MSC Dissertation 1

Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams
[Student name]
Khaled Mohammad A Emhamed
[Student Registration Number]

091586571
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Engineering in
Structural Engineering
[Course title]
Structural and Foundation Engineering
Dissertation Supervisor: [Supervisor’s name]
Dr Dmitry Val
Heriot-Watt University
School of the Built Environment
[Date]
23 / 08 / 2010
1
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I, Khaled Mohammad A Emhamed, confirm that this work submitted for assessment in
partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Structural
and Foundation Engineering, at Heriot -Watt University (Edinburgh), is my own and
is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within of the works of other authors in
any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, texts, tables, programs) are properly
acknowledged at their point of use and have been referenced. A full list of the references
employed has been included and may be reviewed at the back of this text.
………………………… ….………………..
Khaled Emhamed Date
Reg. No: 091586571
2
“Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Beams”
MSc Dissertation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP......................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….….…ii
ACKNOLOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………......v
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….……..…vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………….…....1
CHAPTER 2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES………………………....…….….3
CHAPTER3 LITRATURE REVIEW
3-1 Reliability Developments ……………………………………………….……4

3-2 Reliability Analysis of Reinforced concrete beam philosophy……….……….5
3-3 Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Beams…………….…….…...6
CHAPTER 4 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
4-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………......8

4-2 Brittle and Ductile Failure …………………………………………………....8
4-3 Brittle Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beams ……………………………….9
4-3-1 Flexural Failure………………………………………………………….....11
4-3-2 Shear Failure…………………………………………………………….....13
4-4 Effective of Shear Links on Failure Mechanism……………………………. 13
4-5 Designing of Reinforced Concrete Beams…………………………………...17
CHAPTER 5 DISCRIPTION OF THE METHOD
5-1 Reliability Engineering Method…………………………………………...….18

5-2 Selection of the Beams………………………………………………………..19
5-3 Load Combination and Patterns for the Limit States…………………………21
3
5-4 Reliability Analysis Methods ………………………………………………...22
5-4-1 First Order Reliability Method (FORM)……………………………….…...22
5-4-2 Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS)…………………………………...25
5-5 Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Results..............…...27
5-5-1 Partial of Safety Factors……………………………………………….…....27
5-5-2 Limit State Functions………………………………………………….…....27
CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
6-1 First Order Reliability Method………………………………………………..29

6-1-1 Limit State Function of Flexural Failure B1…………………………….....29
6-1-2 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B1……………………32
6-1-3 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B1……………………………….....33
6-1-4 Limit State Function of Flexural Failure B2……………………………….34
6-1-5 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B2 …………………...36
6-1-6 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B2………………………………….36
6-1-7 Limit State Function of Flexural Failure B3……………………………….38
6-1-8 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B3 …………………...40
6-1-9 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B3……………………………….....41

6-2 Monte Carlo Simulation Method …………………………………………….42
6-2-1 Monte Carlo Applications B1……………………………………………....42
CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7-1 The Results…………………………………………………………………...43

7-1-1 Results of the Reliability Analysis B1……………………………………..43

7-2 Discussion…………………………………………………………………….45
7-2-1 Discussion Results of Reliability Analysis B1…………………………….45
7-2-2 Discussion Results of Reliability Analysis B2…………………….………46
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7-2-3 Discussion Results of Reliability Analysis B3……………….……………46
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION………………………………………………47
BIBLIUGRAPHY………………………………………………………………..48
APPINDECES
APPENDIX A
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams…………………………….……….…..…51
APPENDIX B
Output Excel Result Using First Order Reliability Method……………………....56
APPENDIX C
Calculation Carried Out Using Monte Carlo Simulation………………….……....66
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author of this report would like to thank my supervisor Dr.Dimitry Val for his help
in producing this dissertation, and I would like to thank the staff at Heriot-Watt
University, School of Built Environment, Department of Structural and Foundation
Engineering and for help to achieve this project work.
Also I would like to extend my regards to all my colleagues, for supporting me in my

