMd uonf/ ESpu
f syd f &Spq
f yl al Zmfy?JG bk&m;taeuZmwify?JG
bk&m;udk;qlylaZmfyGJ? tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGJ? toHrpJ y|mef;½GwfqdkylaZmfyGJ?
y&dwwf &m;awmf ½Gwzf wfem,lyGJ ponfwkdUjzpfonf/
xdkyrJG sm;teufrS toHrpJ y|mef;½Gwq
f kyd al Zmfyw
JG iG f tBuHK;0ifonhf y|mef;a'oemawmf
½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIukd avhvmwifjyygrnf/ þpmwrf;ü y|mef;a'oemawmf ydkYcsoif,lrIESihf
pyfíum; wifjyrnf r[kwyf g/ ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIoufoufukdom wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/
,if;odkU wifjy&mü y|mef;rnfykH? y|mef;\trnfynwfrsm;? y|mef;a'oemawmf wefck;d BuD;yHk?
y|mef;a'oemudk jrefrmEdkiif Hü rnfonhaf cwfwGif pwifí ½Gwq f kdylaZmfcJhonf ponfwkdUukd
vufvSr;f rDorQ aphikwifjyygrnf/
odkUjzpfí þpmwrf;onf Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk azmfxkw&f ma&mufonhf
tjyif y|mef;ESihpf yfonhf okwrsm;udkvnf; rQa0cHpm;apEdkiu f m "r®m&r®PyDwrd sm;udkvnf;
txdkutf avsmuf ay;pGr;f Edkivf rd hfrnfrSm trSeyf if jzpfygonf/
-13-
y|mef;a'oemawmf
y|mef;a'oemawmfonf tbd"r®mckepfusrf;teuf aemufqHk;a[mMum;tyfaom
a'oemawmfjzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨onf ckepf0gajrmufta&mufwGif þa'oemawmf tygt0if
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk wm0wðomewfjynfü a[mMum;cJhonf/ r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;ol
oEÅKódwewfom;tm; "r®jzihf aus;Zl;qyfvkdí ,if;ewfom;ESihf ewfjA[®mwdkUtm; 0gwGi;f
oHk;vywfvHk; r&yfrem; w&pyf a[mMum;cJhaom a'oemawmfjzpfonf/
þa'oemawmfukd yd#uoHk;yHkwGif tbd"r®y#d uüvnf;aumif;? edum,fig;&yfwGif
ck'´uedum,füvnf;aumif; xnho f Gi;f í oH*g,emwifrax&fwkdUu oH*g,emwifawmfrlcJh
Muonf/ ,ckacwf q|rlusr;f pmtkyt f aejzihf ig;tkyf ig;wGJ&SNd yD; pmrsuEf Sm 2638-
rsuEf Sm &So
d nhf a'oemawmf jzpfygonf/
rl&if;trnfrSm y|me(y|mef;)jzpfonf/ y|me-ü y+Xme jzpfí trsK;d rsK;d tpm;pm;
aom+taMumif;w&m;[k ygXfavQmuft"dymÜ ,f&ygonf/ ½ky"f r®? emrf"r®wkUd \ jzpfay:wnf&dS
aeyHktaMumif;w&m;trsK;d rsK;d udk a[mMum;awmfrlaom a'oemawmf[k qdkvkdygonf/
t|uxmq&m &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmou ,if;rl&if;trnf ]]y|me}}udk ]]orEÅ}}yk'f
f ]]orEÅy|me}}1 (orEÅy|mef;)[k tOD;qHk; toHk;jyKcJhygonf/ #Dumq&mrsm;
jznhpf Guí
uvnf; aemufykdi;f wGif ,if;trnftwdki;f vdkuyf gtoHk;jyKonfukd awGU&S&d onf/ þü
]]orEÅ o'´gonf ouv0gpu xuf0ef;usif tvHk;pHkteufa[mjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf
xuf0ef;usif bufpHkjynhpf Hkaom a'oemawmf(odkU)usr;f [k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf/
jrwfAk'¨onf þa'oemawmfukd a[mMum;awmfrl&mü tEkavmrenf;? ypöeD,enf;?
tEkavmrypöeD,enf;? ypöeD,mEkavmrenf;[laom enf;av;enf;wdkUjzihf "r®obm0rsm;\
aMumif;usK;d qufpyfykHukd ay:vGiaf tmif us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY a[mMum;awmfrcl yhJ gonf/ y|mef;
uvnf; wduy|mef;? 'kuy|mef;? 'kuwduy|mef;? wdu'kuy|mef;? wduwduy|mef;?
'ku'kuy|mef;2 [k ajcmufrsK;d &S&d m wpfrsK;d wpfrsK;d ü txufyg tEkavmrenf;paom enf;
av;rsK;d jzihf jynhjf ynhpf HkpHk a[mMum;xm;avonf/ xdkYaMumihf tzufzufu jynhpf Hkvsuf
&So
d nf/ odkUjzpfí t|uxmq&mBuD;u ]]orEÅ}}yk'f jznhpf Guí f ]]orEÅy|me}}(orEÅ
y|mef;)[k toHk;tpGJ jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
tEk#Dumq&m &Si"f r®ygvurl ,if;rlvtrnfukd ]]teEÅe,}}yk'f jznhpf Guí f
3
]]teEÅe,y|me}} [k uifyGe;f wyf trnfay;awmfrljyefygonf/ tqHk;r&S?d twdki;f twm
1/ 0d? |? 3/ 239/ tbd? |? 1/ 12/ tbd? |? 3/ 342/ 344/ oD? #D? 1/ 138/
oD? #D? opf? 1/ 387/ 'D? #D? 2/ 185/ rlv#D? 1/ 18/ rlv#D? 3/ 167/ 247/ tEk#D? 3/ 226/
2/ y|me? 1/ 15/ 3/ tEk? #D? 3/ 224/
-14-
wefckd;BuD;aom y|mef;a'oem
þy|mef;a'oemawmfonf wefckd;BuD;aom a'oemawmfjzpfonf[k Ak'¨bmom
trsm;pku vufcH,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,if;a'oemudk ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuonf/
,if;odkU ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMu&mü aeUpOf 0wfxm;í y|mef; ypö,ka'´o? ypö,eda'´oavmufukd
wEdkiw
f ydkif ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuonfvnf; &S\ d / y|mef;a'oemawmf tprS ukeo f avmufukd
wpf&ufywfvHk; toJrpJ ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuaom wpf&ufy|mef;vnf; &S\ d / oHk;&ufy|mef;?
ig;&ufy|mef;? ckepf&ufy|mef; ponfjzihf rdrw d kdU qE´tm;avsmpf Gm toHrpJ ½Gwzf wfylaZmf
Muonfvnf;&S\ d / ,if;odkU ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIonf jrefrmEdkiif Hü rnfonhaf cwf? rnfonhf
umvu pwifco hJ nfukd þpmwrf;wGif avhvmwifjyvdk&if; jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkU rwifjyrD
y|mef;a'oemawmf wefckd;BuD;&jcif;taMumif;udk OD;pGm wifjyygOD;rnf/
y|mef;a'oemawmfonf-
1/ odraf rGUjrihjf rwfí eufeJus,0f ef;aom w&m;vnf;jzpf\/
2/ wefckd;BuD; ewfjA[®mrsm;yif ½dkaojrwfEkd;onhf w&m;vnf;jzpf\/
3/ Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf a&SUwef;cHwyfBuD;vnf;jzpf\/
þtaMumif;oH;k csuaf Mumihf y|mef;a'oemawmf wefc;kd Bu;D jcif;jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf/2
jrwfAk'¨onf bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&muf&NSd yD; owåowåm[ pHawmfrl&m pwkw¬owåm[
wGif r[maAm"dyif\ taemufajrmufbuf&dS &wemC&3 pHtrd af wmfü aeawmfrpl Of tbd"r®m
ckepfusr;f udk oHk;oyfqifjcifawmfrl\/ "r®o*FPDusr;f rS ,rdkuu f sr;f txd tpOftwdki;f
1/ tbd? |? 1/ 12/ 2/ tajcjyKy|mef;/ 1/
3/ &we+ C& = tbd"r®&wem + oHk;oyf&mtdr/f tbd? |? 1/ 13-4/ Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI jrefrmh"avh
yGJawmfrsm;/ 86-7/
-16-
1/ omoe0Ho/ 88/
-20-
a'gufwmb'´EÅax&dE´
ygarmu©? XmerSL;
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdvf
&efukef
1/ jrefrmpum;yHk/ 71/
-24-
t½Sit
f *¾0o
H
]]apwem[H bdua© 0 ur®H 0'grd}}1 - apwemudk uH[ak c: qdo k nfth wdik ;f owå0gwdo
Yk nf
udk,?f EIw?f pdwf wdkYjzifh apwemESihftwlwuG uH wpfckckukdjyKvkyMf urnfrSm rvGJ{uefyif
jzpf\/ uHw&m;onf taMumif;w&m;jzpfí ur®e, d mroabmtwdki;f tusK;d w&m;udk
jzpfay:apEdik af om tpGr;f owå&d o
dS nfum; trSeyf ifjzpf\/ tpGr;f owå&d odS nft
h avsmuf uHw&m;\
tusK;d ay;rIe,fy,fonfvnf; rsm;pGmus,0f ef;ayonf/
uHw&m;\ tusK;d udkjzpfaprI pGr;f tifowåo d nf qef;Mu,fíeufeJcufcJ\/ rdrw d kYd
wwfoed m;vnfxm;aom usr;f *efpmay A[kokwrQavmufjzifhvnf; uHw&m;\tusK;d udk
BuHpnfír&Edik af y/ xdxYk ufomvGeaf om todÓPfjzifv h nf; xdik pf Of;pm;í tajzrSef wdwu
d sus
rxkwEf kdiaf y/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ]]ur®0yd gaum tpdaEÅa,sm}}2 -
uH\tusKd;w&m;udk rBuHpnftyf [k a[mawmfrlaomaMumifhjzpf\/ odkYygaomfvnf;
uHw&m;\ tusK;d ay;rIjzpfpOfukd jrwfAk'a¨ [mawmfral om yd#uwf usr;f *efrsm; xif&mS ;&Sad eí
,if;wdkYukdtajccHum avhvmygu ÓPfrDoavmufoEd kdirf nfom jzpf\/ þpmwrf;0,f
vufvSr;f rDorQaom Ak'¨pmay ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum paom *E¦EÅ&wdkYukd tajccHum
A[kokwjzpfz, G &f m avhvmjyygrnf/
owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf taMumif;uHwpfckukdjyKvkyNf yD;onfqkdygu ,if;uHonf
rnfonft h csed 0f ,f tusK;d udkjzpfay:apoenf;¿ tusK;d ay;oenf;¿/ þtcsuo f nf vlom;
wdki;f pdw0f ifpm;aomtcsuf jzpf\/ uHw&m;onf tusK;d udkjzpfap&m tusK;d ay;&mumv
rwlnDMuay/ tcsKUd uHwkdYonf vuf&Srd suaf rSmufb0rSmyif tusK;d ay;í tcsKUd uHwkdY rSmrl
þb0\tjcm;rJh aemufb0[kqkt d yfaom 'kw,
d b0ü tusK;d ay;\/ tcsKUd aom uHwrkYd mS um;
wwd,b0rSpí edAÁmef&onfhb0wdkiaf tmif b0rqkH;rcsi;f tusK;d ay;\/ tcsKUd uHrsm;rSm
rnfonfhtcsed t f cgrS tusK;d ay;cGihrf &aom uHrsm;vnf; &SMd uay\/
xdkokdY rwlMuaomuHav;rsK;d udk tbd"r®w¬o*F[ü
(1) 'd|"r®a0'ed,uH = vuf&Sb
d 0ü tusK;d ay;aomuH
(2) OyyZÆa0'ed,uH = 'kw,
d b0ü tusK;d ay;aomuH
(3) ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH = wwd,b0rSpí edAmÁ ef&onfb
h 0wdik af tmif
b0tqufquf tusK;d ay;aomuH
-26-
'd|"r®a0'ed,uH
yXraZmapwemonf 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHrnf\[k qdo k nft
h wdik ;f yXraZm apwemonf
tcsi;f cyford ;f tmao0eypön;f udkr&aomaMumifh tm;enf;\/ xdkaY Mumifh wpfckaomb0opf
y#doaE¨opfukd xlaxmifjcif;iSg rwwfEikd af cs/ r&Pumvausmv f eG f ul;ajrmufí 'kw, d b0ü
tusK;d ray;Edkiaf cs/ þb0üyif tusK;d ay;&\/ ,if;odkY tusK;d ay;ykHukd ]]taMumif;tcGihf
oifrh o
S mvQif tusK;d ay;Edik o
f nf? taMumif;tcGirhf oifv
h Qif tusK;d ysuo f Ok ;f av\}}[k y&rw¬
oHcyd #f Dum5 ü jyqdkxm;\/
tusK;d w&m;wdkw Y iG f b0udkjzpfay:apaom y#doaE¨tusK;d ESihf b0udk&NyD;aemuf cHpm;
&aom y0wåt d usK;d [k ESprf sK;d &S\
d / xdkwiG f 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHonf y0wåt d usK;d udkom ay;Edik \ f /
#Dum6ü ]]ukov kd 'f |d "r®a0'ed,uHonf qefu Y sib
f uftukov kd w
f \Ykd vTr;f rd;k ESyd pf ufaESmuf,uS rf I
rcH&ygrS rsuaf rSmufb0ü tusK;d ay;Edkio f nf/ tukokdvt f &mwGiv f nf; ukokdvu f H\
aESmuf,Surf I rcH&ygrS tusK;d ay;Edkio f nf}}[k jyqdk\/
,if;uH\tusK;d ay;yku H kd om"utm;jzifh jyqdk&ygrl jrwfAk'v ¨ ufxuftcgwGif 'd|"r®
a0'ed,uHtusK;d ukd cHpm;&ol ckepfa,muf&\ dS / ¤if;wdrYk mS -ykPpÖ m&if;iSg;? a*gygvrmwmrdz&k m;?
