DESIGN OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE
(Two Way Slab – Direct Design)
JACK C. McCORMAC and RUSSELL H. BROWN
ACI 318M-11
 One Way Slabs and Two Way Slabs
Differences between one way slabs and two way slabs located on how the slabs deformed
when the load applied on the top of slabs. To calculate the reinforcement on One Way
Slabs is the same with the beam calculation despite of its width usually taken as 1 m in
length even though its width could be more than that.
Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection
limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements Immediate deflection due to live load L l /180*
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements Immediate deflection due to live load L l /360
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to That part of the total deflection occurring l /480‡
nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large after attachment of nonstructural elements
deflections (sum of the long-term deflection due to all
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to sustained loads and the immediate l /240§
nonstructural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflection due to any additional live load)†
deflections
*Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be checked by suitable calculations of deflection,
including added deflections due to ponded water, and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads, camber,
construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
†Long-term deflection shall be determined in accordance with 9.5.2.5 or 9.5.4.3, but may be reduced by amount of
deflection calculated to occur before attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be determined on basis of
accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection characteristics of members similar to those being considered.
‡Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to supported or attached elements.
§Limit shall not be greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if camber is
provided so that total deflection minus camber does not exceed limit.
 Minimum Reinforcement of Slabs due to Shrinkage and Temperature

7.12.2 — Deformed reinforcement conforming to 3.5.3 used for shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with the following:
7.12.2.1 — Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the
following ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014:
(a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars are used ………. 0.0020
(b) Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bars or welded wire reinforcement are used
.................................................................................................... 0.0018
(c) Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 420 MPa measured at a
yield strain of 0.35 percent is used ............................................

7.12.2.2 — Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart
than five times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.
7.12.2.3 — At all sections where required, reinforcement to resist shrinkage and
temperature stresses shall develop fy in tension in accordance with Chapter 12.
SI Imperial
Direct Design Method
• The code provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients can be
determined.
• The method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis of
the structure based on
• the estimated flexural stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns
• the torsional stiffnesses of the slabs and beams (if any) transverse to the
direction in which flexural moments are being determined

Equivalent Frame Method

• A portion of a structure is taken out by itself and analyzed much as a portion of
a building frame was handled in Example 14.2.
• The same stiffness values used for the direct design method are used for the
equivalent frame method
Critical Section for Shear
 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLABS WITHOUT INTERIOR BEAMS
Without Drop Panel‡ With Drop Panel‡ For a panel with beams between
Exterior Panels Exterior Panels supports on all sides, the following
fy, MPa† equation shall be satisfied for beams
Without With Interior Without With Interior
in the two perpendicular directions :
Edge Edge Panels Edge Edge Panels
Beam Beam§ Beam Beam§  f 1l22
0.2   5.0
280 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 ln/36 ln/40 ln/40  f 2l12

420 ln/30 ln/33 ln/33 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 where αf 1 and αf 2 are calculated
520 ln/28 ln/31 ln/31 ln/31 ln/34 ln/34 in accordance with :
For two-way construction, ln is the length of clear span in the long direction, Ecb I b
measured face-to-face of supports in slabs without beams and face-to-face of f =
beams or other supports in other cases.
Ecs I s
†For f between the values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be determined
y
by linear interpolation.
‡Drop panels as defined in 13.2.5. (ACI 314M-11)
§Slabs with beams between columns along exterior edges. The value of α for
f
the edge beam shall not be less than 0.8.
Using the ACI Code, determine the
minimum permissible total thicknesses
required for the slabs in panels 3 and 2
for the floor system shown in Figure
16.6. Edge beams are used around the
building perimeter, and they are 12 in.
wide and extend vertically for 8 in.
below the slab, as shown in Figure 16.7.
They also extend 8 in. out into the slab
as required by ACI Section 13.2.4. No
drop panels are used, and the concrete
in the slab is the same as that used in the
edge beams. fy = 60,000 psi.
 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLABS WITH INTERIOR BEAMS

For slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the minimum thickness,
h, shall be as follows:
(a) For αfm equal to or less than 0.2, the provisions of 9.5.3.2 shall apply;
(b) For αfm greater than 0.2 but not greater than 2.0, h shall not be less than

and not less than 125 mm;

(c) For αfm greater than 2.0, h shall not be less than

and not less than 90 mm;

The two-way slab shown in Figure 16.8 has been assumed to
have a thickness of 7 in. Section A–A in the figure shows the
beam cross section. Check the ACI equations to determine if
the slab thickness is satisfactory for an interior panel. f c = 3000
psi, fy = 60,000 psi, and normal-weight concrete.
Limitations of Direct Design Method
There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.

The panels must be rectangular, with the length of the longer side of any panel not being more than
two times the length of its shorter side lengths being measured c to c of supports.
Span lengths of successive spans in each direction may not differ in length by more than one-third
of the longer span.
Columns may not be offset by more than 10% of the span length in the direction of the offset from
either axis between center lines of successive columns
The unfactored live load must not be more than two times the unfactored dead load. All loads must
be the result of gravity and must be uniformly distributed over an entire panel.

If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those beams in the two
perpendicular directions, as measured by the following expression, shall not be less than 0.2 or
greater than 5.0

 f 1l22
0.2   5.0
 f 2l12
Determine the negative and positive moments required for the design of
the exterior panel of the two-way slab with beam structure shown in
Figure 16.17. The slab is to support a live load of 120 psf and a dead load
of 100 psf, including the slab weight. The columns are 15 in. × 15 in. and
12 ft long. The slab is supported by beams along the column line with the
cross section shown. Determine the slab thickness and check the shear
stress if fc = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.

1. Check ACI Code limitations (13.6.1). These conditions, which are

discussed in Section 16.7 of this text, are met. The first five of these
criteria are easily satisfied by inspection. The sixth requires calculations
that follow.
 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Moment
Calculation (PBI 1971)

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Moment
Calculation (PBI 1971)

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams - Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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 Two Way Slabs With Beams – Example

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