project and for providing the journal papers to use them in my dissertation.
Finally, I would like also to thank all my family and my Friend Mohammed who
supported me all along my period of study, in the UK.
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ABSTRACT
Reliability of structural engineering is the key to estimate the probability of failure for
the majority of structures this time .In this project the main points are to set up to
calculate the probability of brittle failure in reinforced concrete beams , rather than
ductile failure , as we know there are two types of concrete failure , the first type is
ductile failure , this type of failure occurs gradually , and there will be enough time to
keep this failure under control , and the maintenance will coast low price , the second
type is called brittle failure , and this type of failure is more dangerous than the first
type, the brittle failure occurs suddenly and without any warning , also there is no
enough time to prevent this type , and if it is occur it may cause a big disaster for the
structure .
In this project, I am going to estimate the probability of failure, for three different beams
with a various dimensions and loads, for these three beams it has been mentioned to the
three types of failure, flexural due to yielding of reinforcement (ductile failure) , flexural
due to crushing of concrete (brittle failure) , and shear failure, for each failure a
probability of failure will be calculated, and according to this value of probability of
failure, we can decide how to reduce this failure before it occurs.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Reliability analysis of reinforced concrete beams with respect to the different failures
according to Euro Code 2 design [1] Structural reliability theory has been developed in
order to provide a balanced treatment to understand the uncertainties that exist in
structures and apply various methodologies available in order to asses the safety and
serviceability of such structures .
In general there are two types of failure can occurs in reinforced concrete beams brittle
and ductile failure where the brittle failure is more dangerous than the ductile failure.
According to the ductile for the reinforced concrete structures there is a lot of time to
maintenance the structure and to recover the structure to his original situation before it
collapse but the brittle failure occurs suddenly and the structure will collapse without
any chance to repair or maintained the structure, by using the reliability analysis
methods to calculate the probability of brittle failure to prevent this failure for the
reinforced concrete beams.
The response of structures can be considered satisfactory if the requirements such as
safety against brittle failure and limitation damage or deflection are satisfied each of
these requirements may be treated as (Limit State). The violation of limit state can thus
be treated as failure for the structures. In this project the study of structural reliability is
concerned with preventing the brittle failure of reinforced concrete beams such as
flexural and shears failures and to achieve these results. I have designed various number
of reinforced concrete beams have various failure modes and different dimensions
according to Euro Code 2.
In the reliability analysis of structure engineering a very large number of the system
parameters, can be considered to be random variables. The difficulty in calculating the
probability of failure increase rapidly with the number of variables one of the aims of
this project is to compute the probability of failure of the reinforced concrete beams with
different failure modes and from that values it should be different number of probability
of failure for each failure, the probability of failure for the flexural in tension case more
likely than the compression and shear failure.
Theory and methods for structural reliability [2] have been developed substantially in
recent time and they are very useful tool for computing the probability of failure and
evaluating the safety of complex structures such as high buildings and bridges.
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There are many reliability methods such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) First Order
Reliability Method (FORM) and First Order Second Moment (FOSM). In this project I
have used the First Order Reliability Method to estimate the probability of failure for the
reinforced concrete beams have different dimensions according to Euro Code 2; There
are certain limitations that restricted the enhancement of the scope of this project these
are mentioned as follows:-
� In this project I have designed a three different reinforced concrete beams having
different dimensions according to EC 2 and the analysis by using the reliability
methods. Hence estimate the probability of failure for each beam.
� This project is completely based on the concept of reliability of structural
engineering and hence would be more convenient for some are who have prior ideas
and knowledge of reliability or reinforced concrete structures.
9
CHAPTER 2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to investigate the reliability of reinforced concrete beams. In
order to do those probabilities of failure determine the reliability of failure in different
failure modes, for several reinforced concrete beams with different dimensions using
FORM and Monte Carlo simulation.
The objectives of this project can be summarised by the following set of bullet points:
� The study is carried out to design several number of reinforced concrete beams , with
different dimension and reinforcement ratio , according to the Eurocode 2 [1] , with
respect to the three types of failure :-
• Beams – flexure – ductile (due to yielding of tensile reinforcement)
• Beams – flexure – brittle (due to crushing of compressed concrete)
• Beams – shear failure.
� To carry out the reliability analysis of the beams using FORM and Monte Carlo
simulation, and calculate the safety index (probability of failure), for three different
failure modes, flexural due to yielding of reinforcement (ductile), flexural due to
crushing of concrete (brittle), and shear failure.
� To compare the results of the safety index and probability of failure, for three
different beams, with different failure modes, using the results obtained using FORM
and Monte Carlo simulation.
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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3-1 Reliability Developments
In 1986 Arafa [14] has presented a reliability analysis of reinforced concrete beam
section at the flexural limit state failure situation. The mode of the bending failure of the
beam section was modelled placement the main constitutive laws for concrete and steel
structures he used a Monte Carlo Simulation method to compute the action of the beam
section at their flexural limit state function the results of the reliability based analysis
were computed and presented by Arafa in condition and steps of the reliability index of
reinforced concrete beams at a different levels of reinforcement at the reinforcement
about 0.4 of the maximum allowable reinforcement ratio the reliability index was about
4.0 this value decreased to about 2.4 where the maximum allowable steel reinforcement
was used. Those results indicate that the reliability of reinforced concrete beams section
was highly critical to changeable in the compression and the design safety factors were
kept same and constant.
In his study Arafa [14] recommended the results shows that the reliability of reinforced
concrete beams was highly critical to variation in the compression and tension steel
reinforcement. Also when the factors of safety included in the design were kept constant.
High reliability values were noticed for less value of tension steel reinforcement ratio. In
opposite the compression steel reinforcement rise the section ductility and reliability and
finally found that the compression reinforcement was larger and recommended in beam
section.
Nearly during 2006 [8] at the University federal de Santa Catarina SC-Brazil structural
reliability is developed and linked to the ANSYS finite element program and they have
been suggested that the definition of random variable parameters distribution and by
definition a limit state function based on finite element analysis to get the results of the
probability of failure for many types of complex structures.
Reliability analysis also used [18] to design the simply supported beams too, in
accordance with BS5950 (1990), was carried using First Order Reliability Method
(FORM), at ultimate and serviceability limit states. Design variable such as load ratio,
span and intensity of imposed loading were considered random and stochastic. It was
shown among other findings that, when the span (L) of the beam and the load ratio ( � o )
are kept constant, as the magnitude of imposed load ( Qk ) increased by 200 %, they
found that the safety of the designed section decreased by 66% considering bending,
11
84% considering shear and by 82 % when deflection criterion was considered. Also, the
weighted average safety indices are respectively 2.03, 5.69 and 1.72 for bending, shear
and deflection failure criteria of the BS5950 (1990). Therefore, BS 5950 design results
seems conservative with respect to shear, unsafe with respect to bending (under low
shear load ), and satisfactory with respect to deflection.
3-2 Reliability Analysis of Reinforced concrete beam philosophy
The design of structures may be regarded as the process of selecting proper materials
and proportioned [8] elements of the structures according to the engineering science and
technology. In order to fulfil its purpose a structural must meet its requirements of safety
serviceability economy and functionality.
In the last decades the structural reliability have been widely developed and the
structural designers used it to predict the safety index since the huge number of
constructors were collapsed during the natural disasters or by human errors.
The concept of structural reliability is to extreme importance due to the fact that all
structural members should be able to resist or hold the external acting such as live loads
(snow wind) …etc .The various acting loads may cause different types of failure in the
structures members, such as flexural and shear failure in the reinforced concrete beams
structural engineers involved in the constructions of any structure play, an important part
in design process against brittle failure where structural consistency of the design item is
a matter of safety and reliability. Furthermore design codes play an important role in
verifying the safety of important design solution to prevent any kind of failure in the
structures. From the prescription of structural engineers it is essential to ensure that these
design rules can achieve the required safety level of the structure and to prevent the
flexural and shear failure on that structure. Most a concrete structures have a difference
two types of failure brittle and ductile failure for the building fails under a ductile failure
the owner of the building has a chance to repair the damage of that structure or to leave
the building before the final collapse .On the other hand if the structure has a brittle
failure (sudden failure) that mean the structure is over loaded and the most probable the
structure has a final collapse without any warning to the owner of that building. And to
prevent this type if failure the structural engineers have used the reliability engineering
to estimate the probability of failure � Pf � by computing the safety index � � � according
to the designing code and to estimate the different values for � � � to decide which is the
12
most failure will occur and the ways to prevent this kind of failure . This types of
failure are occurs in different dimension of structures such as reinforced concrete beams
and the diagram below shows the structural reliability analysis and potential way to
measure of structural safety the failure probability.
Figure (3-1) Reliability analysis of a structure with random parameters
3-3 Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Recent reinforced concrete design code [3] as Eurocode 2, which I have used in this
project or ACI 318 is based on limit state theory.
The following figure (3-1) show the example of three points flexural failure in
reinforced concrete beam loaded by force P designed by Euro Code 2 allow to determine
the acceptable value of P such as P �P .
f f fixed
Figure 3-1 steps computing for bending beam
13
The majority of reinforced concrete beams failures cause by bending failure the case of
high loaded and less depth of beam can be divided in two points. Firstly the residual
reliability of bending reinforced concrete beam ( P ) provide an data about the
f bending
safety reduction of the beam .The next step is the expecting of the remaining loading
capacity of the crushing beam ( Pbending ) that ensure the same probability of failure as
initially designed
( Pf bending �Pf fixed ).
14
CHAPTER 4 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
4-1 Introduction
Nowadays[10] reinforced concrete beams are designed traditional methods such as BS
8110 Eurocode 2 and ACI 318 based on truss action a unified design approach has been
developed using a flexural - shear interaction that is ignored in the traditional methods.
The flexural -Shear interaction reduces the compressive concrete strength and hence the
ultimate flexural and shear failure capacity of a section the reinforced concrete beams
consist of concrete and steel each one of theme has his function when both of them
combined make high strength concrete beam when they are combined the steel is
working to increase the tensile strength and probably some of the shear strength wile the
concrete strong in compression protects the steel to give durability and fire resistance
.Figure (4-1) below shows how the steel and the concrete are working.
Figure 4-1 Steel reinforcement and concrete behaviour
4-2 Brittle and Ductile Failure
In this project the main concept is about computing the probability of brittle failure for
the reinforced concrete beams and how to prevent this type of concrete failure because
this type of failure is the most dangerous in concrete structures and when this failure is
happen there is no time to make the maintenance for that structure. On the[4] other hand
for the ductile failure when this type of failure appears on the concrete structure there is
15
a chance and enough time to recover the structure the figure below shows the different
between the brittle and ductile failure.
Figure (4-2) Brittle and Ductile Failure Behaviour
4-3 Brittle Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Preventing brittle failure [5] of reinforced concrete beams is being developed by