oky,Üd Oygodumr? rv’u d mrdzk&m;? okreyef;onf? {uom#uykPmÖ ; wdkYjzpfMu\/ ,if;odkY
ajcmufa,muf&Syd kHukd rdvEd ´yO§m7ü jyqdkxm;ayonf/
xdkwGif ykPrÖ nfaom pm&if;iSg;onf eda&m"ormywfrSxNyD;jzpfaom t&Sio
f m&d-
ykwå&mrax&ftm; eHeufapmapmü rsuEf Smopfa&ESihf 'efylvSL\/ r,m;jzpfol bm&dwm
onfvnf; rax&ftm;qGr;f vSL'gef;\/ xdkokdYjyKvkyaf om yXraZmapwemaMumifh xGepf mcJ
rsm;onf a&TcJrsm;jzpfNyD; aeYcsi;f yif olaX;&mxl;udk &cJhonf/
-27-
OyyZÆa0'ed,uH
yXrb0\tjcm;rJjh zpfaom 'kw, d b0ü&&Scd pH m;tyfaom tusK;d &So
d nfu h o
H nf OyyZÆ
a0'ed,uHrnf\/ þuHonf aZmckepfBudrw f Gif aemufqkH;owåraZmü&Sad om apwemyif
jzpfonf/ 'ge oDvpaomukokv d rf ?I olt
Y oufowfjcif;paom tukokv d rf rI sm;onf aZmckepf
Budrwf Gif aemufqkH;owåraZmxd qdkuaf &mufygrS txajrmufayonf/
ukov kd ?f tukovkd rf rI sm;udk jyKvyk Mf u&mü a&SUaZmrsm;jzifh txrajrmufao;ay/ a&SUaZm
rsm;onf owåraZmtm;axmufyhH½kHom axmufyHhEkdi\ f / owåraZma&mufrSom qdki&f mtrI
udprö sm; NyD;pD;Edki\f / xdkaY Mumifh ]]trIupd rö sm;NyD;pD;Edkií
f oEé|d mefusus qk;H jzwfcsucf saMumif;
jzpfaom owåraZmapwemonf OyyZÆa0'ed,uHrnf\}}[k #Dum13ü rdeYfqkdxm;ygonf/
xkod wåraZmapwemonf aemufqkH;aZmjzpfí tm;raumif;vSay/ odkYjzpfí 'kw, d b0ü
tusK;d ay;&jcif; jzpfonf/ 'kw, d b0udk ausmv f Geí f wwd,b0 ponfwkdYü tusK;d udk
ray;Edkiaf cs/
tukokvd tf &mwGif teEÅ&, d uHig;yg;ESihf ed,wrdpäm'd|u d wH o
kYd nf aoonf\tjcm;rJh
'kw,
d b0ü {uefi&Jou Ykd sa&mufapaom uHrsm;jzpfonf/ ukov kd tf &mü ormywf &Spyf g;onf
tm;BuD;aom*½kurH sm;jzpfonf/ psmefvuf&jdS zifah oqk;H vQif oufqikd &f mjA[®mjynfoYkd a&mufapEdik f
onf [k t|uxm14ü rdeq Yf kx
d m;onf/
þOyyZÆa0'ed,uHonf 'kw, d b0wGif y#doaE¨tusK;d udkjzpfap? y0wåt d usK;d udk
jzpfap? wpfrsK;d rsK;d udkjzpfap tusK;d ay;aomuHjzpfonf/ xdkuHonf &Hcg 'kw, d b0wGif
y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ray;Edkiyf gaomfvnf; y0wåt d usK;d udk ay;Edkiaf yonf/ om"utm;jzifh
parÜ,sZmwf15ü tavmif;awmf parÜ,se*g;rif;onf a&S;b0u e*g;rif;pnf;pdru f kd awmifw
h í
-29-
ukokv
d u
f rH sm;udk jyKvkycf \
hJ / 'kw,
d b00,f t[dww f &d pämef e*g;jzpfco
hJ nf/ odykY gaomfvnf;
þü a&S;b0ujyKcJhaom ukokdvu f Hrsm;onf y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ray;acs/ y0wåt d cgü
e*g;rif;pnf;pdru f kd cHpm;&\/ þum; xl;jcm;csujf zpfayonf/
,if;uH\ tusKd;ay;ykHrsm;udk tenf;i,fjyqdk&aomf r|uk@vDowdkYom;onf
aocgeD;umv jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu f kd MunfnKd onfhpw
d af Mumifh 'kw,
d b0ü wm0wðomewf
jynf0,f ewfpnf;pdruf kd cHpm;&\/ xdkYjyif 0drme0w¬Kü zm;wpfaumifonf jrwfAk'¨\
w&m;awmftoHukd em,laepOf EGm;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf wkwjf zifah xmufru d m aoqk;H cJ\
h /
w&m;oHukd MunfnKd aomapwemaMumifh ewfjynfü zm;ewfom;jzpfcJh&onf/
tukovkd t
f &mü tZmwowfb&k ifonf tzowfaom ydwC k mwuuHaMumifh 'kw,d
b00,f avm[ukrÇiD &Ja&mufc&hJ onf/ xdjkY yif t&Siaf '0'wfonf avm[dwkygÜ 'uuH? oHC
ab'uuHwkYdukd usL;vGeo
f nfhtwGuf 'kw, d b00,f t0Dpid &Jü jzpfMu&\/16 þum;
OyyZÆa0'ed,uH\ tusK;d ay;rIrsm; jzpf\/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH
wwd,b0rSpí edAmÁ ef&onfb h 0wdkiaf tmif b0oHo&mwpfavQmuf xdkuo f nftm;
avsmpf Gm tusK;d ay;aomuHonf ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHrnf\/ ,if;uHonf aZmckepfBudrf
teuf tv,faZmig;csuaf pwemrsm;jzpf\/ þapwemonf a&S;a&S;aZmrsm;\ tmao0e
owåjd zifh axmufyu hH n
l rD uI &kd aomaMumifh tvGet f m;aumif;\/ wwd,b0rSpí b0rqk;H rcsi;f
oHo&mtwGi;f ü tcGio hf m&mwGif tusK;d ay;Edkiaf yonf/ #Dum17ü ,if;uHonf wwd,b0ü
y#doaE¨tusK;d ? y0wåt d usK;d ESprf sK;d vkH;udk ay;Edkio
f nf[k rdeYfqkdxm;ygonf/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHonf apwemrsm;pGm&Sd&m rnfonfhuHrqkd tBudrfrsm;pGm
tusK;d ay;Edkio
f nf[k rrSw, f loifhay/ ¤if;uHonf rdrt d pGr;f &So
d rQ tusK;d ay;NyD;jzpfcJhvQif
edAÁmefr&cifrSmyif tpGr;f owåu d keqf kH;oGm;wwfygonf/ tusK;d ray;&ao;vQifom edAÁmef
&onfhb0wdkifatmif tusKd;ay;Edkif\/ rwubwåZmwf18wGif qdwfwpfaumifonf
a&S;twdwb f 0 vljzpfpOf qdww f pfaumifukd owfí,ZfylaZmfcJh\/ ,if;tukokv d uf HaMumifh
b0ig;&mywfvkH; olwpfyg;wdkYowfjzwfjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ aemufqkH;b0 qdwjf zpfpOfwGif
towfc&H rnft h csed üf qif;&J'uk r© v
S wG af jrmufrnfuo
kd í
d 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&,fvsuf towfcH
cJ\
h / þum; ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH\ tusK;d ay;rIuek q f ;Hk wwfaMumif; oufaoyif jzpfonf/
xdkjY yif em&'Zmwft|uxm19ü ]]ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHonf tusK;d ray;&ao;vQif
rysupf ;D }}[k qdkaomaMumifh tjyeftm;jzifh ,if;uHonf tusK;d ay;NyD;vQif ysupf ;D aysmufu,
G f
oGm;Edkiof nf[k qdkEkdirf nfjzpfonf/
-30-
xdu
k o d usK;d ESprf sK;d &S&d mü ]]{um, apwem, uar® tm,l[ad w
H nf y#doaE¨? y0wåt
{umy#doE¨d a[mwd}}20 - wpfckaomapwemuHonf wpfckaom y#doaE¨ tusK;d uko d m
ay;\[k qdkaomaMumifh tv,faZmig;csuw f kdYwGif oifhavsm&f mapwem wpfcsuuf om
wwd,b0rSpí y#doaE¨tusK;d ukd ay;Edkiaf yonf/ <uif;aomapwemrsm;um; y0wåt d usK;d udk
edAÁmefa&mufonftxd tusK;d ay;Edkio
f nf[k rSwo f m;&ygrnf/
tenf;i,f&iS ;f jy&aomf apwem[lonf aZmESi, hf OS af om apwemapwoduyf if jzpf\/
uHukd aZmapwemwpfckwnf;jzifh txajrmufatmif tm;rxkwEf kid ?f 0Dxw d pfckwiG f yg0ifaom
aZmckepfBudrjf zift
h m;xkwyf grS uHwpfct
k xajrmufEikd \
f / xdak Zmrsm;udyk if oabmwlaomtm;jzifh
apwemwpfc[ k k qd&k onf/ þü owåraZmapwem y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfc?k tv,faZmig;csuf
twGuf y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfck[k qdkvk&d if; r[kwaf y/ wpf0x D v
d k;H wGiyf gaom apwemtm;vk;H
aygif;ygrS y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfckom &Edkio f nf[k qdkvkd&if; jzpfonf/
aZmapwemwdkY tusK;d ay;rIESihfpyfí bmom#Dum21ü wpfckaomapwemjzifh uHukd
tm;xkw&f mü ]]xdu k u H kd aZmapwemwpfcw k nf;jzifh xajrmufatmif tm;rxkwEf ikd ?f 0Dxw d pfck
wGif yg0ifaomaZmckepfBudrv f kH;udkyif oabmwlaomtm;jzifh apwemwpfck[k qdkxm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh ]]owåraZmtwGuf y#doaE¨tusK;d ? tv,faZmig;csut f wGuf y#doaE¨ 5-
usK;d }} [laompum;onf vm;vm;rSroif?h wpf0x D yd g aZmapwemtm;vk;H twGurf S y#doaE¨
tusK;d wpfcsuof m&Edik of nf/ odjYk zpfí OyyZÆa0'ed,uH (owåraZm apwem)onf 'kw, d b0ü
y#doaE¨tusK;d ay;cJv
h Qif tv,faZmig;csuu f aemufxyf y#doaE¨usK;d ray;Edki?f y0wåt d usK;d
udkom qdki&f mb0wGif ay;cGih&f aSd wmhonf}}[k &Si;f jyxm;ygonf/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH\ om"u0w¬Krsm;um; yd#uwfawmfü xkwjf yírukef Edik af tmif
rsm;jym;ayonf/ ukokdvt f &mwGif aZmwduolaX;? Z#dvolaX;paom om"uwdkYonf
xif&mS ;\/ tukov f &müum; t&Sirf [marm*¾vmef? pu©Kygvrax&f22paom om"uwdo
kd t Yk nf
xif&mS ;vSayonf/
]]ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHrS vGwaf jrmufaom owå0grnfonfr&S}d }[k t|uxm23
qdkaomaMumifh refvnfq&mawmfu ]]&Siv f lrsm;pGm? owå0gum;? ty&my&d,? uHupd öESihf?
uif;Muolx?d rnfr,S&d iS }hf }24 [k rdeq
Yf kx
d m;ygonf/ odkjY zpfygí ,if;uHonf vlwk\
Yd aemufrS
vkud af eaom ]]t&dy}f }ESihf wlvSayonf/
ta[moduH
]]ta[moduH}}[laom ygVdpum;vkH;onf Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;pkESihf &if;ESD;aom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ odkYaomf t"dyÜg,fukdrSeu
f efpGm od&Sed m;vnfaomol enf;yg;ayonf/
ta[moduHonf uHw&m;omjzpfNyD; tusK;d w&m; vkH;0 jzpfay:rvmaom uHjzpf\/
-31-
t&Sit
f *¾0o
H
enf;jy? tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif aH wmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokv d f
urÇmat;uke;f ajr? &efuke/f
-33-
1/ tH? 2? 363/
2/ tH? 1? 392/
3/ o*F[? 33/ tH? |? 2? 104/
4/ 0do'k ?d¨ 2? 236/ y&rw¬ ' D y eD ? 218/
5/ oHcyd ?f #D? 97/
6/ #Dumausm?f 171/
7/ rdvEd ´? 281/ "r®? |? 1? 309/ oH? |? 1? 129/ r? |? 4? 3-4/
8/ r? |? 4? 3/
9/ "r®? |? 2? 59/
10/ 0d? 1? 43/ 0d? |? 1? 237/ "r®? |? 2? 213/ r? |? 4? 6/
11/ Zm? |? 3? 37/
12/ "r®? |? 2? 297/ 117/ "r®? |? 1? 142/
13/ #Dumausm?f 171/
14/ tH? |? 2? 104/
15/ Zm? |? 4? 457/
16/ "r®? |? 1? 17/ 0drme? 73/ 0drme? |? 201/ 'D? |? 1? 212/ "r®? |? 1? 95/
17/ #Dumausm?f 171/
18/ Zm? |? 1? 183/
19/ Zm? |? 7? 132/
20/ bd? |? 1? 308/
21/ o*F[bm#D? 326/
22/ "r®? |? 2? 436/ 442/ 43/ "r®? |? 1? 13/
23/ tH? |? 2? 105/
24/ rCa'0? 264/
25/ bd? |? 2? 409/
26/ tH? |? 2? 105/
27/ o*F[bm#D? 328/
28/ "r®? |? 2? 81/ r? 2? 301/ r? |? 3? 227/ "r®? |? 1? 425-433/
-34-
yxrausm-f OD;pHoif;vdIif
ed'gef;
odyÜHynm t&Sed tf [kejf yif;pGm wdk;wufvmaom ,aeUacwfwiG f odyÜHynmtm;udk;jzihf
jrwfAk'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk jyifqifvkdolrsm; &So d uJhokdU odyÜHynm wdk;wufav jrwfAk'¨
w&m;awmfrsm; rSeu f efavqdkonhf cH,lcsu&f So d lrsm;vnf; ay:xGuv f m\/ rnfokdUyif&Sad p
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk pepfwusavhvmxm;olrsm;url odyÜHynmxuf Ak'¨tbd"r®mynmu ydkí
cufcJeufeJNyD; ydkí tao;pdwu f saMumif; axmufcHvsuf &SMd uavNyD/
[',0w¬Kudk bk&m;ra[m[kqkdum vufrcHolrsm; &Sad e&m ynm&Sirf sm;u tm*r
,kwå?d obm0,kwåd aMumif;usK;d n§í d &Si;f vif;cJhMu&\/ tbd"r®y#d uwpfckvHk;udkyif
bk&m;a[mr[kw[ f k a0zeforl sm; &Scd zhJ ;l \/ t|uxmq&mBuD;udk,w f kid f ajz&Si;f cJí
h ajyvnfrI
1
&cJh\/ tbd"r®y#d u wpfckvHk;udkyif a0zefrI &Scd Jhao;vQif [',0w¬Kavmuf a0zefrIum;
pmrjyKavmufawmhay/ odkU&mwGif ,aeU odyq HÜ &mwdkU\ cE¨aA't& ]]pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrmS
wnfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]]pdwo f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf}} [lívnf;aumif; 0d0g'
uGJjym;vmrIaMumihf [',0w¬Ktay: ydkí pdw0f ifpm;vm\/ xdkYaMumihf [',0w¬KESihf
pyforQ okawoejyKrd\/
[',0w¬K
['EÅd wHwH tw¬0H g tew¬0H g yla&EÅd {awemwd [',H=xdkxkad umif;usK;d qdk;usK;d udk
jynhpf HkapEdkio
f nhf ESvHk;wnf;[laom ½kyw f pfrsK;d onf [',rnf\/ ESvHk;om;üwnfaom
½kyo
f bm0 wpfrsK;d udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpf\/ twdtusqkd&vQif ESvHk;tdrt f wGi;f yke;f nufaphcefU
yrmP&Sad om wGi;f i,fav;&S&d m xdkwGi;f i,fav;ü wpfvufzuf\ xuf0ufrQ aoG;rsm;
wnf&SNd yD; xdkaoG;rsm;udk jyefUESHUvsuwf nfaom ½kyo f bm0wpfrsK;d udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpf\/2
"r®m½Hkpm&if;0if okckr½kyo f bm0wpfrsK;d jzpfí yuwdrsupf ?d odyÜHu&d , d mwdkUjzihMf unhí
f
jrifEkdiaf umif;aom t&mrsK;d r[kw/f raem0dnmPf jziho f m odEkdijf rifEkdiaf umif;\/ yuwd
rsupf ?d odyÜH ud&,
d mwdkUjzihMf unhíf jrifEkdio
f nfrSm ½lyg½Hk wpfrsK;d om jzpf\/ o'´g½Hk? *E¨m½Hk?