using many strength materials such as steel reinforcement to reduce of ductility in a
brittle reinforced concrete beam means that there is very little potential for stress
redistribution. For example the lower bond thermo of plasticity (Which permit many of
assumption made in steel reinforce concrete analysis) can not be applied.
Analysis of brittle failure of reinforced concrete beams should be on detailed tests of
compatibility needed within a beam of the phenomenon crack occurs and this is the
16
important point. A crack based model is designed in this chapter based on compatibility
requirements, where reinforcement crosses a crack and compatibility in the compression
zone concrete. The analysis combines dowel rupture of the reinforced concrete and for
the shear at the corner will reduce by the stirrup see figure (4-2).It highlights the
requirements for this project into preventing the flexural and shear failure by according
to reliability analysis and the figure below shows how the stirrups preventing the brittle
shear failure.
Figure (4-3) Prevent Shear Failure by steel stirrup reinforcement
In this project I have mentioned to the most important of failure types occurred in the
reinforced concrete beams and these failures are:
� Flexural failure (Yielding of steel reinforcement).
� Flexural failure (Crushing of concrete).
� Shear failure.
17
4-3-1 Flexural failure (Tension & Compression )
The compression response of reinforced concrete beams as the figure (4-3) shows below
the ascending branch describes the concrete while it is safe and there is no failure and
like any other elastic material can be described by strain and stress –response. However
as the load increase the width of the cracks increase and the probability of failure will be
increase too and the descending branch is dominated by the manner in which combined
and grow and can not be described in terms simply strain. The descending branch is not
a material property it depends on the place and the quantity of the steel reinforcement .In
this work the design for the flexural is taken according to Euro Code 2.
Figure (4-3) Cross section of a beam subjected to the stress and strain diagrams
An extreme amount of reinforcement sometimes indicates that a member is undersized

and it may also cause a brittle failure and many problems such as difficulty fixing the
steel bars and pouring the concrete there fore the Euro Code stipulates that.
100 A S / A C � 4% Except at laps
In opposite too use the reinforcement less than the required to use therefore
f
100 A S / b t d � 26 cm
% And not less than 0.13%
f yk
Design for flexural of rectangular section with moment redistribution according to

EC2:-
The steps for design [1]:-
1- Calculate X bal � �� 0.4 � d
2- Calculate K � M / bd 2 fck
18
3- Take K bal from table (4-1) appendix A or alternatively calculate
K bal � 0.454 �� 0.4 � � 0.182 � � � 0.4 �

2
For f ck � C 50
If K � Kbal Compression steel is required.
4- Calculate the Area of compression steel from
As� �
� K � Kbal � fck bd 2
f sc � d � d � �
f sc is the stress in the compression steel.

If d � / x � 0.38 The compression steel has yielded and f sc � 0.87 f yk
If d � / x � 0.38 Then the strain � sc in the compressive steel must be calculated from
the proportion of the strain diagram and f sc � Es� sc � 200 � 103� sc
5- Calculate the area of tension steel from
Where Z � d � 0.8 xbal / 2
5- Check the areas of steel required and the areas provided that
(As�, prov � As� ,req ) � (As , prov � As ,req )
This is ensure that the depth of the neutral axis has not exceeded the maximum value of
X bal by providing an over–exceeds of tensile reinforcement. For more details illustrate
the dimensions see figure (4-4).
Figure (4-4) Rectangular reinforced concrete beam dimensions
19
4-3-2 Shear Failure
The shear failure is caused by the compressive and tensile stresses the direction of the
compressive stresses takes the form of an arch while the tensile stresses have an curve of
a catenary or suspended chain at the mid span of the beam where the shear is lower than
the external sides of the beam and the opposite for the bending at the mid span of the
beam is greater than the sides of the beam where the shear forces are greater and the
principle stresses become included and as the shear force is large the angle of inclination
will be large the tensile strength due to shear are liable to cause the diagonal cracking of
the beam near to the supports so that shear reinforcement at the side should be grater
than the middle of the beam. Mechanical overlap occurs between the shear
reinforcement for example the pull-out model would consider the transfer of load from
reinforcement to concrete across the bend [6] Moreover the shear reinforcement is
often failed at the bend that depending on the way used to form the corner and it is
diameter . Corner strength less than 50 % of the straight reinforcement has been reported
.Figure (4-4) shows a crack – span of a reinforced concrete beam angle between 22�
and 45� to the beam axis [6]. This angle is the shear failure angle for the cracks which
occurs in the reinforced concrete beams the reinforced steel stirrups cross the crack and
these stirrups will prevent the beam from the shear failure and it must be these
reinforcement stirrups used according to the design rules and the required diameters and
dimensions.
Figure (4-5) shear links on failure Mechanism
4-4 Effects of shear links on failure Mechanism

Before the cracks occurs in reinforced concrete beams the shear links do not carry any
stress .On the other hand when the cracks appear the links which prevent the cracks
carry a proportion of the shear force V . Furthermore the links that do not intercept the
20
diagonal cracks the figure (4-6) shows how the load effects on the beam to cause the
shear failure and the cracks along the beam .Where: V �V a �V d �V cz
According to Euro Code design approximately between of (35 % to 50 %) of shear

force is resisted by the aggregate interlock (V a ) about 15 % to 25 % [7] of the shear
force is resisted by the dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement (V d ) and
approximately between of 20% to 40 % is resisted by the un-cracked compression

concrete zoneV cz
.
Figure 4-6 Effects of shear links on failure Mechanism
The important resistance comes from the shear links V s then
V �V a �V d �V cz
�V s
Finally as I mentioned before there are too many conditions and rules for using the shear
links according to Euro Code 2 the table (4-2) below illustrate the spacing of links [7].
Table (4-1) the spacing of links [7]
21
Design for Shear.
Designing reinforced concrete beams [1] against the shear failure it depends on the
designing code in this project I have mentioned to Euro Code 2 and I have used it in this
work to design the reinforced concrete beams against the shear failure.
Table (4-1) the spacing of links
The shear reinforcement will usually take the form of vertical links or combination
of links and bent up bars to make a high reinforcement and should be use in the required
dimensions beams and to design reinforced concrete beams according to Euro Code 2
should be follow the next steps:
1- Calculate the ultimate design shear forces Ved along the beam’s span.
2- Check the crushing strength VRd , Max of the concrete diagonal strut at the section of
maximum shear usually at the face of the beam support.
For most cases the angle of inclination of the strut is � � 22� with Cot � � 2.5 and
tan� � 0.4 so that from the equation
�
VRd ,Max � 0.124b d 1 � fck / 250 f�
w ck
And if VRd , Max � VEd then go to step (3) with � � 22� and Cot � � 2.5
But if VRd , Max � VEd then � must be calculated from the equation
22
�� VEd ��
� � 0.5Sin �1 � � � 45
�
�� 0.18bwdf ck 1 � f ck / 250 � ��
3- The shear links required can be calculated from the equation :

Asw VEd
�
S 0.78df yk cot �
Where Asw is the cross –sectional area of the legs of the stirrups ( 2 � �� 2 / 4 for
single stirrups).
For a predominately uniformly distributed load the shear V Ed should be taken at a
distance d from the face of the support and the shear reinforcement should continue
to the face of the support.
4- Calculate the minimum links required by Euro Code 2 from
Asw,min 0.08 fck0.5bw
�
S f yk
And the shear resistance for the links actually specified