&om½Hk? azm|AÁm½Hk? "r®m½HkwkdU ryg0ifay/
0oEÅd pdwåapwodum {w¬mwd 0w¬K=pdwaf pwoduw f kdU\ wnfae&mt&yfonf
0w¬Krnf\/ [',ar0 0w¬K [',0w¬K=ESvk;H om;&Sd obm0wpfrsK;d jzpfaom wnfae&m½ky?f
pdwaf pwoduw f Ukd wnfae&m ESv;kH om;&Sd &kyw f pfrsK;d udk [',0w¬K[k ac:\/ pdwt f aMumif;udk
"r®o*FPDygVdawmf1 ü pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H y@&H ponfjzihf a[mxm;&m
[',yk'yf g\/ twåaem obm0H [&wDwd [',H=rdr\ d oabmudk aqmifwwfaomaMumihf
pdwo f nf [',rnf\/ xdt k vdk [',ó 0w¬K [',0w¬K[w k ?JG pdw\
f wnf&m ESv;kH om;&Sd
½kyw
f pfrsK;d onf [',0w¬Krnf\/ rsupf t d Munf½kyu f kd yom'pu©K? rsuv f kH;pdkiuf kd oorÇm&
pu©K[k cGJjcm;ouJhokdU ESvHk;tMunf½kyu f kd 0w¬K[', ([',0w¬K)? ESvHk;pdkiu f kd oorÇm&
[',[k cGJjcm;odtyf\/
þodkU [',0w¬K½kyo f abmudk twdtus azmfjyvdku&f aomfvnf; xdkxkyd gVdawmfwkUd ü
]][',0w¬K}}[k wdku½f kduaf [mMum;xm;rI r&S/d "r®o*FPD ½lyu@ygVdawmfonf ½kyEf Sihf
ywfoufvQif tjynfhpHkqHk; a[mxm;aom ygVdawmfjzpf\/ xdkygVdawmfüaomfrS vHk;0
a[mxm;jcif;r&S/d odUk aomf xdx
k ykd gVdawmfrsm;udk oJveG pf jyKí þ0w¬K½yk w
f pfrsK;d &Sx
d u
kd af Mumif;
udk t|uxm #Dum q&mwdkU xyfwlnDrQ ,lqcJhMu\/
tm*r,kwåd
]],H ½lyH edóm, raem"mwkp raem0dnmP"mwkp 0wåEÅ?d wH ½lyH raem"mwk,mp
raem0dnmP"mwk,mp wHorÜ,kwåumeÍö "r®meH edó,ypöa,e ypöa,m}} [laom
ypö,eda'´o y|mef;ygVdawmf2 onf 0w¬K½kyw f pfrsK;d &Sad Mumif; cdkivf Hkaom tm*r,kwåd
taxmuftxm;yif jzpf\/ xdkygVdawmfu ]]tMuif½kyu f kdrSDí raem"mwfESihf raem0dnmP
"mwfwkUd jzpfMuuke\ f / xdkraem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfEiS t fh wl ,SObf ufapwoduw f kUd tm;
xdk½kyu
f edó,owåjd zihf aus;Zl;jyK\}}[k ñTejf y\/ þñTejf ycsut f & pu©K0dnmPf\rSD&m
pu©K0w¬K? aomwçCmeçZd0Sgçum,0dnmPfwkdU\ rSD&m aomwçCmeçZd0Sgçum,0w¬Krsm;
&So
d uJhokdU xdkUtwl raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfwkdU\ rSD&m 0w¬K½kyw f pfrsK;d &So
d nf[k
,lq&ay\/
xdkYjyif xdky|mef;ygVdawmfBuD;üyif ]]0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf 0w¬K½kywf pfrsK;d
&Sad Mumif;udk xdkxkdae&mwdkUü a[mxm;onfukdvnf;aumif;? rdvEd ´yO§mygVdawmfü ]][',
0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf twdtusa[mxm;onfukdvnf;aumif; awGU&½HkrQru xdkxkd
t|uxm#DumwdkUüvnf; ]]0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf awGU&onhftjyif ]][',
0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf twdtus rdeUf qkdxm;onfukdyif awGU&\-
- cE¨m 0w¬Kó o[Zmwypöa,e ypöa,m? 0w¬K cE¨meH o[Zmwypöa,e
ypöa,m/ (yO§m0g&? y|mef;ygVdawmf3 )
1/bd? |? 1/ 318/
-44-
Mum;odpw d ?f eHopd w
d ?f vsuo f pd w
d ?f xdopd w
d w
f kdUukd jzpfay:ap\/ þodkUvQif b0ifpw
d Ef Sihf
BuHord I raem0dnmPfpw d w
f kUd onf ESvk;H tMunf([',0w¬K)ü wnfNyD; tqufrjywf wpf&pyf
jzpfysuaf eMuav\/
[',0w¬K½ky\ f tjcm;0w¬K½kyrf sm;ESihf qufpyfjzpfyHkukd t|omvdeDt|uxm1ü
þodkU rdeUf qkdxm;ao;\ ]]{auuH tm&r®PH 'DGok 'DGok 'Gga&ok tmygxrm*päw?d
½lyg&r®PH [d pu©Kyom'H Ca¥wGm wcFPan0 raem'Gga& tmygxrm*päw?d b0*Fpveó
ypöa,m a[mwDwd taw¬m}}/ tm½Hk wpfckwpfckonf 'Gg& ESpcf kESpcf kü xif\/ pu©Kyom'
(pu©K0w¬K? pu©K'Gg&)ü ½lyg½Hk xdckduaf omtcg pu©K'Gg&tjyif raem'Gg&([',0w¬KrSm
wnfaomb0if)üvnf; wpfNydKifeuf xifvsu&f S\ d / iSuw f pfaumifonf opfyifzsm;ü
em;aomtcg opfyifzsm;ü xdcdkufrdonfESihf wpfNydKifeuf atmufajrjyifrSm iSuf&dyf
xifouJo h kUd wnf;/ xdkuo
hJ kUd b0ifpw
d üf wpfNydKifeuf "mwfcku
d f xifvmjcif;aMumihf b0ifvyI f
jcif; jzpf&\/ þtqdktrdeUf t& tjcm;0w¬K½kyrf sm;udk rSí D jzpfMu&aom pdwrf sm;onfyifvQif
[',0w¬K½kyfESihf qufpyfjzpfMu&aMumif; odEdkif\/ xdkUaMumihf ]]pdwfonf ESvHk;rSm
wnfonf}}[laom ,lqcsuo f nf ydkíyif cdkirf mvsuf &S\d /
jcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
[',0w¬KESiyfh wfoufí y|mef;ygVdawmfü ]]0w¬K}}[k a[mawmfr\ l / pu©m,weH?
aomwm,weH ponfjzihf pu©K0w¬K? aomw0w¬K ponfh 0w¬K½ky(f 5)yg;udk wdwu d sus
a[mawmfrlNyD; use0f w¬K½ky(f 1)yg;udk ]],H ½lyH? wH ½lyH}}[k omreftm;jzihf a[mawmfrl\/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;ü ]],H½lyH=tMuif½ky}f }qdkonfukd [',0w¬K½ky[ f k wdwu d sus zGihjf y
xm;\/ [',0w¬K½ky\ f oabm? [',0w¬K½ky\ f wnfae&mwdkUukdvnf; wdwu d sus
zGiqfh ko
d wfrwS jf yxm;\/ ,if;wdkUukd tajccHí þpmwrf;&Siu f 0w¬K½kywf pfrsK;d &So
d ihaf Mumif;?
,if;rSm [',0w¬K½kyjf zpfaMumif; tm*r,kwå?d obm0,kwåt d m;jzihf &Si;f jyxm;\/
qufvufí pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrmS wnfjcif;rjzpfEkid b
f J ESvkH;rSmom wnfEkid af Mumif;
pmawGU? vufawGUtm;jzihf &Si;f jyxm;\/ jrefrmrIe,fy,fü ]]vuf½Hk;&nf ESvHk;&nf}}
]]pdwfESvHk;}} [laom toHk;tEIef;rsm;? ]]ESvHk;om;0,f bk&m;wnf}}? ]]ynmjynhf0
ESvHk;vSaomf}} [laom rdeUf qkda[majymcsurf sm;u ]]pdwo f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf}}[laom
,lqcsuftwGuf axmufcHvsuf&SdaMumif; rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;\/ tjcm;0w¬K½kyfrsm;ü
wnfaom pdwfrsm;onfyifvQif [',0w¬K½kyfESihf qufpyfaeojzihf pdwf\ ESvHk;rSm
wnfaMumif; ,lqcsuo f nf ydkíyif cdkirf maMumif; yihu
f lOyrmjzihf xif&Sm;pGm &Si;f jyxm;\/
1/ bd? |? 1/ 114/
-45-
OD;pHoif;vdIif
1377-ck jymodkvqef;(5)&uf wGJzufygarmu©
14-1-20165 (Mumoyaw;aeU) tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokdv(f &efuke)f
-47-
t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)
t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)
t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5)
t&aumuf\t"dyÜm,f
t&aumufqkdonfrSm tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;\ oabmç o½kyçf t"dyÜg,frsm;udk
vufjzifhaumuf,lí jyouJhokdY rdr&d & uGuu f Guu
f Gi;f uGi;f &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm oabm
aygufem;vnfap&ef jrefrmjyefbmomjzifh pDpOfa&;om;aom usr;f udk qkv d ykd gonf/ xdkusr;f wdkY
udk rSDjirf;í q&mESihfwynfh ESpOf D;vHk;onf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;udk pmtkyrf udkib f J
ntcsed w f Gif oabmaygufatmif aqG;aEG;ajymjyjcif;jzifh oifMum; ydkYcscJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY
oifMum;ydcYk sjcif;udv k nf; ]]n0g}}[k ac:wGicf MhJ uonf/ xdek nf;wl pmoifom;wdt Yk m; tbd"r®m
ÓPf&ifo h efcidk rf mapvsuf Ak'w
¨ &m;awmf\ teuft"dygÜ ,fwu Ykd kd wduseufepJ mG odjrifem;vnf&ef
taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf/
xktd &aumufusr;f rsm;um; ygVdawmf&Sd oabmtm;vHk; ta&;MuD;onfrsm;udk jcHKiHk
rdatmif jrefrmpum;ajyjzifh n0gqdkpmtjzpf rusO;f rus,f pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpf\/ ,if;okYd
us,0f ef;aom tbd"r®mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;udk tcsed w f kdwkdjzifh vdk&if;tcsKyfoo
d matmif jrefrm
tbd"r®m ac: t&aumufusr;f rsm;udk pDpOfEkid cf Jhjcif;aMumif;vnf; jrwfAk'¨\ tbd"r®mudk
avhvm&mü jrefrmjynfBuD;onf wpfjcm;Ekid if Hrsm;ESihfrwl wpfrlxl;jcm; xif&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpf
avonf/
t&aumufusr;f rsm;rSm jrefrmouú&mZf (900) ausmf (&wemyl& tif;0aejynfawmf
omvGerf if;w&m;BuD;vufxufawmftcg) t&Sirf keEd a´ Cmo(awmifzv D m)q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
rsm; acwfurS pwifwx D iG cf jhJ cif;jzpfaMumif; ordki;f u jyqdkavonf/ xkaYd emuf wpfacwfNyD;
wpfacwf t&aumufrsm; xGuaf y:vmcJhavonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
1/ awmifzDvmrl
2/ eef;ausmif;rl
3/ awmifbDvl;rl
-49-
4/ xef;wyifrl
5/ Am;u&mrl
6/ anmifuefrl
7/ oJtif;rl- ponfjzifh q&mtqlqw l k\ Yd rltrsKd ;rsKd ;wdkY xGuaf y:cJMh uonf/ xdkwiG f
rmwdumt&aumufrSm Am;u&mrlç "mwkuxmt&aumufrSm oJtif;rlç ,rku d Ef Sihf y|mef;
t&aumufrSm xef;wyifrlwkdYukdom ,cktcgü toHk;jyKvsu&f MSd uayonf/
þrmwdumt&aumufum; Am;u&mrl[kqdk&aomfvnf; pifppf yXrAm;u&m
q&mawmf a&;om;onfum; r[kwaf y/ q&mawmf\wynfh urf;eD(ueD)NrdKUaus; y½d;k wH&k mG Zmwd1
(xdpk Ofu av;0grQom &Sad o;aom)t&Si0f &awaZm (1149-ckEpS )f a&;om;aomt&aumufom
jzpfayonf/ "mwkuxmt&aumufvnf; oJtif;rlqkd&apumrl rlvoJtif; omoemydkif
a&;aomusr;f pm r[kw/f oJtif;omoemydkiq f &mawmf\ wynfh t&SiZf rÁK'Dy"Z (1205-
ckEpS )f a&;aom usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk*d P²Ed pS u
f sr;f udkrl yXrarmif;axmifomoemydkiq f &mawmf
a&;aomrlEiS hf cifBuD;aysmaf &;aomrltm;jzifh ESprf &l adS Mumif; yd#uordik ;f ESihf t|omvde*D P²w d t
Ykd &
od&&dS ayonf/
rmwdumt&aumufESih"f mwkuxmt&aumuftaMumif;
rmwdum[lonf tbd"r®mckepfusr;f wGif tpqHk;aom "r®o*FPDusr;f \ tusO;f csKyf
Oya'orQom jzpf\/ ,if;rmwdumudk y'bmZeDtzGihfESihf t|omvdeDt|uxm &Si;f vif;
csurf sm;udk rlwnfí teufjyefum t&aumufvmMuonfrmS ESpaf ygif; (300)xuf renf;ay/
jrefrmouú&mZf (1000)0ef;usif tif;0acwfrpS í rmwdum t&aumufusr;f ESihf "mwkuxm
t&aumufrsm; ay:vmcJhMu\/
rmwdumt&aumufusr;f udk a&;om;onfhq&mawmfrsm;rSm-
t&Sirf keEd ´aCmo? awmifbDvmq&mawmf? (940-1013)
t&Sit f *¾"r®? eef;ausmif;q&mawmf? (985-cefY)
t&Sit f eEÅ"Z? awmifbDvl;q&mawmf? (1034-cefY)
t&Si"f r®mbdeE´? yxrAm;u&mq&mawmf? (1144-cefY)
t&Sief E´ar"m? xef;wyifq&mawmf? (1138-cefY) wdkYjzpfonf/
"mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f udk a&;om;onfhq&mawmfrsm;rSm-
t&Sirf keEd ´aCmo? awmifbDvmq&mawmf? (940-1013)
t&Sit f *¾"r®? eef;ausmif;q&mawmf? (985-cefY)
,rku
d çf y|mef;t&aumuf
,ckacwf pmoifom;udkif ,rdkuçf y|mef;t&aumufum; xef;wyifomoemydkif
q&mawmf t&Sief E´ar"m pD&ifawmfrlaom ,rku d çf y|mef; t&aumufESihf *P²çd tEk*P²d
trsKd ;rsKd ;wdkYukd &efukeNf rdKU? jynfvrf;? rlvy|mef;q&mawmf OD;em&'jyifqifawmfrlí tbd"Z
r[m&|*k½k aus;Zl;&Sirf pd;k &drq f &mawmfBuD;u xyfroH wk o
f if wnf;jzwf tqH;k owfawmfral om
]]rl}}jzpfonf/
tusKd ;aus;Zl;
tif;0acwfwiG f ay:xGucf Jhaom tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;um;
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfBuD;\ xGe;f um;zdk&Y ef vGepf mG taxmuftuljyKcJo h nf/ xko d Ykd t&aumuf
usr;f rsm;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;yHu
k kd tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k rpd;k &drq
f &mawmf bk&m;BuD;u atmufyg
twdki;f rdeYq
f kdawmfrlcJhavonf/
]]jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t
H wGi;f ü t&aumufusr;f rsm; xifxif&mS ;&Sm;&Sad e aomaMumifh
omvQif tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;rSm rwdrrf jrKyf ruG,rf aysmufbJ ,aeYwkdiaf tmifyif
wdk;yGm;wnfwHhaeavNyD/ rmwdumt&aumufusr;f ç "mwkuxm t&aumufusr;f ç ,rdkuf
t&aumufusr;f ç y|mef;t&aumufusr;f rsm; r&SMd uaom tjcm;ax&0g' oD[Vkd çf ,dk;',m;
Ekid if Hrsm;ü tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;onf wnfwHhoifhoavmuf rwnfwHhEkid ?f xGe;f um;
oifhoavmuf rxGe;f um;Ekid &f Sad eMu&onf/ þtcsurf Sm pifppftm;jzifh tbd"r®momoem
awmfBuD;twGuf 0rf;enf;p&mtcsuyf if jzpfonf/ txl;tm;jzifh tbd"r®mudk BudK;pm;í
-52-
t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)
t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)
t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5)
-53-
jrefrmEdkiif Hü tbd"r®moif,lavhvmrI
t½Sif0dZÆmeE´
tbd"r®y#d u aemufcHordki;f
bk&m;½Sio
f nf 7-0gajrmuf0gudk wm0wðomü uyfqakd wmfro l nf/ r,fawmfred wfom;
trSL;jyKaom ewfjA[®mtaygif;wdkt Y m; tbd"r®mw&m;awmfukd r&yfrem; 0gwGi;f oHk;vywfvkH;
a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ aeYpOfqGr;f cHcsed af &mufvQif edr®w d &kyyf Gg;wpfqlukd rdr\
d udk,pf m;
w&m;qufvufa[mMum;&ef t"d|mefjyKawmfrNl yD;aemuf ajrmufuRe;f odkY qGr;f cH<uawmfro l nf/
xdkYaemif taemwwftkdi\ f qdyuf rf;ü qGr;f bkO;f ay;awmfrlNyD; pE´ul;awmü aeYoefYpifawmfrl
ygonf/ xdktcg t½Sio f m&dykwå&monf bk&m;½Six f H<ua&mufNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKawmf
rl\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]cspo f m; om&dykwå&m- þrQaomw&m;udk iga[mMum;cJhNyD}} [k
tbd"r®mw&m;udk enf;&½Hk tusO;f csKyf nTeMf um;awmfrlonf/
t½Siof m&dykwå&monf bk&m;½Six f rH S enf;&awmfrv
l Qif enf;aygif;t&mtaxmifwjkYd zifh
jzefcY sí
D bk&m;½Siaf [mawmfrt
l yfaom tbd"r®ma'oemtus,u f kd odjrifawmfr\
l / tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfukd rusO;f rus,t f v,ftvwfjzpfaomenf;jzifh rdr\ d wynfhig;&mwkYdtm;
wpfzefa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ þodkYjzifh wm0wðomewfjynfü tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd
jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;í NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&mufaomtcg vljY ynfüvnf; tbd"r®mw&m;awmfukd
t½Sio f m&dykwå&ma[mMum;í NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&muf½Syd gonf/
bk&m;½Sify&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD; oHk;vESifhav;&ufajrmufü tZmwowfrif;udk
trSDjyKí &[EÅmig;&mwkYdonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\w&m;awmfrsm;udk o*Fg,emwifcJhMuonf/
þo*Fg,emü "r®ESihf0ed ,[lí ESpyf kdi;f cGJ&m "r®ü tbd"r®y#d u yg0ifayonf/
-54-
tbd"r®y#d u jrefrmjynfokdYa&muf½Syd Hk
1926-ckESpf arSmZf marmifcifb\ bk&m;ysuaf wmifuke;f rS a½Taycsyt
f csy(f 20)wdkYwiG f
tbd"r®ma'oemtcsKd U awGU½x Sd m;csut
f & tbd"r®y#d uonf yk*Hacwfrwdkirf Duyif a&muf½Sd
rnf[k cefYrSe;f &aomfvnf; ax&0g'rSww f rf;rsm;t& wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJtNyD; t½Sif
-55-
yk*Hacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI
e&ywdpnforl if;vufxuf aumZmouú&mZf 543-ckEpS w f iG f t½Siq
f y'rax&fonf
oD[kdVrf S pmoiftNyD; yk*HjynfokdY<uvm&m t½Sio f D0vd? t½Siw f mrvdE´? t½Sit f meE´m?
t½Si&f m[kvm trnf&aom oD[kdV&f [ef;awmf(4)yg;ygvdkuyf gvmMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmf
rsm;ESit
hf wl tbd"r®mqdki&f m oD[kVd jf zpf ygVdbmomusr;f rsm;vnf; a&muf½v dS mrnfjzpfonf/
ouú&mZf 596-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom uspGmrif;onf wdkif;a&;jynfa&;udk
*½krpdkufbJ om;awmftdrfa½SUrif;om;ESifhom vTJxm;NyD;vQif &[ef;oHCmawmfwdkYtm;
wpfaeYvQif pm0g 7-0gydkYcsonf/ eef;wGi;f armif;rwdkYtm;vnf; pmydkYcsonf/ eef;wGi;f ol?
eef;wGi;f om;rsm; oN*ØK[favhvm&mwGif taxmuftul&ap&ef y&rw¬AEd ´Kusr;f udk a&;om;cJh
onf/ y&rw¬AEd ´Kusr;f onf jrefrmjynf\ tOD;tqkH;aom tbd"r®mqkid &f m usr;f wpfapmif
jzpfonf/
yk*aH cwfonf ygVdy#d upmay a&mufcgpjzpfí xdpk may\tjccHjzpfaom o'´gusr;f rsm;
udk txl;tm;pdkux f m;onf/ o'´ewD pd onfh xif;½Sm;ausmMf um;aom o'´gusr;f rsm; ay:xGe;f
cJhonf/ odkYaomf yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f *efwkdYukd rsm;pGma&;om;jyKpkcJhjcif;
r½Sad omfvnf; tbd"r®mpmayudkrl xufoefwuf<uaom vHkYv0D&, d jzifh oifMum;tm;xkwf
aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk atmufazmfjyyg jzpf&yfu oufaocHvsu½f So d nf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f awGUqHk&mü ]]b,frQavmufaom usr;f *efukdtm;xkwíf
b,frQavmufaom usr;f *efukd ESKwfwiG f aqmifxm;Edkiyf goenf;}} ponfjzifh wpfa,mufEiS hf
wpfa,muf aqG;aEG;ar;jref;Muuke\ f /
wpf&Ha&mtcg wpfa,mufaomtrsKd ;orD;udk ar;jref;&mwGif EdkYpkdYuav;i,f½Sad om
trsKd ;orD;u jyefíajzMum;onfrSm--
]]ighrSm uav;EdkYpdkYí uav;aESmuf,Sufojzifh rsm;pGmESKwf0,fraqmifEdkifyg/
y|mef;usr;f üvm½Sad om ukovwdurf Q yrmP½Sad om usr;f *efukdom ESKwfwGif &atmif
aqmifEkdiyf gonf}} [kajymMum;\/ (omoeA[kókwyÜumoeD -66)
-56-
tif;0acwfü tbd"r®mavhvmrI
tif;0acwfonf yk*aH cwfü wpf[kex f k;d wdk;wufvmaom ygVdo'´gtjyif jrefrmpmay
onfvnf; ysKd UvuFm? &wk? {csi;f ponfrsm;jzifh a0a0qmqmjzpfvmcJoh nf/ jrefrmpmqdk½iS rf sm;
trsm;tjym; ay:xGe;f &macwfvnf;jzpfonf/ xdkacwf oif½kd;jyKonfhusr;f rsm;teuf-
1/ tbd"r®ygVdawmf (7)usr;f
2/ tbd"r®t|uxm (7)usr;f
3/ tbd"r®rlv#Dum
4/ tbd"r®tEk#Dum
5/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygXf
6/ oN*ØK[f#Duma[mif;ygXf
7/ oN*ØK[f#DumopfygXf
8/ emr½lyy&dapä'#DumopfygXf
9/ y&rw¬0ed pd ä,#DumopfygXf
10/ arm[0dapä'eDygXf paom tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f trnfrsm; yg½So d nf/
xdkYtjyif uxm0w¬Kedó,? t|omvdeDeó d ,wdkYukdvnf; 4if;pm&if;wGif awGU½S&d
ojzifh cufcJaom tbd"r®musr;f tcsKd U\ jrefrmjyefeó
d ,rsm;yif xdkacwfwGif xGe;f um;
vmaeNyDjzpfaMumif; od½S&d onf/
-57-
jyXmef;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/
yXri,fwef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ? qef;? tvuFm?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? rmwdum? "mwkuxm? ,rdkuf 5-usr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;/
yXrvwfwef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;/
yXrBuD;wef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumuf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm; ESihf y|mef;ukovwdw/f
yXrausmw f ef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumuf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;? y|mef;ukovwduf ESihf
tbd"r®w¬0bd m0deD#Dumausm/f (ref;omoem0if/ yxrwGJ/ 115/)
udkvkdeDacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI
t*Fvyd v
f ufatmufa&mufaomtcgü tcsKd UEpS rf sm; rusi;f yjzpfco
hJ nfrv
S í
JG yxrjyef
pmjyefyGJukd qufvufusi;f ycJhonf/ a½S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufü usi;f ycJhonfh pmjyefyGJukd
pmar;yGJtjzpfokdY ajymif;vJcJhonf/ pmar;yGJukdvnf; ,cifuuJhokdY wpfae&mwnf; rusi;f y
awmhbJ jrefrmjynftESHYtjym;ü wpfcsed w f nf; usi;f ycJhonf/ouú&mZf 1299-ckESpw f Gif
yxrjyefaumfrwDwpfckzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ pmar;yGJü pmcswef;twef; wpfckxyfwkd;cJhonf/
1260-ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;NrdKU y&d,wåo
d moe[dwtoif;? 1265-ckEpS w
f iG f &efukeNf rdKU
apwd,*FPy&d,wå"d r®mEk*¾[toif;paom toifBuD;ay:xGe;f vmcJhonf/ xkt d oif;BuD;
rsm;uvnf; pmar;yGJrsm; usi;f yum tbd"r®y#d utygt0if y&d,wåo d moem wdk;wufa&;
twGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH jyKvkyt f m;xkwcf JhMuonf/
udkvked aD cwfüvnf; tbd"r®mqkid &f m usr;f rsm;qufvufay:xGuv f mouJo h kYd tbd"r®m
oif,al vhvmrIrmS vnf; &yfwefo Y mG ;jcif;um; r½Sad y/ xdkacwftcsed t f cgu awmifNrdKU tbd"r®m
n0genf;onf xif½mS ;ausmMf um;onf/ tbd"r®mn0genf;udk pwiftok;H jyKcJo h nfh q&mawmf
udk tr&yl&omoem0ifü ]]"mwkuxm wkwv f rS ;f csKd ;wdku
Y kd a&;om;awmfrcl ahJ om &wem
yl&tif;0NrdKU wkwv f rS ;f q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; t½Sipf E´rmvmonf awmifNrdKU tbd"r®mn0genf;
-60-
vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD;onfhaemufykdi;f tbd"r®mavhvmrI
1946-ckESpw f Gif tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;toif;BuD;ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ 4if;toif;
BuD;onf tbd"r®mpmawmfjyefyGJrsm; usi;f yay;cJhonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tqifh? oDv½Sirf sm;
tqifEh iS v
hf yl k*Kd¾ vfrsm;tqif[h í
l tqif(h 3)qifh owfrw S af y;xm;onf/ ,if;toif;BuD;onf
tbd"r®mtcgawmfaeYukdyg usi;f yay;Ekid cf Jhonf/
-61-
t½Sif0dZÆmeE´
e,a'ou? tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdvf
urÇmat;uke;f ajr? &efukeNf rdKU/
rSDjirf;usr;f rsm;
1/ t|omvdeDt|uxm
2/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygVd
3/ tbd"r®mordki;f csKyf
4/ tif;0omoem0if
5/ tr&yl&omoem0if
6/ omoemvuFm&pmwrf;
7/ v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;b0jzpfpOf
8/ tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;pmapmif? trSwpf Of-4/(2014-ckESp?f Zlvkdiv
f )
9/ omoeA[kókwyÜumoeD
10/ tbd"r®mta&;awmfykH
11/ yd#uwfordki;f
12/ yif;,omoem0if
-63-
cE¨mig;yg;ESih0f yd óem
t½Siyf nmeE´
cE¨o'´gonf taygif;tpkuakd [m\/ ½lyu©Em¨ -[kqv kd Qif ½ky(f 11)rsK;d ukd aygif;pkxm;
jcif;jzpf\/ a0'emu©Em¨ -[kqv kd Qif a0'em(11)rsK;d ukd aygif;pkxm;jcif;jzpf\/ usecf E¨mok;H yg;
onfvnf; xkt Yd wlyifjzpf\/ xk(d 11)rsK;d ukd Ak'j¨ rwfpmG u tewåvu©Pokwüf - ]]twDwm
em*w ypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'H¨0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la&
oEÅad u 0g}}[k a[mawmfrl\/
t"dyÜg,fum;= ½lyu©E¨m-[kqkv d Qif twdw½f ky?f tem*wf½ky?f ypöKyÜe½f ky?f twGi;f ½ky?f
tjyif½ky?f Murf;wrf;aom½ky?f El;nHhaom½ky?f ,kwn f Hhaom½ky?f jrifhjrwfaom½ky?f a0;aom½ky?f
eD;aom½ky[ f í
l (11)rsKd ;ukad ygif;xm;onf/ a0'emu©Em¨ [kqv kd Qif twdwaf 0'empaomtm;jzifh
a0'em(11)rsKd ;ukd aygif;xm;onf/ usecf E¨mwk\ Yd tus,o f nfvnf; xkt Yd wlyifjzpfonf[í l
jzpfonf/
vlwpfa,muffukd jrifvkduf&aomtcg tqif;½lyg½kHESifh rsufpdtMunf½kyfonf
½lyu©Em¨ ? jrifopd w d of nf 0dnmPu©Em¨ ? tqif;\t&omukcd pH m;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf
a0'emu©E¨m? tqif;½lyg½kHukd rSwo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©Em¨ ? Munfjh zpfatmif
wkud w
f eG ;f EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þokYcd E¨mig;yg; wpfNydKifwnf;
jzpfí aysmufysuo f Gm;\/ jrJjrefckdicf efYwnfwHhaerI r½Sad y/ þodkY cE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuf
oGm;onfukd ÓPfjzifo h í
d tqif;½lyg½ku H jkd rifwikd ;f cE¨mig;yg; tedp-ö [k ½Irw
S f yGm;rsm;&onf/
toHwpfckukd Mum;vku
d &f aomtcg toH½kyEf iS hf em;tMunf½kyo f nf ½lyu©Em¨ ? Mum;od
pdwo f nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? toH\t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
toHukrd Swo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? em;axmifjzpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þokYdcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;onfukd
ÓPfjzifhoí d toHukMd um;vku d w f kid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö[k ½IyGm;&onf/
teHYwpfckckukd erf;½Ivku
d af omtcg teHY½kyEf Sihf ESmacgif;tMunf½kyof nf ½lyu©E¨m?
eHopd w
d of nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? teHY\t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
teHYukrd Swo
f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? erf;½Ijzpfatmif wku d wf Ge;f EI;d aqmf
aom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©Em¨ ? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f mG ;onfukd ÓPfjzifo h í
d
teHYwpfckckukd erf;½Iwkid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&rnf/
-64-
t&omwpfckckukd pm;vku
d af omtcg t&om½kyEf iS hf vQmtMunf½kyw
f o
Ykd nf ½lyu©Em¨ ?