ASW
V � � 0.78df Cot�
min S yk
This value should be marked on the shear force envelop to show the extent of these
links.
5- Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by the shear force
�Ftd � 0.5VEd Cot�
These additional tensile forces increase the curtailment length of the tension bars.
The minimum spacing of the links is governed by the requirements of placing and
computing the concrete and should not normally be less than 80 mm. Euro Code 2
gives the following guidance on the maximum link spacing:
(a) – Maximum longitudinal spacing between shear links in a series of links
S1,max � 0.75d (1 � Cot� )
Where � the inclination of the shear reinforcement for the longitudinal axis of the
beam.
(b) –The maximum transverse spacing between legs in a series of shear links.
Sb,max � 0.75d (� 600) .
23
4-5 DESIGNING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
In this chapter I have used to design the reinforced concrete beams EC2 for various
number of different dimension beams against the flexural failure (tension compression)
and shear failure.
The table (4-3) below shows the beams in different dimensions:-
Table (4-2) Beams dimensions
Length (L) Width (b) Depth (d) Cover ( d � )

Beam No.
mm mm mm mm
B1 6000 300 450 50
B2 6000 300 450 50
B3 6000 300 550 50
The applications of designing reinforced concrete beams see Appendix (B).
24
CHAPTER 5 Description of the Method
5-1 Reliability Engineering Method:-
The reliability analysis is one of the method for designing building [17] and other
structures and nowadays the structural engineers used this method to estimate and to
help them to compute the probability of failure for the structures.
The aim of the structural engineers is to produce the design for safe and economical
structures that fulfils it is intended purpose.
Structural design is achieve by computing the internal forces and bending moment
of the structure (beam column ........etc ) in this project reinforced concrete beams
after calculating the forces and moments it will followed by the selection of
appropriate cross section for a given grade of concrete and steel . The carrying load
capacity (C) of the reinforced concrete beam and this load is resisted by the moment
called demand (D) and according to the Euro code 2 using the limit state function
for each failure flexural crushing due to concrete and shear failure and for each
failure limit state from this limit state and by using the one of the reliability method
First Order Reliability Method, or Monte Carlo method it can be easy to calculate
the probability of failure .Furthermore the risk of failure of the reinforced concrete
beams is often measured in terms of the probability of failure, p f .Alternatively the
probability of survival is measured in terms of the reliability index � Both

quantities are related as will be explained later in this chapter.
The safety of a structural component depends on its resistance (Capacity) which can
be expressed in terms of a limit state function G. The limit state function can be as
simple as the difference between the random resistance of the reinforced concrete
beams (Demand) and the random load affect acting on the member.
G=C – D (5 - 1)
In this case If G > 0 the structure is safe [17] otherwise it fails. The condition failure
does not essential mean the catastrophic failure but is used to indicate that the
structure does not meet the intended performance. Thus the reliability of structure is
equal the probability that a structure will not fail to perform its intended function.
The probability of failure f c , f y , d , Gk , Qk (Eq. 5-2)
p f � Pr ob(C � D � 0) � Pr ob(G � 0) (5 - 2)
25
Since C and D are treated as random variables the outcome G will also be a random
variable. In general the limit state function can be a function of many variables
which are ( f c , f y , d , Gk , Qk ) representing the depth of the beam characteristics
material strength loads and other factors such as analysis method. Accordingly G
becomes.
G(x) = g( X 1 , X 2, ............ X n ) ( 5 – 3)
A direct calculation of the probability of failure may be very difficult for complex
limit state functions and therefore it is convenient to measure structural safety in
terms of the reliability index � the relationship between the reliability index � and
the probability of failure p f is p f � � (� � )
5-2 Selection of the Beams

In this project I have chose three different reinforced concrete beams each beam
has been selected according to the mode of failure the table (4-1) illustrate the
dimensions for the beams.
In the first case beam 1 the concrete in the ultimate compression failure and reaches
a 0.003 of the assumed crushing strain and ( x � xbal ) as the figure (5-1) shows that
before the compression steel starts yield at ( x � 0.45d ). [1].
Figure (5-1) Beam 1 Compression Failure
In this case the mode failure called compression failure with yielding of
reinforcement steel, and this beam may failed suddenly in a brittle failure without
any warning to the building owner and the consequences may have a serious
problem the figure (5-4) B1 shows the moment curvature diagram and the behaviour
of the compression failure [16] .In this case we have to calculate the probability of
flexural failure with yielding of reinforcement steel before it occurs.
26
In the second case for the beam 2 the load has been increased by the same ratio
gk
� 2 the figure (5-2) shows the strain distribution of failure includes simultaneous
qk
d
crushing and yielding of the steel and � s � � y where x � xbal � and in this
�y
1�
0.0035
calculations f y � 500 N / mm 2 then � y � 0.00217 this gives xbal � 0.617 d this mean
the ductile failure due to tension and brittle due compression failure expected and
most probably as the figure (5-4) B2 shows that . [1]. In this case we have to
calculate the probability of crushing brittle failure before it occurs.
Figure (5-2) Beam 2 Crushing Concrete Failure
gk
In the last case for beam 3 where an incense in load, (at the same ratio � 2 ), led to
qk
an increase in the depth. The reinforcement in this beam has yielded as shown in the
figure (5-3) in this type the tension failure is most probably to occurs with a large
centrality and a small depth of neutral axis (x) and the failure starts with a yielding of
the tensile steel and has a ductile moment curvature response as shown in figure (5-
4) B3 [16]. In this case we have to calculate the probability of shear failure before it
occurs.
Figure (5-3) Beam 3 Tension Failures
27
Figure (5-4) Moment – Curvature diagram
5-3 Load Combination and Patterns for the Limit States
The load applied to design the different three beams according to the EC2 had
different values but the same ratio between characteristic values of the permanent
GK
loads GK and variable loads Qk , of 2 (i.e. � 2 ). It was done in order to exclude
Qk
the influence of load uncertainties on the relation, between the probabilities of failure
calculated for the three beams.
The total design load is calculated as :-
Wu � � G .Gk � � Q . Qk
Where
� G and � Q are the partial safety factors equal to 1.35 and 1.5, respectively.
28
5-4 Reliability Analysis Methods:-
5 – 4-1 First Order Reliability Method
Probabilistic design is concerned [18] with the probability that the structure will
realise the function assigned to it. In this work, the reliability method is a briefly
reviewed. If C is the strength capacity and R the loading affect(s) of a structural
system which are random variables. The solution in this method set of (might
correlated) random variables x, is converted into a set on unaccompanied slandered
Gaussian variables G [8], by the relation:-
G ( x) � C � D
Where G is the function in different number of random variables and the output
results are different and the probability of failure will be considered according to this
three situations for more illustration see figure( 5-1 ) .
G(x) < 0 failure in the structure.
G(x) >0 safe structure
G(x) =0 the structure is in the critical situation
Figure (5 – 5) First order reliability approximation in standard normal space
29
The procedure for computing the safety index by using First Order Reliability
Method is summarised in this steps [12]:-
1-Select the starting values for ( x1 , x2 .............xn ) which are always in this project as
the mean values and with different distribution types (Normal Lognormal and
Gumbel). The table (5-1) below shows all the mean values COV and standard
deviation for different three beams (B1 B2 B3) and the same mean values for f y f c .
Table (5-1) Basic Random Variable
Variable Distribution Mean COV Standard

type Deviation
B1 Normal 52.5 KN/m 0.10 5.25 KN/m
G B2 Normal 69.3 KN/m 0.1 6.93 KN/m
B3 Normal 94.5 KN/m 0.1 9.45 KN/m
B1 Gumbel 25 KN/m 0.25 6.25 KN/m
Q B2 Gumbel 33 KN/m 0.25 8.25 KN/m
B3 Gumbel 45 KN/m 0.25 11.25 KN/m
fy Lognormal 500 MPa 0.08 40 MPa
fc Lognormal 38 MPa 0.158 6 MPa
B1 Normal 450 mm 0.02 9 mm

d B2 Normal 450 mm 0.02 9 mm
B3 Normal 550 mm 0.02 11 mm
� �G �
2-Calculate the limit state function G ( x ( m ) ) and find the first derivative � � and
� �xi � x�m �
for Gumbel distribution � �

�
� � �1 �� Fxi ( xi( m ) ) ��
f xi xi( m ) � �
� � xi( m ) � � i � �1 �� Fxi ( xi( m ) ) �� (i = 1 2 3 ……. n). (5-4)
30
3- Calculate the sum of � x , � , � �
Where
n
� �G � ( m )
� x � � � �x
i �1 �
� xi (5-5)
i � x�
n
� �G �
� �
� � � � �i
i �1 � �xi � x�
(5-6)
2
�� G � �
� ��
n
� � ��
2
� �i � (5-7)
i �1 � � �xi � x� �
4- Calculate � i and �
Where
� �G �
� � �i
� �xi � x�
�i � � (i � 1, 2,3,............, n) (5-8)
� ��
2
� ��
� x �� G�x � ( m)
(5-9)
��
2
5-Calculate the new iteration values of x ( m �1)
Where
x ( m �1) � �i � � i� i � (i � 1, 2,3,................., n) (5-10)
6-Conteinue produces [9] a new Iteration on steps 2 and 5 until convergence on �

and G ( x) � 0 or close to 0.
31
5-4-2 Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS)
The Monte Carlo Simulation is a numerical method to calculate the probability of

failure and was introduced in the 1940s by physicists [12] (Stanislaw Ulam, Enrico
Ferm, John von Neumann and others) working in nuclear weapon projects in the Los
Alamos National Laboratory, and there is no method is easy to understand and ready
compatible to engineering solution as Monte Carlo method [10]. The procedure for
computing the safety index by using Monte Carlo Method is summarised in this
steps [12]:-
1- Generate a number of different random u uniformly distributed between 0 and 1.
2- Find values for a basic random variable ( X i ) with the generated number u.
3- Produce the limit state function and repeat the last steps for all random variable
which appear in the limit state function G(x).
4- Substitute the output values for X ( j ) of the basic random variables into the
limit state function G(x) and then calculate its value.
5- Repeat the last four steps for number of trials and compute a new value of G(x) at
each cycle.
5- Calculate the number of trials n f for G ( x ( j ) ) � 0
N
n f � � I ( x( j ) )
j �1
Where
�1, G ( x ( j ) ) � 0 �
� �
I x ( j)
�� (5-11)
�0, G ( x ) � 0 �
( j)
6- Calculate the estimate Pf of the probability of failure using the equation
nf
Pf � (5-12)
N
The next steps for generating normal, lognormal and Gumbel distribution random
variables [12].
1- Normal random variable –
g � � g � � g �2 ln(u ) Cos (2� u ) (5-13)

1 2
32
d � �d � � d �2ln(u1 ) Sin (2� u2 ) (5-14)
2- Lognormal random variable –
�
f y � exp � f y � � f y �2ln(u3 ) Cos (2� u4 ) � (5-15)
�
f c � exp � fc � � fc �2 ln(u3 ) Sin(2� u4 ) � (5-16)
Where
1
�x � ln � x � � � x 2 (5-17)
2
� x � ln(1 � (Covx2 )) (5-18)
3-Gumbel random variable
q � un �
�
1
�
� log( � log(u ))
5
� (5-19)
Where
1 �
�n �
6 �q
0.5772157
un � � q �
�n
The last steps are used in a visual basic simulation program in excel spreadsheet to
estimate the probability of failure in different cycles.
33
5-5 Reliability analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Results
This part of this chapter is contain a various number of reliability analysis for a
different three beams each of these beams have a different loads and different
dimension. Furthermore a different amount of reinforced steel obtained by using EC
2 designs sees Appendix (A). Also for each failure for these beams has limit state
function according to the capacity and demand for each beam.
5-5-1 Partial Safety Factors
In the design procedure for any structure the partial safety factors must be taken into
account and in this project for designing reinforced concrete beams the partial factors
were taken into account. The partial safety factors are not taken into account in
reliability analysis since uncertainties associated with loads and resistance are
considered explicitly in this kind of analysis.
5-5-2 Limit State Functions
The limit state functions [1] in this project have been considered corresponding to
the obtained of the ultimate bending moment (Flexural Failure) and for tension and
compression shear failure at the middle section of the reinforced concrete beam the
steps below illustrate the different limit state functions for each type of failure
according to EC 2.
1-Limit State Function of Flexural Failure:-
The limit state function due to brittle flexural failure can be written as
G ( x) � C � D (5-20)
Where C the capacity or resistance effect (Bending Moment) and D is the demand or
load affect.
34
Where
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) �
C � 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � � d � � � 0.87 f yk AS� � d � d � � (5-21)
� 1.134 f ck b �
and
Wu � l
D� Wu � (1.05Gk � Qk ) (5-22)
8
So that
(5-23)
S t a r t s im u la t io n
2-Limit State Function due Crushing of Concrete:-
The limit state function for the collapse due to crushing of concrete can be written
as-
G ( x) � C � D
Where C the capacity or resistance effect (Bending Moment) and D is the demand or
load affect.
�1 �
C � � bw d 2 f ck � (5-24)
�3 �
(Gk � Qk )l
D� (5-25)
2
�1 � � G � Qk � l
G ( x) � � bw d 2 f ck � � k [9] (5-26)
�3 � 2
2-Limit State Function of Shear Failure:-
The limit state function for shear failure of the concrete can be written as –
G ( x) � C � D
Where C the capacity or resistance effect (Maximum Shear) and D is the demand or
load affect.
� f � A
C � 0.124bd �1 � ck � f ck � sw 0.78df yk (5-27)
� 250 � S
(Gk � Qk )l
D� (5-28)
2
� f � A � G � QK � l
G ( x) � 0.124bd � 1 � ck � f ck � sw df yk � K (5-29)
� 250 � S 2
35
Chapter 6 Applications of Reliability Analysis
Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams
6-1- First Order Reliability Method (FORM)
Beam 1 –
6-1-1-Limit state function of flexural failure: B1

Wu � l
D� Wu � (1.05Gk � Qk )
8
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) �
C � 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � � d � � � 0.87 f yk AS� � d � d � �
� 1.134 f ck b �
G ( x) � C � D
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � (GK � QK ) � l 2
G ( x) � 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � � d � � � 0.87 f yk AS� � d � d � � �
� 1.134 f ck b � 8
Standard
Variable Distribution type Mean COV
Deviation
G Normal 1.05 � 50 KN / m 0.10 5.25 KN / m
Q Gumbel 25 KN / m 0.25 6.25 KN / m
d Normal 450 mm 0.02 9 mm
L � 6000 mm d � � 50 mm
AS � 2860 mm 2 ,
AS� � 964 mm 2
� 4.85� f yk �
� 1649.52� f yk � �d �
� � fck � �
� � 838.68� f yk � � d � 50 � � 4500000 � g k � � qk �
� �
36
1-Normal distribution types:
� gk � 1.05 � 50 � 52.5 N / mm , � g k � 5.25 N / mm
� d � 450 mm , � d � 9 mm
2- Lognormal distribution of f ck :-
� fck � 38 N / mm 2 , � fck � 6 N / mm 2
� fck � ln ��1 � ��COV 2 �� = ln ��1� �� 0.1582 �� 0.157

� � ��
� fck � ln � fck �
1
2
�1 � COV f2ck �
1
�
� fck � ln 38 � ln 1 � 0.157 2 � 3.625
2
�
3-Lognormal distribution of f yk :-
� f yk � 500 N / mm2 , � f yk � 40 N / mm 2
� f yk � ln �1 � �COV f2yk � �
� � ��
� ln ��1 � ��0.082 �� 0.08
1
� � 1
�
� f yk � ln � f yk � ln 1 � COV f2yk � ln 500 � ln 1 � 0.082 � 6.211
2 2
�
4-Parameters of the Gumbel distribution:-

� qk � 25 N / mm , � qk � 6.25 N / mm
1 �
�n �
6 � qk
1 �
� � 0.205
6 6.25
0.5772157
uqk � � qk �
�n
0.5772157
� 25 � � 22.18
0.205
37
Denote x1 � f yk , x2 � d , x3 � f ck , x4 � g k , x5 � qk
� 4.85� f yk �
� 1649.52� f yk � �d �
� � fck � �
� � 838.68� f yk � � d � 50 � � 4500000 � g k � � qk �
� �
� 4.85 x1 �
� 1649.52 x1 � x2 � � � 838.68 x1 � x2 � 50 � � 4500000 � x4 � x5 �
� x3 �
�G � 16000.34 x1 �
� � 1649.52 x2 � � � 838.68 � x2 � 50 �
�x1 � x3 �
�G
� 1649.52 x1 � 838.68 x1 � 2488.2 x1
�x2
�G 8000.2x12
�
�x3 x32
�G
� �4500000
�x4
�G
� �4500000
�x5
Parameters of equivalent normal distribution

f yk � lognormal
* � 1 � 0.08x1
�
�1 � x1 1 � ln( x1 ) � � f yk �
� x1 �1 � ln( x1 ) � 6.211� � x1 � 7.211 � ln( x1 ) �
d=Normal
*�2 � 9 , � 2 � 450 mm
f ck � lognormal
* � 3 � 0.158x3
�
�3 � x3 1 � ln( x3 ) � � fck �
� x3 �1 � ln( x3 ) � 3.25 � � x3 � 4.625 � ln( x3 ) �
g � Normal
* � 4 � 5.25 N / mm , �4 � 52.5 N / mm
38
q � Gumbel
* par5 � �0.205 � � x5 � 22.18�
�5 �
�
� � �1 (exp( � exp( par5 ))) �
0.205exp � par5 � exp( par5 ) �
�5 � x5 � � 5� �1 � exp(� exp( par5 )) �
� 4.85 x1 �
G ( x) �� 1649.52 x1 � x2 � � � 838.68 x1 � x2 � 50 � � 4500000 � x4 � x5 �
� x3 �
6-1-2 Limit state function for Crushing of the Concrete B1 [9]

G ( x) � C � D L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
�1 �
C � � bw d 2 f ck �
�3 �
(Gk � Qk )l
D�
2
�1 � � G � QK � l
G ( x) � � bw d 2 f ck � � K
�3 � 2
�1 � � G � QK � 6000
G ( x) � � � 300 � d 2 fck � � K
�3 � 2
� �
G ( x) � 100 � d 2 f ck � 3000 � GK � QK �
� �
G ( x) � 100 � �d2 � fck � 3000 � � gk � �qk �
Denote:
x1 � d , x2 � f ck , x3 � g k , x4 � qk
� �
G ( x) � 100 x12 x2 � 3000 � x3 � x4 �
�G
� 200 x1 x2
�x1
�G
� 100 x12
�x2
�G
� �3000
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
39
6-1-3- Limit state function for Shear failure B1
G ( x) � C � D
(Gk � Qk )l
D� L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
2
� f � A
C � 0.124bd �1 � ck � f ck � sw 0.78df yk
� 250 � S
� f � A � G � QK � l
G ( x) � 0.124bd � 1 � ck � f ck � sw df yk � K
� 250 � S 2
� f � 6000
� 0.124 � 300 � d � 1 � ck � f ck � 0.287 � 0.78 � 2.5 � df yk � � g � q � �
� 250 � 2
� �f �
�
� 37.2� d �1 � ck � � fck � 0.56� d � f yk � 3000 � g k � � qk �
� 250 �
Denote:-
x1 � d , x2 � f ck , x3 � f yk , x4 � g k , x5 � qk
� x �
G ( x) � 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x1 x3 � � 3000 x4 � 3000 x5 �
� 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x3
�x1 � 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 �
�x2 � 125 �
�G
� 0.56 x1
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
�G
� �3000
�x5
40
Beam 2 –
6-1-4 Limit state function for flexural failure B2:
W �l
D� u Wu � (1.05Gk � Qk )
8
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) �
� 1.134 f ck b �
G ( x) � C � D
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � (GK � QK ) � l 2
G ( x) � 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � � d � � � 0.87 f yk AS� � d � d ��
� 1.134 f ck b � 8

Distribution Standard
Variable Mean COV
type Deviation
G Normal 1.05 � 66 KN / m 0.10 6.93 KN / m
Q Gumbel 33 KN / m 0.25 8.25 KN / m
d Normal 450 mm 0.02 9 mm
L � 6000 mm d � � 50 mm
AS� � 1833 mm 2 As � 3729 mm 2
� 4.85� f yk �
� 1896 � f yk � � d �
� � fck � �
� � 1833� f yk � � d � 50 � � 4500000 � gk � � qk �
� �
� gk � 1.05 � 66 � 69.3 N / mm , � g k � 6.93 N / mm
� d � 450 mm , � d � 9 mm

� qk � 33 N / mm , � qk � 8.25 N / mm
1 �
�n �
6 � qk
41
1 �
� � 0.155
6 8.25
0.5772157
uqk � � qk �
�n
0.5772157
� 33 � � 29.27
0.155
� 4.85 x1 �
� 1896 x1 � x2 � � � 1833x1 � x2 � 50 � � 4500000 � x4 � x5 �
� x3 �
�G � 18391.2 x1 �
� � 1896 x2 � � � 1833( x2 � 50)
�x1 � x3 �
�G
� 1896 x1 � 1833 x1 � 3729 x1
�x2
�G 9195.6x12
�
�x3 x32
�G
� �4500000
�x4
�G
� �4500000
�x5
g � Normal
* � 4 � 6.93 N / mm , � 4 � 69.3 N / mm
q � Gumbel
* par5 � �0.155 � � x5 � 29.27 �
�5 �
�
� � �1 (exp( � exp( par5 ))) �
0.155exp � par5 � exp( par5 ) �
�5 � x5 � � 5� �1 � exp(� exp( par5 )) �
42
6-1-5 Limit state function for Crushing of the Concrete [9]
G ( x) � C � D L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
�1 �
C � � bw d 2 f ck �
�3 �
(Gk � Qk )l
D�
2
�1 � � G � QK � l
G ( x) � � bw d 2 f ck � � K
�3 � 2
�1 � � G � QK � 6000
G ( x) � � � 300 � d 2 fck � � K
�3 � 2
� �
G ( x) � 100 � d 2 f ck � 3000 � GK � QK �
� �
G ( x) � 100 � �d2 � fck � 3000 � � gk � �qk �
Denote:
x1 � d , x2 � f ck , x3 � g k , x4 � qk
� �
G ( x) � 100 x12 x2 � 3000 � x3 � x4 �
�G
� 200 x1 x2
�x1
�G
� 100 x12
�x2
�G
� �3000
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
6-1-6- Limit state function for Shear failure