pm;odpw d o
f nf 0dnmPu©Em¨ ? &om½k\ H t&omukcd pH m;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'em
u©E¨m? t&omukrd Swo f m;aomonmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? pm;jzpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;onfukd
ÓPfjzifh odí cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&onf/
tawGUtxdazm|AÁm½kEH iS hf uk,
d t f Munf½kyw f Ykd awGUxad omtcg azm|AÁm½k½H kyEf iS hf uk,
d f
tMunf½kywf kYdonf ½lyu©E¨m? xdopd w d o f nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? tawGUtxd\ t&omukd cHpm;
aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m? tawGUtxdukrd Swo f m;aom onmapwoduf
onf onmu©E¨m? awGUxjd zpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg
&u©E¨m? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;ykHukd ÓPfjzifhoí d cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&ygonf/
"r®m½kEH iS rhf aem'Gg&wkYd wku
d q
f okH nft
h cg [',0w¬K½kyo f nf ½lyu©Em¨ ? awG;odpw d o f nf
0dnmPu©E¨m? tawG;tm½kH\ t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
tawG;tm½ku H dk rSwo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©Em¨ ? awG;pdwjf zpfatmif wku d w f eG ;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©Em¨ ? þokcYd E¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f mG ;yku
H kd ÓPfjzifh
odí awG;pdwjf zpfay:wkid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&onf/ cE¨mig;yg;onf y#doaE¨cP
rSpí pkww d ikd af tmif tjrJwrf;jzpfysuaf e\/ þuk, d af umifBuD;ukd cE¨mig;yg;[k rSwx f ifNyD;
uk, d af umifBuD;\ ysupf ;D rIuMkd unfí h tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåwnf;[laom vu©Pma&; ok;H yg;ukd
½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;aejcif;onf rSeu f efaom ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;jcif; r[kwaf y/
½lyu©E¨monf a&jr§KyfESihfwl\/ a&jr§KyfBuD;onf twkH;tvkH;tcJ[kvnf; xifrSw&f
onf/ tESpo f m&ESijhf ynfph kaH om tckid tf rmtxnf0w¬KBuD;[kvnf; xifrw S &f onf/ xifrw S f
onft
h wkid ;f vufjzifu h ikd Mf unfah omtcg tESptf om;tckid t
f rm rawGU&ay/ xktYd wl ½lyu©Em¨
onfvnf; tay:,HOwkZ½kyBf uD;ukMd unfhvQif twkH;tvkH;tcJBuD;[k xifrSwpf &m &S\ d /
y&rwfÓPfjzifh acszsuMf unfhvku d af omtcg ½lyu©E¨monf twkH;tvkH; tcJ t&nf
tzwf trIet f rTm; bmrQr&S/d oabmw&m;oufoufrQom &S\ d /
þae&mwGif ynwf½kyEf iS hf y&rwf½kyu f kd &Si;f jycsiyf gonf/ twåabmcE¨muk, d Bf uD;ukd
ynwf½ky[ f kac:\/ y&rwf½kyw f &m;\ jzpfrIysurf Iukd rjrifEkid af tmif ynwf½kyBf uD;u
zk;H uG,f xm;\/ ynwf½kyt f wåabm cE¨muk, d Bf uD;ukyd if ½lyu©Em¨ [k tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v
d rf sm;u
xifrmS ; aeMu\/ Ak'j¨ rwfpmG u ½lyu©Em¨ tedp[ ö k a[mawmfral omtcg tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v d rf sm;
t,l tqvGrJ mS ;aeMu\/ rnfuo hJ Ykd vGrJ mS ;aeoenf; ½lyu©Em¨ tedpq ö o
kd nfrmS wpfb0wGif
wpfcg ao&onfukd ajymjcif;jzpf\/ owå0grsm;y#doaE¨aeNyD;vQif aemufqkH;wGif
aoMu&\/ þuJhokYd ao&onfukd tedpö[k Ak'¨jrwfpmG a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf[kvJGrSm;pGm
-65-
jzpf\/ BudKufESpo
f ufonfvnf;r[kw?f rBudKufESpo f ufonfvnf;r[kwaf om t&omukd
cHpm;&onft h cg Oayu©ma0'emjzpf\/ tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v
d o
f nf ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;yk*K¾ v
d f
owå0gu t&omukcd Hpm;onf[k xifjrif\/ igu? olu? yk*¾Kv d ?f owå0gu t&omukd
cHpm;onfr[kw/f t&omukd a0'emu©E¨mu cHpm;onf/
a0'emu©E¨monf a&yGuEf Sihfwl\/ a&uef\a&rsuEf Smjyifay:okYd rk;d aygufrsm; us
a&mufonfhtcg a&aygufuav;rsm; yGux f vm\/ rk;d a&wpfaygufusvku d w
f kid ;f a&yGuf
wpfyGujf zpfNyD; ysuo
f Gm;\/ a&yGuu f av;\ jzpfcsed yf sucf sed u
f mv yrmPonf tvGew f kd
awmif;vSonf/ tvGeaf umif;rGeo f nfh [if;rsKd ;pkHESihf xrif;pm;aeaom vlwpfa,mufonf
xrif;\t&omukd xrif;pm;írNyD;rcsi;f cHpm;aeonf/ xrif;pm;csed f wpfem&DMumvQif
wpfem&DMumatmif t&omukd cHpm;aeonf[k xifjrif,lq\/ 0dyóemÓPfrsupf jd zifh
Munfhvku
d af omtcg aumif;aomt&omjzpfap? raumif;aom t&omjzpfap wpfem&D
rqkx
d m;bd? wpfpuúeUf MumatmifcHpm;í r&ygacs/ tb,fhaMumifhenf; wpfpuúeYftwGi;f rSm
a0'emu©Em¨ aygif; uka#wpfoed ;f jzpfNyD; ysuíf oGm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ tjzpftysuf jrefveG ;f
tm;BuD;íjzpfonf/ ysuo f nfukd rodojzifh tcsed t f MumBuD; cHpm;&onf[k xifrSwNf yD;
a0'em ukd pGJrufaerdMuawmh\/
0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IMunfv h u
kd af omtcg tqufrjywfjzpfysuaf eonfh tedpo ö abm
ukd odjrifav\/ odjrifonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf avmbudavom w'*FcsKyfNidr;f oGm;\/
emusiuf ku
d cf Jonfh 'ku©a0'emwpfckckukd cHpm;ae&onfhtcgwGiv f nf; a0'em\ rNrJonfh
tedpöoabmukd ÓPfjzifhjrifatmif Munfh½Ivku d rf nfqkv
d Qif rESpo
f ufonfh a'goudavom
onf csujf cif;csKyfNidr;f oGm;\/
aywpf&mcefY&Snv f sm;onfh tke;f qHBudK;BuD;ukd wef;xm;onfqkyd gpkYd/ 0dyóemÓPf
rsupf jd zifh rMunfhbJ yuwdrsupf jd zifh Munfhonfhtcg wtHwMo tke;f qHBudK; t&SnBf uD;[k
xif&\/ ÓPfrsupf jd zifh qifjcifMunfhvku d af omtcg tke;f qHzwfonf tke;f oD; cGHrSjzpf\/
tke;f oD;cGHonf tvGeq f kH;&Snvf SrS vufwpfxGmomomrQ&S\ d / þokYqd kv
d Qif tke;f qH BudK;BuD;
aywpf&m&Sn\ f qko
d nfrmS wpfxmG omom&So d nfh tke;f qHzwfrsm; wpfckpqD ufNyD; uspx f m;í
aywpf&m&Sno f nf[k ÓPftjrifrSm &Si;f oGm;onf/ aywpf&m&Sno f nf[k ,lqxm;onfh
t,ltqrSm;? txifrSm; aysmufoGm;av\/
wDAGDZmwfvrf;wpfck NyD;atmifMunfhonfhtcg wpfem&DMumonfqkv d Qif Zmwfvrf;\
t&omukd wpfem&DMum cHpm;ae&onf[k xifNyD;Zmwfvrf;ukd pGJrufaerdawmh\/ 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh qifjcifvku
d af omtcg wpfem&Drqkx d m;bd Zmwfvrf;\ t&omukd wpfpuúeYf
MumatmifcpH m;í r&Ekid yf gacs/ tjzpftysuo
f nf vsijf refveG ;f tm;BuD;íom wpfqufwnf;
xifae\/ Zmwfvrf;\ t&omukd cHpm;aoma0'emu©E¨mqko d nfrSmvnf; tedpö rNrJaom
-67-
t½Sift&d,
t&Sit
f &d,0Ho
ed'gef;
þurÇmavmutwGi;f ü avmuvlom;wdko Y nf tylr;D rsm; avmifNrdKufjcif;ukd puúeYf
rvyf cHae&ojzifh twd'ku©a&mufaeMu&onf/ þü tylrD;[lonf avmbpaom
uk,d wf Gi;f &ef udavomrsm;ESihf tqif;toHpaom tjyif&ef umr*kPw f kdYjzpfMuonf/
tqif;toHpaom ig;jzmtm½Hk umr*kPw f kdYonf tjyifbufü vdkcsipf &mtjzpfjzifh jywwf
jcif;aMumifh tjyif&ef[k qk&d \/ þtylr;D &efwYkd tavmifc&H aomaMumifh vlwo kYd nf wpfae&m
wnf;ü NidrNf idrrf aeEdkiMf ubJ xufatmufpkeq f efum oGm;vmvIy&f Sm;aeMu&onf/
xdkavmifNrdKufaeaom tylrD;udk Nidr;f at;apEdkio
f nfrSm- orx0dyóemtrnfjzifh
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfü jrwfAk'¨ a[mawmfrx l m;aom w&m;awmfrsm;yifjzpfMu\/ xdktylr;D udk
Nidr;f at;apEdkiaf om orx0dyóemw&m;wdkYwGif Ak'¨gEkówdç r&PmEkówdç tokb
bm0emç arwåmbm0em [laom w&m;av;rsKd ;vnf; tygt0ifjzpf\/ pwk&m&u© ur®|mef;
w&m;av;yg; [kvnf; ac:Muonf/ þpmwrf;ü xkpd wk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m; av;yg;wdjkY zifh
twGi;f rD;&efrsm; x<urvmatmif? tjyif&efrsm; rdrpd w d xf J 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf rvm
Edkiaf tmif apmifha&Smuf umuG,f wm;jrpfEkdiyf Hkukd vdk&if;wdkusO;f jzifh wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
odkYjzpfí þpmwrf;udk avhvm zwf½IrSwfom;í pl;pl;pdkufpkduf trSefwu,f
usihfBuHyGm;rsm; MuaomolwkdYonf udk,w f Gi;f &ef udavomtylrD;ESihf tjyif&ef umr*kPf
tylrD;wdkYukd t<uif;rJYr[kwaf pumrl w'*Fç 0du©rÇey[mef taetm;jzifh trSew f u,f
Nidr;f at;apEdkivf rd Yfrnf/ t,kwt
f m;jzifh vdkuef musihfBuHzkdY&ef vrf;p&oGm;Edkiaf yvdrYfrnf[k
,HkMunfygonf/
pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;
Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;&m ur®|mef;onf orxbm0emur®|mef;ç 0dyóem
bm0em ur®|mef;[k tusO;f tm;jzifh 2-rsKd ;&S\
d / xdkwiG f udavomwdkEY iS hf 0dwuf ponfwku
Yd kd
Nidrof ufapwwfí orm"djyXmef;aom bm0emtvkyo f nf orxbm0em ur®|mef;rnf\/
&kyef mrfcE¨mwdkYukd tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå [k trsKd ;rsKd ; ½Iwwfonfjzpfí ynmjyXmef;aom
bm0emtvkyo f nf 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;rnf\/
-78-
Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;
xdkpwk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m; av;yg;wkdYwGif Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;onf
bk&m;&Si\f *kPaf wmfrsm;ukd rdrpd w
d x
f JwGif xifjrifvmatmif tm½HkjyKí tzefzef atmufarh
jcif;wnf;/2 xdkAk'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vdkaomolonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\
taMumif;aumif;yHkç tusKd ;aumif;yHkESihf owå0gwdkYtm; aus;Zl;rsm;yHkukd OD;pGm tm½HkjyKí
yGm;rsm;&rnf/
jrwfpmG bk&m; taMumif;aumif;yHkrmS - jrwfpmG bk&m;onf av;oacsEF iS u hf rÇmwpfoed ;f
yg&rDawmfwkdYukd jznfhusihfawmfrl&mtcgü rsm;pGmaom pnf;pdrw f kYdtjyif t*FgBuD;i,fESihf
toufukdygpGeYfí jznfhusihfawmfrljcif;? aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwkdY\ tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf owå0gwdkY\
tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk usihfawmfrljcif; ponfwkdYyifjzpf ygonf/
tusKd ;aumif;yHkrmS - taMumif;aumif;onft h m;avsmpf mG bk&m;jzpfrnfb
h 0ü wkow d m
ewfjynf0,f ewfjA[®mwdkYu vlYjynfü y#doaE¨aezdkY&ef awmif;yefjcif;? csr;f ajrUpGm y#doaE¨
ae&jcif;? csr;f ajrUpGm zGm;jrifawmfrl&jcif;? 16-ESpt
f &G,w
f Gif xD;eef;pH&jcif;ESihf 35-ESpf
t&G,wf Gif or®morÁK'¨bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&Sad wmfrljcif;yif jzpfygonf/
owå0gwdkYtm; aus;Zl;rsm;yHkrSm- bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;aemuf rem;rae w&m;awmfukd
a[mjyawmfrljcif;? tyg,fav;yg;wdkY &SMd uonf[k od&jcif;? tyg,fa&mufaMumif; 'kp½dkuf
w&m;wdkYukd od&jcif;? xk'd kp½dkuw f kdYukd a&SmifMuOfvQif tyg,f'ku©rS vGwaf jrmuf&jcif;?
ewfçjA[®mESihf edAmÁ efwkYd &SMd uao;\ [ko&d jcif;? vlewfeAd mÁ efa&mufaMumif; okp½ku d w f &m;wdu kY kd
od&jcif;ESihf odojzifh xkw d &m;wdukY kd usiBhf uHtm;xkwaf om olwrkYd mS - vlçewfçedAmÁ efcsr;f omukd
&Mujcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þodkY&Mujcif;onf rdbvnf; ray;Edkif q&mvnf; ray;Edkiaf om
aus;Zl;rsm;yHkjzpfyg\/
Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;yGm;rsm;yHk
þqdktyfcNYJ yD;aom jrwfpmG bk&m;\ taMumif;aumif;yHk ponfwku
Yd kd tm½HkjyKNyD;aemuf
-79-
Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;tusKd ;
odkY&mwGif Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf omolonf rsm;pGmaom
tusKd ;w&m;wkYdukd &&SEd kdiaf vonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
1/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ü ,HkMunfav;jrwfonfh o'¨gw&m;wdk;yGm;vmjcif;?
2/ atmufarY trSw&f rIowdaumif;rGev f mjcif;?
3/ ÓPfynmBuD;jrifhvmjcif;?
4/ ESpof uf0rf;ajrmufrI yDwrd sm;pGmjzpfjcif;?
5/ csr;f csr;f omom ae&jcif;?
6/ jrwfpGmbk&m; a&SUarSmufüaexkid &f ouJYokdY cHpm;&í raumif;rIrsm;udk a&SmifMuOf
Edkifjcif;?
7/ jrwfpGmbk&m;*kPaf wmfrsm;ESihf xHkrTr;f xm;ol\ cE¨mudk,o f nf "gwfawmfrsm;
ude;f 0yfonfh *E¨uk#w d ku
d u
f JYokdY &Scd kd;ylaZmf&efxku
d w
f efvmjcif;?
8/ xdkAk'¨gEkówd Oypm&psmeform"düwnfí 0dyóemyGm;vQif r*fzkdv&f Edkijf cif;ESihf
r*fzf kdvrf &vQif ok*wdb0om vm;&m&Sjd cif;- ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/4
xkt
d usKd ;tmedoif&&So d Gm;aomyk*¾Kd vfwkdYwGif r[muyÜed rif;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPaf wmfukd qifjcifvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH jrpfoHk;wefukd jrif;pD;NyD;ul;oGm;&m *kPaf wmf
wefckd;aMumifh jrif;cGGg&mudk a&yifrxdyJ wpfbufurf;ukd ul;oGm;EdkiMf uonf/5
xkaYd Mumifh wefck;d tmEkabmfBuD;aom Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emur®|mef;udk tzefzeftm;xkwf
Mu&m\/
-80-
r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;
r&PmEkówdbm0em[lo l nf aojcif;udk rdrpd w
d x
f w
J iG x
f ifjrifvmatmif tm½HkjyKí
tzefwvJvJ atmufarYtrSw&f jcif;yifjzpf\/6
r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;yGm;rsm;yHk
xkrd &PmEkówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;vdkaom yk*¾Kd vfonf-
1/ &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ tNyD;owfcsKyfNidrf;jcif; [kqdktyfaom aojcif;rsdK;udk
ratmufarY&/ xkad ojcif;rsKd ;onf tvGeef nf;yg;aom aojcif;rsKd ;jzpf\/
2/ ½kyef mrfocFg&wd\
kY jzpfwnfysu[ f kqktd yfaom cPduaojcif;rsKd ;ukd ratmufarY&?
xdkaojcif;rsKd ;onf ay:vGix f if&Sm;jcif;r&Sad om aojcif;f rsKd ;jzpf\/
3/ vlwkYdac:½dk;ac:pOfjzpfaom opfyifaoonf oHaoonf ponfwkdYü touf
r&Sad om t&m0w¬Krsm;\ ysupf D;rI[kqkdtyfaom aojcif;rsKd ;ukd ratmufarY&/ xkad ojcif;rsKd ;
onf xdwfvefYp&m oHa0*&p&mtaMumif;r[kwfay/ atmufarY&rnfrSm- wpfb0
wpfBudro f m aoaom touf\ jywfpJjcif;udkom atmufarY&onf/
xkad ojcif;onf -
1/ toufwrf;ukeí f aojcif;
2/ uHukeí f aojcif;
3/ toufwrf;ESihfuH ESpyf g;pHkukeí f aojcif;f ESihf
4/ Mum;jzwfí aowwfaom Oyapä'uuHjzifhaojcif;-[k av;rsKd ;&S\ d /7
xkdav;rsdK;udk oifhavsmfaom ESvHk;oGif;rIrsdK;jzpfatmif atmufarYqifjcif&rnf/
oifhavsmaf om ESvkH;oGi;f rIrsKd ; rjzpfvQif-
1/ cspcf ifol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif om;aoaomrdcifuJYokdY jzpfwwfonf/
2/ rke;f ol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif &efolaoouJYokdY 0rf;ajrmufrw d wfonf/
3/ rcsprf rke;f aomol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif vlaoaumifukd aeYpOf udkiw f G,f
jr§KyfESH&aomfvnf; rnfonfh xljcm;jcif;rQr&Sad om okb&mZm(ocsKØ if;üaeí vlaoaumif
jr§KyfEo
HS N*ØK[fo)l ponf wdku Y o
YJ kYd oHa0*ÓPf(arG;zGm;ç tdkç emç aoç tyg,f'kup© onfwkrYd S
aMumuf&GHUxw d vf efYrI) rjzpfwwfay/
xkYdaMumifh xdkxkdae&mü jrifzl;aomolaoudk Munfh½Iqifjcifí owdoHa0*ÓPf
ESihfwuG atmufarY&onf/
-81-
atmufarYyHkrSm-
1/ t'¨K0H ar ZD0w d H = ig\touf&Sijf cif;onf rNrJ/
2/ "k0H ar r&PH = ig\aojcif;w&m;onf NrJ\/
3/ t0óH r,m r&dwAÁar0 = igonf {uefrkcsaoxdkuo f nfom/
4/ r&Py&da,momeH ar ZD0dwH = ig\touf&Sifjcif;onf aojcif;vQif
d [líjzpfygonf/8
tqHk;tydki;f tjcm; &S\
r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;tusdK;
þodkY ponfjzifh tzefzefatmufarYvQif ÓPfxufolrSm eD0&Pw&m;uGmvsuf
r&Pm Ekówdtm½HkNrJojzifh t*Fgig;yg;&Sad om Oypm&psmefukd &av\/ þr&PmEkówd
bm0emonf Oypm&psmefrQudkom jzpfapEdkio f nf/9 Oypm&psmefukd tajccHí 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh r*fzkdvu
f kd wufvSr;f Edkio
f nf/
r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;ukd ½IyGm;aomol &Edkiaf omtusKd ;w&m;rsm;rSm-
1/ arYavsmhrIuif;jcif;
2/ tvHk;pHkaom b0*wdwkdYü rarGUavsmjf cif;trSwo f nmudk&jcif;
3/ toufESihfypön;f OpömwdkY\ uyfNidwG,w f mjcif; eduEÅw
d PSmudk y,fpGeYfEkdijf cif;
4/ raumif;rIukd pufqkyjf cif;
5/ rsm;pGmodkrSD; odr;f qnf;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;
6/ r&PmEkówdymG ;rsm;jcif;aMumifh rwnfNrJjcif;tedpo ö nm ay:vGixf if&mS ;vmjcif;
7/ tedpöonm ay:vGix f if&Sm;vmojzifh 'ku©onmç tewåonmwdkYvnf;
xif&Sm;vmjcif;
8/ aumif;aomedrw d x f ifí aMumuf&GHUjcif; r&Sbd Jao&jcif;
9/ rsufarSmufb0wGif aojcif;uif;aom edAÁmefukd &Edkijf cif;ESihf
10/ edAÁmefr&vQif ok*wdb0om vm;a&muf&m&Sjd cif;- wdkYjzpfonf/10
þü r&PmEkówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ;&&So d mG ;aom om"uwpfck
udk xkwjf yygrnf/ O&*Zmwfü bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;onf rdom;pk0if 6-OD;ESit hf wl ntdy, f m
r0ifcif r&PH ar b0dówd = igao&OD;rnf [laom r&PmEkówdur®|mef;udk
npOf yGm;rsm;\/ xdktusKd ;aMumifh om;a,musmf ;uG,v f eG af omtcg rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf
rQ idka<u;ylaqG;jcif; r&S/d odMum;rif;onf bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;wdkY\ oDvwefckd; r&Pm
Ekówd tusKd ;aMumifh vljY ynfqif;í ykPmÖ ;wd\
kY aexkid &f mtdru
f kd &wem7-yg;jzifh jynfah p\/
bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;rdom;pkwkdYonf uG,v f Geaf omtcg ewfjynfokdY a&muf&SMd uonf/11
-82-
tokbbm0emur®|mef;
tokbbm0emur®|mef;[lonf aoolç&Sio f l? rde;f rça,musmf ; owå0gtrsm;\
cE¨muk,d ?f wpfenf;tm;jzifh qHyif arG;n§i;f paom 32-aum|moESihf tokb 10-
f k ÓPfjzifh½Ií yGm;rsm;qifjcifrIyifjzpfygonf/12 þur®|mef;
yg;wdkYukd rwifhw,f&HG&SmzG,[
onf umr*kPu f kd wyfrufonfh &m*bDv;l ukd csKd ;ESrd &f ef taumif;qHk;aom ur®|mef;jzpfonf/
tokbbm0emur®|mef;yGm;yHk
þtokbbm0emukd yGm;rsm;vdkaomyk*¾Kd vfonf ouf&St d okb 32-aum|moukd
tm&HkjyK íjzpfap? oufrt YJ okbjzpfaom tokb 10-yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk tm½HkjyKíjzpfap
yGm;rsm;&\/ouf&t Sd okb 32-aum|moukd qifjcifyGm;rsm;&mü ig;yg;aomtjcif;t&mjzifh
Munfh½I qifjcif&m\/ qifjcifyHkrSm-
1/
þig\ cE¨mudk,üf þqHyifwkdYonf eufaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
2/
avQmfrQifoP²meftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
3/
n§Da[mifaom teHYtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
4/
ovdyf onf;ajc av [laom rSD&mtaMumif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
5/
OD;acgif;cGH[laom wnf&mt&yftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rwifhw,fuke?f pufqkyf
&GH&SmzG,f aumif;uke\f [líjzpfygonf/
useaf rG;n§i;f ponfwükYd vnf; þenf;twdki;f yif½&I \/ þodv
kY Qif 32-aum|mowdu
kY kd
toD;oD; wpfckpDwpfckpD Munfh½Iqifjcif&m\/
ouf&St
d okbbm0emur®|mef;tusdK;
þuJYokdY Munfh½Iqifjcifjcif;aMumifh &&dSaom tusKd ;rsm;rSm-
1/ w&m;tm;xkw&f mXme? bm0emwdüYk raysmaf rGUjcif;ESihf umr*kPüf aysmaf rGUrw
I u
Ykd kd
ESrd ef if;Edik jf cif;
2/ ab;BuD; ab;i,fukd oD;cHEkd ijf cif;
3/ tat;tyl rSujf cif ,if a>ruif; ponfwkdY\ udkucf Jjcif;tawGUtxdwkdYukd
onf;cHEkdijf cif;?