G ( x) � C � D
(Gk � Qk )l
D� L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
2
� f � A
C � 0.124bd �1 � ck � f ck � sw 0.78df yk
� 250 � S
� f � A � G � QK � l
� 250 � S 2
43
� f � 6000
� 0.124 � 300 � d � 1 � ck � f ck � 0.287 � 0.78 � 2.5 � df yk � � g � q � �
� 250 � 2
� �f �
�
� 37.2� d �1 � ck � � fck � 0.56� d � f yk � 3000 � g k � � qk �
� 250 �
Denote:-
� x �
G ( x) � 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x1 x3 � � 3000 x4 � 3000 x5 �
� 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x3
�x1 � 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 �
�x2 � 125 �
�G
� 0.56 x1
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
�G
� �3000
�x5
44
Beam 3 –
6-1-7 Limit state function for flexural failure:
Wu � l
D� Wu � (1.05Gk � Qk )
8
� 0.87 f yk ( AS AS� ) �
� 1.134 fck b �
G ( x) � C � D
� 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � (GK � QK ) � l 2
G ( x) � 0.87 f yk ( AS � AS� ) � � d � � � 0.87 f A�
yk S � d � d � � �
� 1.134 f ck b � 8

Distribution Standard
Variable Mean COV
type Deviation
G Normal 1.05 � 90 KN / m 0.10 9.45 KN / m
11.25 KN / m
Q Gumbel 45 KN / m 0.25
d Normal 550 mm 0.02 11mm
L � 6000 mm d � � 50 mm
AS � 4132.5 mm2 ,
AS� � 1815 mm 2
� 6� f yk �
� 2016� f yk � �d �
� � fck � �
� � 1579� f yk � � d � 50 � � 4500000 � gk � � qk �
� �
� gk � 1.05 � 90 � 94.5 N / mm , � g k � 9.45 N / mm
� d � 550 mm , � d � 11 mm

� qk � 45 N / mm , � qk � 11.25 N / mm
1 �
�n �
6 � qk
45
1 �
� � 0.114
6 11.25
0.5772157
uqk � � qk �
�n
0.5772157
� 45 � � 39.93
0.114
� 6� f yk �
� 2016� f yk � �d �
� � fck � �
� � 1579� f yk � � d � 50 � � 4500000 � gk � � qk �
� �
� 6x �
� 2016 x1 � x2 � 1 � � 1579 x1 � x2 � 50 � � 4500000 � x4 � x5 �
� x3 �
�G � 24192 x1 �
� � 2016 x2 � � � 1579 � x2 � 50 �
�x1 � x3 �
�G
� 2016 x1 � 1579 x1 � 3595 x1
�x2
�G 12096x12
�
�x3 x32
�G
� �4500000
�x4
�G
� �4500000
�x5
Parameters of equivalent normal distribution

d=Normal
* � 2 � 11 , � 2 � 550 mm
g � Normal
* � 4 � 9.45 N / mm , � 4 � 94.5 N / mm
q � Gumbel
* par5 � �0.114 � � x5 � 39.93�
�5 �
�
� � �1 (exp( � exp( par5 ))) �
0.114 exp � par5 � exp( par5 ) �
46
�5 � x5 � � 5� �1 � exp(� exp( par5 )) �
6-1-8 Limit state function for Crushing of the Concrete [9].

G ( x) � C � D L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
�1 �
C � � bw d 2 f ck �
�3 �
(Gk � Qk )l
D�
2
�1 � � G � QK � l
G ( x) � � bw d 2 f ck � � K
�3 � 2
�1 � � G � QK � 6000
G ( x) � � � 300 � d 2 fck � � K
�3 � 2
� �
G ( x) � 100 � d 2 f ck � 3000 � GK � QK �
� �
G ( x) � 100 � �d2 � fck � 3000 � � gk � �qk �
Denote:
x1 � d , x2 � f ck , x3 � g k , x4 � qk
� �
G ( x) � 100 x12 x2 � 3000 � x3 � x4 �
�G
� 200 x1 x2
�x1
�G
� 100 x12
�x2
�G
� �3000
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
6-1-9 Limit state function for Shear failure

G ( x) � C � D
47
(Gk � Qk )l
D� L � 6000 mm b � 300 mm
2
� f � A
C � 0.124bd �1 � ck � f ck � sw 0.78df yk
� 250 � S
� f � A � G � QK � l
� 250 � S 2
� f � 6000
� 0.124 � 300 � d � 1 � ck � f ck � 0.287 � 0.78 � 2.5 � df yk � � g � q � �
� 250 � 2
� �f �
�
� 37.2� d �1 � ck � � fck � 0.56� d � f yk � 3000 � g k � � qk �
� 250 �
Denote:-
� x �
G ( x) � 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x1 x3 � � 3000 x4 � 3000 x5 �
� 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 � 1 � 2 � x2 � 0.56 x3
�x1 � 250 �
�G � x �
� 37.2 x1 � 1 � 2 �
�x2 � 125 �
�G
� 0.56 x1
�x3
�G
� �3000
�x4
�G
� �3000
�x5
6-2 Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)
6-2-1 Beam 1 –
48
1-Normal distribution
g � � g � � g �2 ln(u ) Cos (2� u ) � 52.5 � 5.25 �2 ln( Rnd ) Cos (2� Rnd )
1 2
d � �d � � d �2ln(u1 ) Sin (2� u2 ) � 450 � 9 �2ln( Rnd ) Sin(2� Rnd )
2-Lognormal distribution
� fy � ln(1 � (Cov 2fy )) � ln(1 � (0.082 )) � 0.08
1 1
� fy � ln � fy � � � 2 � ln 500 � � 0.082 � 6.211
2 2
� � �
f y � exp � f y � � f y �2ln(u3 ) Cos (2� u4 ) � exp 6.211 � 0.08 �2 ln( Rnd ) Cos (2� Rnd ) �
� f c � ln(1 � (Cov 2fc )) � ln(1 � (0.1582 )) � 0.158
1 1
� fc � ln � fc � � � 2 � ln 38 � � 0.1582 � 3.625
2 2
�
f c � exp � fc � � fc �2 ln(u3 ) Sin(2� u4 ) �
� exp � 3.625 � 0.158 �2ln( Rnd ) Sin(2� Rnd ) �
3-Gumbel distribution
1 �
�n �
6 �q
1 �
� � 0.205
6 6.25
0.5772157
un � � q �
�n
0.5772157
� 25 � � 22.2
0.205
q � un �
�
1
�
� log( � log(u ))
5
� � 22.2 �
1
0.205 �
� log(� log( Rnd )) �
CHAPTER 7 Results and Discussion
7-1 The Results
49
With respect to the reliability analysis of reinforced concrete beams by using first
Order Reliability Method and Monte Carlo Simulation to check the results of the safety
index and the probability of failure for these methods the results about the same for
both methods and the table (7 -1) below illustrates the computed values for � and Pf by
using FORM and MCS method. Also for more information about the output data see the
Appendix (B) and (C).
7-1-1 Results of the Reliability Analysis Beam 1 –
The safety index and probability of failure for the first beam where d=450 mm and with
load wu = 105 KN /m.
Table (7-1)
Bending
Method Yielding of Crushing of Shear
reinforcement concrete
Failure � Pf � Pf � Pf
FORM 2.525 0.005785 3.990 3.29 � 10 �5 6.072 6.288 � 10�10
Monte Carlo 2.456 0.00700 3.926 4.3 �10 �5 4.991 3 �10 �7