4/ pum;qdk;wdkYukd oD;cHEkdijf cif;
5/ qHyifponfwkdY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL [laomtqif;xl;udk
rSDí psmef 4-yg;udk &Edkifjcif;
-83-
arwåmbm0emur®|mef;
arwåmbm0emur®|mef;[lonf pGJvrf;wyfrufrIwPSmoabm rygbJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;
vdkvm;rIjzifh use;f rmygap csr;f omygap[k arwåmyGm;rsm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
tjypftusdK;qifjcifyHk
odkjY zpfí arwåmyGm;vdkaomolonf oDvudkpifMu,fapí qdwNf idr&f mt&yfokYd uyfum
a'go\ tjypfESihfoD;cHjcif;\ tusKd ;udk OD;pGmqifjcifESvHk;oGi;f xm;&rnf/ qifjcifyHkrSm-
-84-
tvGef cspjf rwfEk;d tyfonfh yk*¾dKvfESprf sKd ;vHk;ü arwåmcsi;f nDrQatmif cspjf rwfEkd;onfh yk*¾dKvf
t&müwnfatmif yGm;rsm;&rnf/
xdkaY emuf touf&iS q f J vdiwf l rZöswå ac: rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfyk*K¾d vfEiS hf a0&D
ac:&efol yk*¾Kd vfwkdYü tpOftwdki;f arwåmyGm;&rnf/
1/ twå = rdrd
2/ yd, = cspcf ifav;pm;olESihf tvGecf spjf rwfEkd;ol
3/ rZöswå = rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfyk*¾Kd vfEf Sihf
4/ a0&D = &efolyk*¾Kd vf [laom þyk*¾Kd vfav;rsKd ;wdkYukd arwåmtnDtrQ yGm;rsm;
vmEdkiaf omtcg- þyk*¾Kd vfwkdYü oDrmoarÇ' ac: tydki;f tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsuq f D;Edkiaf om
arwåmpsmefukd Budrzf ef rsm;pGm 0ifpm;&rnf/ twå ac: rdru d kd tm&Hk,lum arwåmbm0emudk
yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; arwåmpsmef udkum;r&Edki/f odkYaomf þt&mü yk*¾dKvftydki;f tjcm;udk
NzdKcGJEkdiaf &;twGuo f m arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;jcif;jzpf\/ vdiw f lyk*¾Kd vfjzpfaom yd,ç
rZöswåç a0&D yk*¾Kd vfwkdYukd arwåmyGm;&müum; wwd,psmefokdY a&mufonfhwkid af tmif xyfum
xyfum yGm;rsm;&rnf/ twåç yd,ç rZöswåç a0&D yk*¾dKvfwkdYü arwåmcsi;f nDrQoGm;cJYaomf-
oDrmoarÇ' ac:yk*d¾Kvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD; EdkifNyD;jzpf\/ xdktcg xdkyk*d¾Kvf
tm;vHk;wdkt Y ay:ü yk*Kd¾ vftrsKd ;rsKd ;udk cGjJ cm;jcif; rjyKawmhbJ arwåm nDrQpGm xm;&SEd kid Nf yDjzpf\/
þyk*¾dKvfav;rsKd ;wdkYukd arwåmyGm;&mü psmefa&mufonftxd ½IyGm;Edkiaf omyk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü omvQif oDrmoarÇ'udk &&SEd kdi\ f / oDrmoarÇ'&&SNd yD;aom ol\oEÅmefüomvQif
528-oG,af om arwåmwkYdukd jynf0pGm yGm;rsm;Edkirf nfjzpfonf/18
arwåmbm0emtusdK;
þqdkcJYNyD;aomenf;jzifh psmefw&m;ponf &avmufatmif ryGm;rsm;Edkifapumrl
olwpfyg; tay:ü tusKd ;vdkvm;í arwåmpdwEf Sihfaexdkiaf omolonf-
csrf;ompGmtdyfpuf&jcif;
csr;f ompGm tdy&f mrS Edk;x&jcif; ponfh tusKd ;w&m; 11-rsKd ;udk &&SEd kdiyf gonf/19
þü arwåmbm0emyGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ;&&So
d Gm;aom om"uwpfckukd xkwjf y
ygrnf/
omrm0wDrzd k&m;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;ukkd;uG,af e\/ xdkokdYukd;uG,af eonfukd
remvdkr½Iprd aYf om rm*@Dzk&m;u omrm0wDrzd k&m;udk taumufBuH\/xdkot
kYd aumufMuHonf
ukd rodaom Oawerif;u omrm0wDrzd k&m;udk av;jzifhypfowf&ef BudK;pmcJY\/ omrm0wD
rdzk&m;onf rif;BuD;tm; arwåmydkYaeojzifh Oawerif;\av;rS jr§m;rxGwfEdkifcJYay/20
arwåmbm0emyGm;rsm;jcif;\ tusKd ;wnf;/xdkYaMumifh a'goudk y,f&Sm;í r*fzkdvef Ad Ámef
-86-
t&Sit
f &d,0Ho (uxdu)
tbd"r®yd#ur[mXme
EdkifiHawmfy&d,wådomoemhwuúodkvf(&efukef)
-87-
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ bd? |? 2/ 46/ 0d? |? 4/ 73/ om&w¬? 2/ 116/ 0d? o*F[/ 222/
2/ ax&? |? 2/ 61/ tH? |? 1/ 366/ bd? |? 2/ 189/
3/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
4/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
5/ tH? |? 1/ 246/ "r®? |? 1/ 351/
6/ ty? |? 1/ 161/
7/ o*F[? 89/
8/ "r®? |? 2/ 111/
9/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
10/ pwk&m&u©usr;f ? 113-4/ 'D? |? 2/ 53/ oH? |? 2/ 44-45/
11/ Zm? 1/ 122-3/ Zm? |? 3/ 150-155/
12/ oH? |? 3/ 291/ oH? |? 3/ 300/ 'D? #D? 3/ 275/
13/ tH? #D? 1/ 81/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 259/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 214/ y#dorÇ'd g? 5/
14/ 'D? |? 3/ 237/
15/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 122/ 165-9? 183-92? 257/ r? 1? 78/
16/ 'D? |? 3/ 168/ tH? #D? 1/ 81/ oH? |? 3/ 300/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 259/
17/ 'D? #D? 2/ 316/ r? #D? 1/ 374/
18/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 287-301/ oH? 1/ 302-303/ r? 1/ 10/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 234/
'D? 2/ 47/ oH? 1/ 318/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 221/
19/ tH? 3/ 542/
20/ 0dok'¨d? |? 2/ 9/
-88-
yk*Hacwftbd"r®musr;f rsm;ppfwrf;
a'gufwmtmumrdk;ol
pmwrf;tusO;f
þpmwrf;onf yk*HacwftwGi;f ay:aygufcJhaom tbd"r®musr;f rsm;ukd ausmufpmtuk;d
taxmufjyKí avhvmxm;ygonf/ yk*aH cwfwiG f Ak'0¨ g'DjrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;onf tbd"r®y#d uukd
rnfokUd aom ykHpHjzifh cGJjcm;avhvmrSww f rf;wifcJhykH? yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®musr;f jyKolESihf
pmayynm&Siw f kUd onf yd#uwfawmfwkUd ukd rnfrSstxd em;vnfou d Rrf;ESHUpyfatmif jyKpkcJhykH
yk*HacwfwpfavQmufvkH; omoema&;udpörsm;ESihf tbd"r®y#d uukd rnfrQqifjcif pOf;pm;cJhykH
tusK;d taMumif;avsmn f Daom ygVdpmayorkid ;f aMumif;wpfckukd ykHazmf&mwGif ,kwåu d saom
csO;f uyfjyrIjzifh rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nf&, G yf gonf/ ygVdpmayorkid ;f avhvmolrsm;
twGuf taxmuftxm;ckid v f akH om orkid ;f wefz;kd topfwpf&yfjzpfap&ef tm;xkwx f m;ygonf/
ed'gef;
jrefrmEkid if Hax&0g'orkid ;f aMumif;ukd ykHazmf&mwGif yk*Hacwfukd cE¨muk, d t
f v,fykid ;f
yrmxm;í avhvmvQif acgif;ykid ;f ESiahf jcaxmufyikd ;f ukyd g rsm;pGmqufpyfrEd ikd af Mumif; vkpu f
qkzd ;l ygonf/ taxmuftxm;r½Sv d Qif orkid ;f r&S[
d í
l qkjd yef&m ausmufpmrsm;onf orkid ;f ukd
ykaH zmf&mwGif ta&;ygaom taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfvmygonf/ ausmufpmrsm; uk, d Ef u
dI yf if
(1) rl&if;ausmufpm (2) qifhxk;d ausmufpm (3) pyfxk;d ausmufpm [lí&S&d m taxmuf
txm;ukd ukid w f G,&f mwGif rsm;pGmpdppf&aom okawoetvky[ f k qkEd kid yf gonf/ ,cifu
yd#uwfpm&if;ukd azmfjyaom ausmufpmrsm;wGif odC0F &D o f kZAæ vkd af usmufpm (A'krH if; pk½;kH aom
qifhxk;d ausmufpm)ESihf wufET,af usmif;ausmufpm (at'D-1442) uko d m tm;uk;d aeMu
&ygonf/
wufE,G af usmif;ausmufpmrSm rl&if;jzpfaomaMumifh tm;uk;d tm;xm; jyKEkid af omfvnf;?
yk*aH cwfukd uk, d pf m;jyKzkUd &efrmS t[efUtwm; jzpfcahJ yonf/ ygVdpmayoabmt& uk, d pf m;jyK
Ekid af omfvnf; yk*aH cwfuu d pf m;rjyKonfukd owdcsyrf Md uygonf/ okUd &mwGif odC0F &D f
kd m; uk,
okZæAkv d \
f qifhxk;d ausmufpmonf yk*Hacwfuku d k,d pf m;jyKEkid af omfvnf; ckid v
f kHwud saom
rl&if;ausmufpm r[kwo f nfhtwGuf pdwcf svufcs tokH;jyK&ef pEk;d paESmifh &Scd JhMuygonf/
-89-
ausmufpmrsm;ESihf tbd"r®y#d u
yk*aH cwfausmufpmrsm;wGif yd#uwfvLS aMumif;ukd ae&mtESUt H jym;awGU&&dS aomfvnf;
tbd"r®y#d upm&if;ykHpHukrd l wdwu d sus awGU&S&d aom ausmufpmrsm;rSmrl &Sm;yg;vSygonf/
taxmuftxm;r&Sv d Qif orkid ;f r½Sq
d akd omaMumifh taxmuftxm; ckid rf mrSomvQif wdusaom
orkid ;f ukd ykHazmfEkid vf rd hfrnf[k okH;oyfygonf/ ausmufpmyg taxmuftxm;rsm;rS vGJí
useaf ompmayqkid &f m taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm ckid rf mavmufaom taxmuftxm;rsm;um;
r[kwaf y/ xkt d csuu f jrefrmygVdpmayorkid ;f aMumif;ukd ykHazmf&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfap
cJyh gonf/ xku d uG v f yfukd odC0F &D o f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpmu jznfah y;cJo
h nf[k qkEd ikd Nf yDjzpfygonf/
OD;ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;ESihf rSeef ef;&mZ0ifBuD;wkUd \ azmfjycsut f & taemf&xm
rif;onf yd#uwfpmayrsm; &&Sad &;twGuf oxkHjynfBuD;ukd wku d cf ku
d af tmifjrifNyD;aemuf
qiftpD; (30)ausmjf zifh yd#uwftpkH (30)ausmf ayrlwkUd ukd yk*HjynfokUd aqmif,lcJhonf/
yk*NH rdKUwiG f taqmufttkH oD;jcm;wnfaqmufí xkyd #d uwfaypmESihf pmaytqlaygif;rsm;pGm
okrd SD;odr;f qnf;um &Sivf ltrsm; y&d,wåv d ku
d pf m;olwkUd tm; Munfh½IavhvmcGihf ay;awmfrl
avonf/1 taemf&xmrif;vufxufuwnf;u yd#uwfwkdufrsm;xGef;um;cJhonfrSm
jiif;zG,rf &Syd g/ yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mwwfuRrf;olrsm; ½So d nfqkad om tqku d kd odCF0D&f
okZæAkv d f ausmufpmu axmufcHaeygonf/
1/ OD;vlaz0if;/ jrefrmyd#uwfwku
d rf sm;? pm -12/
-90-
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®musr;f rsm;
odCF0D&fokZæAkdvfausmufpm1 onf yk*Hukef;trSwf(1583)wGif wnf&Sdygonf/2
þausmufpmukd 10 &uf? pufwifbmv? 1223 wGiaf &;xkx d m;ygonf/ ausmufpm
a&;xk;d rSww f rf;wiforl mS o©io f Cd 0F &D o
f kZÆAf v
kd Ef iS hf tzcifOKefokZÆAf v
kd f wkjYd zpfygonf/ rlvxk;d
ausmufpmwpfcsyjf zpfjyD; rsuEf mS bufEiS ahf usmbuf ESpb f ufwiG f a&;xk;d xm;ygonf/ rsuEf mS
bufwGif (25)aMumif;? ausmbufwGif (28)aMumif; yg&So d nf/ om;jzpfol o©io f C d F0D&f
okZAÆf v
kd uf bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;wku d w f pfck vSL'gef;jyD; xkad usmif;wku d wf iG yf if Ak'&¨ kyyf mG ;awmf
wpfqlukd 10 &uf pufwifbm 1223 wGif wnfxm;uk;d uG,cf Jhygonf/3 xkad usmif;wku d f
twGuv f nf; v,f,m? O,smOfajrESihf ußGew f kYdukd ,cifumvuwnf;u (12? Zefe0g&Dv?
1220 ESihf 23 Zefe0g&Dv? 1220) uwnf;u vSL'gef;cJhygonf/4 23 Zefe0g&Dv? 1220
tvSLyGJwGif ajrESihu f RefwkUd tjyif bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;? yd#uwfwku d tf wGuv f nf; yd#uwf
usr;f pmrsm;ukd om;tz ESpOf D;pvkH; vSL'gef;cJhMuygonf/5
vSL'gef;onfhtcsed u
f mvrSm yk*Hacwfem;a#mif;rsm;rif; (1211-1231) vufxuf
jzpfygonf/ yd#uwfusrf;pm&if; rsm;pGmyg&Sdonfh a&S;[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;teuf
yxrqkH; awGU&S&d onfh ausmufpm[k qkEd kid yf gonf/ ,cifu at'D 1442 ckESpx f k;d
wufEG,af usmif; ausmufpmuko d m avhvmaecJhMu&mrS ,ckþodCF0D&o f kZÆfAkv
d af usmufpm
ukv
d nf; ,SOw
f aJG vhvmvQif yk*aH cwf ygVdpmayorkid ;f ukyd g ajcqefUEikd rf nf[k arQmv f ifyh gonf/
þausmufpmrl&if;ukd 1996 ckESpu f wl;azmfawGU&S&d 1 ojzifh awGU&Sad om umvrSm
ESpf 20 eD;yg;rQ &SNd yD[k qkEd kid af omfvnf; orkid ;f taxmuftxm; rSww f rf;wku d q
f kid rf IrSm
rNyD;ajrmufao;[k qkEd idk yf gonf/ þausmufpmukd A'krH if; (1781-1819)u atmufwb dk mv
2
1785wGif a&;ul;NyD; qifhxk;d ausmufpm ESprf suEf Sm xm;&Scd Jhygonf/ rl&if;r[kwo f jzifh
þqifhxk;d ausmufpmrsm;ukd owdxm; okH;oifhaMumif; ausmufpm0ef csm;vf'l&kid Zf ,fu
qkzd l;ygonf/3 ,cifrl&if; rawGUrDu taxmuftxm;rSm tm;enf;vSaomfvnf; ,ckrSmrl
pdwcf svufcs tokH;jyKEkid o f nfh taxmuftxm;wpf&yf jzpfvmygonf/
þausmufpmrl&if;ukd awGY&aSd omtcg a'gufwmoef;xGe;f uk, d wf kid f wnf;jzwfaom
4
aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;pmtkyw f Gif xnfhoGi;f ykHESyd cf Jhygonf/ oluk, d wf kid v
f nf; A'kHrif;
27 atmufwkb d m 1785 u qifhxk;d xm;cJh&mrS aysmufqkH;cJhaom 10 &uf pufwifbm
1223 &ufpGJyg ausmufpmrl&if;ukd awGU&Sdjcif; trnfjzifh jrefrmbmom5 jzifhomru
t*Fvyd bf mom6 jzifhyg a&;om;vsuf ,cifþausmufpmrl&if;rawGUcifu a&;om;cJhaom
d pf mwrf;7 ukd wku
yk*HpmMunfhwku d q
f kid jf znfhpGu&f ef qkx d m;cJhygonf/ q&mwk;d vSuvnf;
yk*Hacwfy#d uwfwku d rf sm;pmwrf;8 üvnf;aumif;? aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;u ajymaom
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;
jrefrmouú&mZf 612 ck (at'D -1250) xk;d "r®olaX;vifr,m;ausmufpmwGif
H s’ r}f }3 [lí awGU&&m yd#uwfawmfEiS yhf wfoufaom tok;H tEIe;f &SNd yD[k
]]yd#uwfus’ rOf D oku
,lqEkid yf gonf/ yd#uwfusr;f OD; okH;usr;f [laom t,ltqukad wGU&m yd#uwfESiho f ufqkid f
aom tOD;tzsm;jzifhaom usrf;okH;usrf;&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u
yd#uwfokH;ykHukd &nfnTe;f onf[k rSwcf suaf y;Muygonf/
jrefrmouú&mZf 634 (at'D 1272) xk;d rifrwfpwk&ifu ywdvifr,mausmif;
ausmufpm4 &Sd ]]pwk&*Fywdr[d,Nf yD rsmyk&SmESihf ydwuwfuk0d v f SLwkHaom ußGeif y’n?f
r’,
d if cswif k,?f iz’L? omicswf vm/ iaMomif?rsmtkyd k/H ?iMuD/}} [kyg&S&d m yd#uwfuv
kd LS onfh
ußGe[ f laom pum;ukd axmufqygu yd#uwfukv d SLaom tvSLrSm us,0f ef;aeNyDjzpfaomf
vnf; yd#uwfusr;f trnfESihfwuG twdtus azmfjyonfhausmufpmrSm enf;yg;vSygonf/
þodCF0D&o f kZæAkv d af usmufpmwGif zcif cifOKefESihf om; odCF0Dd&o f kZæAkv
d w
f kUd onf
tbd"r®m (15) usr;f pDvLS 'gef;onfuakd wGU&&dS ygonf/ wufE, T af usmif;ausmufpm pm&if;wGif
tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;
1/ "r®o*FPDygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif yxrusr;f pmjzpfonfh rmwdumESihfpw
d åKyÜg'u@ paom
u@BuD;av;yg; yg0ifygonf/ t|uxmwGirf l "r®o*F[1[laomtrnfuv kd nf; ok;H aMumif;
owdrl&ygrnf/
2/ 0db*FygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif 'kw,d usr;f pm jzpfonf/ cE¨0b
d if; tp&Sí
d "r®[',0dbif;tqk;H
0dbif; (18)usr;f ukd tus,af 0zef jyqkxd m;ygonf/ jrefrmrIe,fy,fwiG f 0dbif;ygVdawmf[k
ac:Muygonf/2
3/ "mwkuxmygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif wwd,usr;f pmjzpfonf/ cE¨mçtm,weç"mwfçopömw&m;
rsm;ukd yxre,rSpk'´ore,txd e,(14)yg;wkUd jzifh tus,af 0zef jyqkxd m;ygonf/3
4/ yk*¾vynwåyd gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif pwkw¬usr;f pm jzpfonf/ yk*¾Kv d t
f rsK;d rsK;d taMumif;ukd
wdueda'´owkUd jzifh {uurS 'outxd (10) rsK;d ykid ;f jcm; jyqkx
d m;ygonf/ jrefrmrIe,fy,f
4
wGif yk*¾vynwfygVdawmf [k ac:Muygonf/
5/ uxm0w¬KygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif yOörajrmufusr;f pm jzpfonf/ t,l0g'a&;&mrsm;ukd yk*¾v
uxmpaom uxmaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh tar;tajzykHpH jyqkx d m;ygonf/5
6/ rlv,rkud yf gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif q|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk,
d rku
d yf gVdukd (10)usr;f
tjzpf xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ rlv,rku
d yf gVdawmfonf ,if;,rkud f (10)usr;f teufrS
1
yxrusr;f pm jzpfygonf/
7/ £NE´,
d ,rku d yf gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif q|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk,d rku
d yf gVdukd (10)usr;f
tjzpf xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ £NE´,
d rku
d yf gVdawmfonf ,if;,rku
d f (10)usr;f teufrS
'orusr;f pm jzpfygonf/2
8/ wduy|mef;ygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif t|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfaom y|mef;ygVdawmf "r®tEkavmr
(6) usr;f ? "r®ypöe,
D (6) usr;f ? tEkavmrypöe, D (6) usr;f ? ypöe,
D Ekavmr (6)usr;f [lí
y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrH cGjJ cm;xm;ygonf/ wduy|mef;ygVdawmfonf "r®tEkavmr
(6) usr;f teufrS yxrusr;f pm jzpfygonf/3
9/ 'kuy|mef;ygVdawmf
'kuy|mef;ygVdawmf y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrHcGJjcm;jyqkx
d m;aom "r®
tEkavmr (6) usr;f teufrS 'kw, d usr;f pm jzpfygonf/4
10/ 'kuwduy|mef;ygVdawmf
'kuwduy|mef;ygVdawmf y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrHcGJjcm;jyqkx
d m;aom
"r®tEkavmr (6) usr;f teufrS wwd,usr;f pm jzpfygonf/5
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®mt|uxmrsm;
t|uxmrSm 3 usr;f jzpfygonf/ xko d kH;usr;f rSm t|omvdeDt|uxm ? oar®m[
0daem'eDt|uxm? yÍöyBudKPft|uxmwkUd yif jzpfygonf/ xkt d |uxmusr;f okH;usr;f
pm&if;ukd Munfhygu yk*Hacwf tbd"r®mynmtqifhtwef;rSm jrifhvSygonf/ ygVdawmfukd
omru ygVdawmftzGihfjzpfaom t|uxmusr;f pm&if;ukd awGU&onfhtwGuf tbd"r®m
tzGihfjzpfaom tbd"r®mt|uxmpm&if; tpkH&Sad eygonf/ xkt d csutf & yk*Hacwfaq;a&;
Zmwfawmfrsm;? yd#uwfawmfvm aumufEkwcf surf sm;rSm ygVdawmftqko d mru t|uxm
tqkrd sm;ESihyf g &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJhaMumif; rjiif;omonfh oufaoyif jzpfayonf/ "r®o*FPD
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®m#Dumrsm;
1/ tbd"r®mvufoef;#Dum
2/ tEk#Dum
d nf/ t|omvdeDt|uxmukzd Gihfjyaom #Dum jzpfonf/10
t&Si"f r®ygvzGihfqko
tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#Dum
tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#u D m(2) usr;f ukd om; odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd u
f vSL'gef;xm;ygonf/
xkUd aMumifh tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#Dum usr;f pm&if;ukd tjzpfa&wGu&f mwGif (2) usr;f tjzpf
a&wGuEf kid af yonf/
yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;tjyif t|uxm? #Dum? *P²?d vufoef;#Dum
ponfhusr;f rsm;yif ay:aygufaejyDjzpfayonf/
ed*kH;
10 &uf? pufwifbmv? 1223 ckEpS w f iG f a&;xk;d cJah om odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd f ausmufpm
onf yk*HacwfjrefrmEkid if HygVdpmayorkid ;f twGuf tusK;d rsm;vSayonf/ odCF0D&o f kZæAkvd f
ausmufpmonf tbd"r®y#d u ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum? *@d? vufoef;#DumwkUd yif
ay:aygufaeNyDukd avhvmawGY&S&d ygonf/ t&ifu a'gufwmoefxGe;f wkUd u ausmufpmukd
bmomjyef&mwGif ]]vußP G }} ukb d mom jyef&mwGif ]]vu©P}}rsm; jzpfrvm;[k awG;xifchJ
ayonf/ xkt d csuu f kd jrefrmynm&yfrsm; twGJ (2) OD;oef;xku d af tmif \ odCF0D&o f kZæAkvd f
ausmufpmavhvmcsupf mwrf;wGif ]]vußGP}}ukd vufoPf;/ vufoef;[k zwf½aI zmfxkwf
cJyh gonf/ xkzd wf½cI suu f tbd"r®mvufoef;#Dum ay:aygufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; azmfxkwEf ikd cf hJ
ygonf/ ]]uk}}[laompum;vkH;rSm ta&;rSm;onf[k qk&d mrS ukpmvkH;rsm;onf wufET,f
ausmif;ausmufpmrsm;ESihf odC0F &D o f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpmrsm;wGiyf g tBudrt f ajrmuftjrm; awGU&dS
&onfh trSm;r[kwEf ikd [ f kvnf; axmufjycJyh gonf/ ]]uk}}u tMurf;[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tacsmtqifhokUd ra&mufao;aomusr;f [k ,lqcJhygonf/ xkad zmfxkwaf wGU&rSd Ionf jrefrm
ygVdpmayorkid ;f ukd rsm;pGm ckid rf mapcJhonf/
tbd"r®y#d ursm;onf ygVdawmftqifhESihfyif r[kwb f J t|uxm? #Dum? *P²?d
vufoef;#Dumtqifh usr;f rsm;yif ay:aygufaeNyDjzpfonf/ aemufay:aygufvmrnfh usr;f rsm;
twGuf tOD;tpvnf; jzpfayonf/ yk*Hacwf omoema&;taMumif;t&mESihf pyfvsO;f
onft h cg yd#uwftvSLukv d nf;aumif;? yd#uwfpmBunfw h u
kd uf v
kd nf;aumif;? yd#uwfuRef
ukv
d nf;aumif;? yd#uwfv,fuv kd nf;aumif; ausmufpmae&mtESUH tjym;wGif awGU&&dS ygonf/
xktd csuuf yd#uwfESihfywfoufí yk*Hacwfom;wkUd \ omoema&;tjrif jzpf½kHomru
vlrIb0jrifuGi;f vnf; jzpfonf/ xkUd tjyif yd#uwfpmay oifMum;rIrsm;u yk*Heef;wGi;f
vlrItzGJUtpnf;ESihf rsm;pGm rpdr;f vSaMumif; awGU&S&d ayonf/
yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;wGif tbd"r®musr;f rsm;pm&if;ukd azmfjyEkid af om ausmufpmrSm
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmuko
d m awGU&S&d ygonf/ okUd &mwGif ]]tbd"r®mw&m;av em\}}
[laompum;vkH; t&dyft>rufomvQif tcsKdUausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&Sd&ygonf/ cE¨m?
tm,we? "mwk qkad om pum;vkH;rsm;ukd BuKdMum;BuKdMum; awGU&S&d aomfvnf; tbd"r®m
yd#u0if a0g[m&rsm;[k aumufcsucf s&ef 0efav;cJyh gonf/ xku d u
G v
f yfukd odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd f
ausmufpmu wm0efauscJhonf[k qkEd kid yf gonf/
a'gufwmtmumrdk;ol
ta½SUwkid ;f ynmXme
'*kHwuúokdv?f &efukeNf rdKU/
-99-
Than Tun, “An Original Inscription Dated 10 September 1223 that King Badon Copied
on 27 October 1785” Missing Links in Myanmar Chronicles ( Yangon, Monywe, 2003)
-100-
t½Si"f r®ygv(r'kb-d 2)
t½Sief E´mpm&(r'kb-d 3)
1/ tbd"r®morkid ;f tusO;f
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sio f nf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;cgpü a0ae,swkYdtm; w&m;a[mawmf
rrlao;bJ owåowåm[ 49-&ufywfvkH; rdr\ d w&m;awmfrsm;ukd qifjcifí pwkw¬ajrmuf
&wemC&owåm[ (tbd"r®m &wemukd okH;oyf&mXme) ü aAm"dyif\ taemufajrmuf
t&yfwGif tbd"r®ma'oemawmfBuD;ukd oAÁnKwa&TÓPfawmfjzifh okH;oyfawmfrlcJhygonf/
r[mouú&mZf 110-ck 0gqdkvjynfah eY (7-0gajrmuf) ü u@o&ufO,smOfwiG f wdww ¬d t
Ykd m;
a&rD;tpkH wefc;dk t[keu
f dk jyoqk;H rawmfrNl yD;aemuf ESpv
f rS ;f ok;H z0g;jzifh wm0wðomewfjynfoYdk
<uawmfrlí y@KurÁvm jrausmufzsmü xkdifawmfrlum r,fawmfewfom;trI;&dSaom
pMu0Vmwku d w
f pfaomif;rS ewfjA[®mwkt Yd m; tbd"r®m jrwfa'oemukd 0gwGi;f ok;H vywfvk;H
raerem; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ xko d kYda[mMum;&mü vlUta&twGut f m;jzifh-
1/ "r®o*FPDusr;f udk 12-&uf
2/ 0dbif;usr;f ukd 12-&uf
3/ "mwkuxmusr;f ukd 6-&uf
4/ yk*¾vynwfusr;f ukd 7-&uf
5/ uxm0w¬Kusr;f ukd 8-&uf
6/ ,rkud u
f sr;f ukd 20-&uf
7/ y|mefusr;f ukd 25-&uf Mumatmif a[mawmfrlcJhygonf/
-101-
3/ tbd"r®mrlv#Dum
4/ tbd"r®mtEk#u D m
5/ tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[ygXf
6/ oN*ØK[f#Duma[mif;ygXf
7/ oN*ØK[f#DumopfygXf
8/ emr½lyy&dapä'#DumopfygXf
9/ y&rw¬0ed pd ä,#DumopfygXf
10/ arm[0dapä'ygXfwkYd jzpfygonf/
xkjYd yif t|omvdeeD ó d ,ESihf uxm0w¬Kedó,wku Yd v
kd nf; ,if;pm&if;ü awGU&ojzifh
xkad cwfü tvGecf ufcJaom tbd"r®musr;f rsm;onfyif xGe;f um;aeNyD[k qk&d ygrnf/ xkYjd yif
ouú&mZf 800-cefw Y iG f tbd"r®mukd usr;f jyKEkid o
f nftxd xGe;f um;vmcJyh gonf/ tif;0acwf
t&Sit f &d,0Hoonf t|omvdet D |uxmtzGi?hf rPd'yD #DumygXf? #Dumausmt f zGihf rmwdum
wdkYukd jyKpkcJhonf[k yd#uwfawmforkid ;f ü qdkygonf/ [Hom0wDqifjzL&Sirf if; (912-944)
vufxufü [Hom0wDjynfü t&Sit f meE´m\ r"k#u D mac: r"kom&w¬'yD eD (rlv#Dum\tzGi)hf
t&Sio f '¨r®mvuFm&\ y|meom&'DyeD#DumESihf t&Sirf [mok0PÖ'Dy\ taz*¾Kom&'DyeD
#Dum(#Dumausm\ f tzGih)f [laom tbd"r®musr;f okH;usr;f ay:xGe;f cJhygonf/ xkrd if;\vuf
xufüyif trnfrod ynm&Siw f pfO;D u oN*ØK[ef ó d ,ukd jyKpck ohJ nf[k yd#uwfawmf orkid ;f ü
qkx
d m;ygonf/
taemufbufomvGerf if;w&m;BuD; (967-990) vufxufwGif tif;0a&TNrdKUawmfü
&Siw f ad vmu*k&konf "mwkuxm#Dum0PÖemygXf? ,ru0PÖem#DumygXfESihf y|me0PÖem
#DumygXfwu Ykd kd jyKpkcyhJ gonf/ ,if;rif;vufxufüyif awmifzv D mq&mawmfonfvnf; rmwd
umt&aumufusr;f ? "mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f ? ,rku d t
f &aumufusr;f ? y|mef;t&aumuf
usr;f ? t|omvdeyD Pmr*gxmrsm;\ tzGijhf zpfaom 0Dowd0PÖemygXfEiS hf oN*ØK[feó d ,wku Yd kd
jyKpkcyhJ gonf/ xkjYd yif t&Sit f *¾"r®mvuFm& (eef;ausmif;q&mawmf)onf rlv#Dumedó,ESihf
tbd"r®mt&aumufrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? t&Sit f &d,mvuFm& (ae&if;q&mawmf)onf t|
omvdeeD ó d , (a[mif;)? oar®m[0daem'eDeó d ,? oacFy0PÖem#Dumedó,? oN*ØK[fusr;f
½k;d MuD;ESihf #Dumausmef ó d ,wkYdukv d nf;aumif;? yXrausmaf tmifpHxm;q&mawmfonf t|
omvde*D @d (a[mif;) ESihf oN*ØK[f*@dwu Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;? t&Siof m&'óD(ykAmÁ ½kqH &mawmf)
onf "mwkuxma,mZemygXfuv kd nf;aumif;? t&Sit f &d,mvuFm& ('udP © m0efq&mawmf)
onf oN*ØK[feó d ,wkYdukv d nf;aumif; jyKpkcJhMuygonf/
-108-
uke;f abmifacwf
tif;0acwfü ckid Nf rJpmG tjrpfw,
G cf ahJ om tbd"r®monf uke;f abmifacwfoYdk a&mufaom
tcg ykí d yif xGe;f um;vmcJhygonf/ awmifzDvmq&mawmfpaom a&S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
jyKpkcJhaom t&aumufenf;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmif okwfoifí Am;u&mq&mawmf
xef;wyifq&mawmfponfh usr;f wwftausmw f kYdonf pDpOfa&;om;Mujyefonf/ tbd"r®m
ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkYd\ edó,rsm;onfvnf; ykí d xGe;f um;vmcJhonf/ yd#uwf
awmforkid ;f \ tqkt d & ,if;acwfü oN*ØK[feó d ,wpfrsKd ;wnf;ukyd if 22-rl&SdaMumif;
od&ygonf/ xkpd mwrf;wGif ryg0ifaom edó,usr;f jzihf aygif;aomf 30-ausmt f xd &do
S nf[k
qkMd uygonf/ xkjYd yif *@d 0depd ä,paom usr;f rsm;pGmukv d nf; a&;om;jyKpkcMhJ uonf/ xkjYd yif
uke;f abmifacwfü tbd"r®mwk;d wuf jyefyY mG ;ap&ef yÍöroH*g,emwifjcif;ESihf yxrjyefpmar;
yGrJ sm;ukd tav;ay;jcif;[laom tcsuf 2-csuu f kd jyKvkycf MhJ uygonf/ yxrjyefpmar;yJrG sm;\
oif½k;d nTe;f wrf;ü tbd"r®mukd xnfhoGi;f í tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;atmif jr§ihw f ifcJhMuonf/
,aeYacwftbd"r®m
,aeYacwfüvnf; tbd"r®moif&;kd rIwrYkd mS &yfwefo
Y mG ;jcif;r&db
S J ykí
d yif xGe;f um;vm
cJhygonf/ ,aeYacwfü tbd"r®mqkid &f musr;f rsm;ukd jrefrmbmomjzifhom trsm;qkH;a&;om;
Muaomfvnf; v,fwq D &mawmf\ y&rw¬'yD eDpaom ygVdjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usr;f rsm;vnf;
ay:xGe;f cJyh gonf/ uke;f abmifacwfrpS í ,aeYacwfxd tbd"r®medó, rsm;rSm tvGerf sm;ojzifh
¤if ; ed ó ,pm&if ; rsm;uk d a&;om;rnf q k d y gu tvG e f & S n f v sm;oG m ;ay vd r f h r nf /
ta&twGut f m;jzifh ygVdbmomjzifh 43-usr;f ? edó,jrefrmjyef 112-usr;f taxGaxG
178-usr;f pkpkaygif; 333-usr;f &dSojzifh tvGerf sm;jym;vSygonf/ ,if;usr;f rsm; pm&if;ukd
avhvmvdkvsif "r®o*FPDygVdawmfjrefrmjyef usr;f OD;rSwzf G,üf avhvmEkid yf gonf/
OD;at;rif;(ygarmu©? '*kHwuúov
dk f)
1/ y&rw¬oabmw&m;(4)yg;
Ak'¨ tbd"r®mwGify&rw¬w&m;udk(4)yg; jyqdkxm;ygonf/
1/ pdwå
2/ apwodu
3/ ½ly
4/ edAÁme wdkUjzpfMuygonf/ ,if;av;yg;wdkUwGif pdwå? apwodu? ½lywdkUonf
jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif; oabmw&m;abmiftwGif;üom &Sdonf/ ocFw"r®y&rw¬
w&m;jzpfonf/ edAÁmrSmrlum; rjzpf?rysufawmhaom tocFw"r®y&rw¬w&m;
jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh ocFw"r®e,fy,fwGif&Sdaom tcsdef? ae&m oabmw&m;ESihf
tocFw"r®e,fwGif&Sad om tcsdef? ae&m oabmw&m;(2)ckonfvnf; wlnDEdkif rnf
r[kwfyg/
4/ umv aES;jcif;oabm
odyHÜ ynme,fy,fwGif umvESiyhf wfoufí &yfaeolESihf oGm;aeolwUdk onf
umv rwlnDMuyg/ &yfaeaomolwpfa,muftwGuf umvonf 10ESpfjzpfaomtcg
oGm;aeaomoltwGuf 5 ESpfMumap&ef a&GUvsm;EIef;udk wGufxkwfxm;onfrSm - to =
10, tv = 5 xm;yg/
v2
tv = to √1-
c2
v2
5 = 10 √1- 2
c
v2 1
√1- =
c2 2
v2 1
1- =
c2 4
v2 1 3
= 1- =
c2 4 4
√3
v = c
2
c = wpfpuúefUvQif 186000 rdkifEeI f;/
-113-
wdkUaMumifh
v= √3 2 x 1860000 = 161000 = wpfpuúefUvQif 161000 rdkiE
f Ief;/
&yfaeaomol
toufq,fESpBf uD;oGm;aom tcsdefwGif wpfpuúefYvQif 161000rdik fEIef;jzihf oGm;ae
aomolonf ig;ESpfomBuD;ao;rnf/ xdkUaMumifh &yfaeaomolonf oGm;aeaom
olxuf ydkí tcsdefMumygonf/
5/ pdwfjzpfpOf0DxdESiu
fh mv
Ak'¨bmomwGif tajccHtusqH;k jzpfaom pdwfjzpfpOf (0Dxd)udk a,bk,s
avhvmMunhfygu -
yOö0D'Gg&0Dxd
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000
b wD e ' y p oH P 0k Z Z Z Z Z Z Z x w
b
raem'Gg&0Dxd
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 00 000
e ' raem Z Z Z Z Z Z Z w w b
txufyg pdwfjzpfpOfoabmt& b0tydik f;tjcm;wpfckwGif odpdwfwpfckjzpf&eftwGuf
pdwfjzpfpOftqifuh dk jzwfausmf&onf/ pdwfjzpfpOfwGifvnf; wpfckNyD;rS tjcm;wpfcku
jzpfcGihf&onf/ xkdodUk jzpf&efrSmvnf; y|mef;enf; teEÅ&? oreEÅ&ypönf;oabmt&
aemufpdwfjzpfap&ef a&SUpdwfcsKyfay;&onf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ xkdoUdk odpdwfwpfckESihf
wpfckMum; b0*Fpdwfrsm; jzpfay:aeMuonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ qdkvo dk nfrSm odpdwf
jzpfpOf jzpfay:aeonfjzpfap? b0ifpdwfjzpfay:aeonfjzpfap pdwfjzpfpOfwGif
pdwfwpfckNyD;rS wpfckjzpf&onf/ pdwfjzpfcsdef? wnfcsdef? ysufcsdef? pdwfwpfckESifhwpfck
Mum;umvwdkUonf tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktjzpf &Sad eygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
xkdjzpfpOfonf tcsdef&dSaejcif;[k ynwfoabmt& rSwfom;xm;ygonf/ tcsdef\
Mumcsdeu f dk owfrSwfwdkif;wmonfhpepfudk pdwåu©Pwpfck[k oHk;pGJxm;ygonf/
pdwåu©Pwpfck rnfrQMumonf[k ydik f;jcm;rIr&Syd g/
om"ujy,k*fwpfck wifjyvdyk gonf/ tonowfbHkwGifjzpfaom jA[®monf
oufwrf;urÇm(500)touf&Snfonf[k owfrSwfMuygonf/ tonowfjA[®monf
-114-
½kyf ½kyf
000 000 -------- pkwd y#doaE¨
pkwd y#doaE¨ ½kyf ½kyf ½kyf emrf
½kyf emrf
6/ (31)bHo
k wå0gwdUk \ umvESiht
f mumo oabm
tbd"r®ma'oemwGif umvESihyf wfoufí oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;csuf r&Sdyg/
(31)bHk oufwrf;udk owfrSwf&mwGifvnf; vlUoufwrf;tay:rlwnfí urÇmwnfyHk?
urÇmjzpfyHk? urÇmysufyrHk sm;udk tcsdet
f wdkif;twmowfrSwfMuygonf/
yHkwGiaf zmfjyxm;onft
h wdkif; -
-116-
v2
1 = 100 √1-
c2
1 = √1 -v2
100 c2
1 1- v2
=
100000 c2
v2 1 9999
2 = 1- =
c 10000 10000
v √9999
=
c 100
v = √9999 c
100
= √9999 x 186000
100
= 185990.6998 mile / sec
&&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
tdkifpwdik f;\ &DavwDADwDoDtdk&o
D abmt& umvESit
hf mumoonf EIdif;&
oabmw&m;om jzpfonf/ tcsdef? ae&m? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf wpfckEiS hfwpfck qufpyf
az:jyrSom t dyÜg,f&Sdavonf/ odyÜHe,fy,fwGif &yfaeaomolESihf oGm;aeaom
olwd\
kY tcsdefonfwlnDrI r&Sdyg/
Oyrm
tv =oGm;aeaomol{/ftcsdef
to =&yfaeaomol{/ftcsdef
c =tvif;{/foGm;EIef;
7/ tmumo obm0
Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ½kyftrIefrsm;udak vhvm&mwGif rsufpdjzihfjrifawGU&aom trIef
wpfckudk &xa&PkjrL[kac:qdkNyD; ,if;&xa&PkjrLudk (36)pdwf pdwfNyD; wpfpdwfudk
*pma&PkjrLudk (36)pdwfNyD; wpfpdwfudk wZÆm&DPkjrLrIef[k owfrSwfygonf/ ,if;
wZÆm&DPjk rLrIefudk (36)pdwfpdwfygu wpfpdwfrmS tPkjrLjzpfNyD; ,if;tEkjrLudk (36)pdwf
pdwfygu wpfpdwfrSm y&rmPkjrL[k owfrSwfygonf/ ,if;y&rmPkjrLonf vlomref
rsufpjd zihf rjrifEkid f[k qdkxm;ygonf/1
odyÜHynm&SifwdUk url ]]½kyfpMu0VmBuD;udk tufwrfESihf tufwrfwGifyg0ifaom
ypönf;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;Muonf/ wzef tufwrfwGifvnf; EsL;uvD;,m;ESihf
EsLuvD;,udk ywfaeaom tDx&Gefyg&Sdonf/ EsL;uvD;,ud, k füvnf; EsLx&GefESihf
y½dkwGef[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf ajymqdk&ygrl ½kyf0w¬Krsm;udk tufwrf
rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf/ xdktufwrfudk xyfrHcpGJ dwfygu tDvufx&Gef? EsLx&Gef?
y½dkwGef[k xyfrHcJGpdwf&&Sdonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ ,aeU odyÜHynmavmuwGif ½kyftrIef
rsm;udk xdkUxufxyfrHcGpJ dwfí tufwrfatmuf trIefrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaeao;aMumif;
azmfjyxm;csufudv k nf; awGU&ygonf/
Ak'¨bmomoabmt& ½kyftrIefrnfrQyif ao;i,fapumrl xdk½kyftrIefxJwGif
cGJjcm;í r&Ekdifawmhaom t uvmyf½kyf (yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m? 0PÖ? *E¨?
&o? MoZm (tm[m&)) [k t uvmyf½kyf(8)yg; tenf;qH;k yg0ifvsuf &Sdygonf/
taxGaxG&DavwDADw?D ESm 57-60
1 tbd 2-328
-119-
edAÁme"mwf
txufü aZmfjyxm;ouJhoYkd pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? cE¨mig;ygonf ocFw"mwf
rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf ,if;wdkY\ umvESifhtmumowdYk\ oabmonf ynwfe,fy,f
twGif;üom ajymqdo k kH;pGJaeaom owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ y&rw¬oabmtae
jzifh owfrSwfcsufrsdK; rjzpfaMumif; awGU½S&d rnfjzpfygonf/ tocFw"mwfjzpfaom
edAÁmefrSmrl umvESifhtmumo owfrSwfcsufrSm rjzpfEkdifyg/ O'gef;ygVdawmfü
azmfjyxm;onfudk atmufygtwdik f; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
3 y me 1y? ESm - 4
-121-
ed*;kH
Ak'¨tbd"r®mwGif umvESifh tmumo (Time nad Space) wdk\ Y
oabmw&m;wdko Y nf ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; ½Ijrifo;kH oyfEdkiaf yonf/ ocFw"mwfrsm;jzpfMu
aom pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? cE¨m(5)yg; umvESifhtmumoudk azmfjyí &Edkifygonf/
odakY omf odyÜyH nm½Sifrsm;u umvESit fh mumoudk EIdi;f &oabm ,lqxm;ouJo h Ydk
bk\H tcsdef?ae&may:rlwnfNyD;rSomvQif rSwf,lokH;pGJxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tocFw
"mwf edAÁmefrSmrlum; umv tmumo owfrSwfrI r½Sdawmhyg/ odyÜHynme,fy,fwGif
-122-
OD;at;rif;(ygarmu©? '*kHwuúov
dk f)
-123-
&nfñTef;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ O'geygVdawmf
2/ "r®o*FPDygVdawmf
3/ y|meygVd (yxrwG)J
3/ o'¨r®aZmwduy|mef;
4/ odyyÜH nm½Sif\ ausmif;
6/ taxGaxG &DavwDADwD &mjynft
h xdrf;trSwfpmapmif
(a'gufwmwifatmif? a'gufwmcifarmif0if;(ocFsm)? a'gufwmrsdK;wifh(½lyaA'
ygarmu©? tNidrf;pm;) udkvIdif)
7/ tbd"r®ydkYcscsufrsm; (yÍörwG)J