The safety index and probability of failure for the first beam where d=450 mm and with
load wu = 138.6 KN /m. The difference between this beam and the previous one is the
load in this beam is greater than the first beam.
Table (7 -2)
Bending
Method
Yielding of Crushing of Shear
Failure
� Pf � Pf � Pf
FORM 3.340 0.000148 2.649 0.004026 4.666 1.529 �10�6
Monte Carlo 3.300 0.000483 2.593 0.00474 4.602 2.08 � 10�6
50
The safety index and probability of failure for the first beam where d=550mm and with
load wu = 189 KN /m. The differences between this beam and the first two beams, in
this beam the load and the depth of the beam was increased (increase in shear force), and
the results obtained see table (7-3) below:-
Table (7-3)
Bending
Method
Yielding of Crushing of Shear
Failure � Pf � Pf � Pf
FORM 2.478 0.0066 3.101 0.000962 4.099 2.07 � 10�5

Monte Carlo 2.418 0.0077 3.052 0.00113 4.075 2.29 � 10�5
7-2 Discussion
51
From the previous chapter where steps of calculation of the safety index by using First
Order Reliability Method and Monte Carlo Simulation according to the limit state
functions of the flexural crushing concrete and shear failure and the output results from
the excel spreadsheet give the estimate value of the safety index and probability of
failure for different beams have a various number of failure and dimensions. In the next
steps I am going to discuss the values of safety index � and probability of failure Pf for
the different three reinforced concrete beams.
7-2-1 Results of Reliability Analysis Beam 1 –

According to the output results obtained for the first beam using FORM and Monte
Carlo simulation, the results were satisfied. The third value for shear failure, the result
obtained using Monte Carlo simulation was inaccurate, and to get the accurate result it
needs a huge number of cycles, and to do this it needs a long time.
The lowest result was for � =2.525, and high probability of failure Pf =0.005785 with a
ductile failure (yielding of reinforcement steel).

The value for � fc � 0.1018 , this value is not important, and there is no a significant
increase in � , and for � fy � 0.55 , this value is very important in this case.
1
For � fc the sensitivity factor = � 1.005
1 � 0.1018
� � 1.005 � 2.525 � 2.537
1
We can notice that � is increased by a factor when the corresponding random
1�� 2
variable f c is considered as deterministic parameters equal to their mean value without
any significant increase or effect on the estimated safety index � Thus neglecting
uncertainty of a random variable f c with � fc � 0.1018 resulted in an increase of � by
about 2 % .For more results about the output excel data see Appendix B Table (B-1).
52
In this case there is an increase in the reinforcement ratio , and the lowest results in this
beam of safety index with probability of failure, � and Pf obtained by FORM were
about 2.649 and 0.004026 respectively, with a brittle failure (Crushing of concrete), and
this is not good, the beam will failed suddenly without any warning. In this case the
� fc is very important, and � fy is not important.
For more details about the results obtained using FORM and Monte Carlo Simulation
see appendices B and C.

In this beam the lowest value is still for the bending failure due to yielding of
reinforcement, and the results obtained using FORM and Monte Carlo simulation for the
shear failure were the same, and for this beam � is decreased with high probability of
failure with respect to the shear failure, were � � 4.099 and Pf � 2.07 � 10�5 , this mean
the beam will failed due to shear failure, and this result as expected, because in this
beam of design, the shear force increased, and this cause the failed due to shear. For
more results calculated by FORM and Monte Carlo simulation, see appendices B and C.
53
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
The objective of this dissertation was to study and understand the reliability of
reinforced concrete beams and using reliability structural to estimate the probability of
different types of concrete structural failure and the main points for the conclusion of
this work are mentioned by the following bullets points:
� The main conclusion of this study was that to calculate the probability of failure
of the reinforced concrete beams with a various number of beams with a various
loads and the results were as expected according to the limit state functions using
EC 2 approach.
� The results obtained using First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte
Carlo simulation (MCS) were the same, just for the second beam with respect to
the shear failure the result was slightly difference using these methods and in this
case to reach the same result obtained by FORM was more accurate, and the
result obtained using Monte Carlo simulation was inaccurate, to obtain the
accurate result using Monte Carlo simulation, it need a huge number of
simulation trials and in this case we need to wait for a long time.
54
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bill M.John B & Ray H. (2007). Reinforced Concrete Design. Eurocode 2 . 6th Ed.
Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
2. C. O. Arun & Dr. T M M Pillai.(2006). Reliability studies of deteriorating

reinforced concrete flexural members. Structural Safety. Vol 86 P. 139-143.
3. Bruno. C Oliver. B & Bruno. G (2003). Reliability Assessment of Reinforced

Concrete Beam subjected to corrosion 17-22 2003. Czech Republic.
Available at: http://www.iasmirt.org/SMiRT17/M04-3.pdf
4. Leoind. Z. (2001). Failure How do materials break? P. 3-4.

Available at: http://people.virginia.edu/~lz2n/mse209/
5. Chris. B & Tim. S. (2001). Shear analysis of concrete with brittle reinforcement
Vol.7 No.4 P.323-329.
Available at: http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/cjb/papers
6. C.J Burgoyne & T.J Stratford. (2002). Crack – based analysis of concrete with
brittle reinforcement, Magazine of concrete research. Vol 45 No. 5. P. 321-332.
7. Gummaa. H. (2008). Design of reinforced concrete beams Scotland. UK MSc:

Heriot-Watt University.
8. Ander. T & Edison da Rosa. (2006). Structural reliability analysis using

deterministic finite element program. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures
3(2006) P. 197-202.
Available at: www.lajss.org
9. R. Lu Y. Luo & J. P. Conte. (1994). Reliability evaluation of reinforced concrete

beams. Structural Safety, Vol 17 (1995) P. 117-127.
55
10. Tirthankar. B. (2006) .Reliability assessment of plane from offshore structures
Scotland. UK MSc: Heriot-Watt University.
11. Schneider. J. (1997). Introduction to safety and reliability of structures. 5th Ed.
Zurich 1997.
12. Safety Risk and Reliability Engineering Lecture Notes delivered in class during the
study course 2 2010.
13. Prakash Desayi K. Balajirao. (1989). Reliability of reinforced concrete beams in

limit state of cracking – failure rate analysis approach. Materials and Structures.
Vol. 22. P. 269 – 279.
14. M. Arafa. (1986). Reliability of reinforced concrete beam section as affected by

their reinforcement ratio P. 1-6.
15. Safety Risk and Reliability Engineering Mini- Project Reliability based design of
glued laminated (glulam) timber beam was achieved during 2nd the second course
(2010).
16. Mac Gregor & James. G. (1997). Reinforced concrete mechanics and design. 3rd
Ed United States of America.
17. Sujata Kulkarni. (2006). Calibration of flexural design of concrete members

reinforced with FRP bars 2002 India. MSc dissertation Civil Engineering, Louisiana
State University. P. 89-97.
18. Abubakar Idris & Pius Edache. (2007). Reliability analysis of simply supported
steel beams, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences , P. 20-29, 2007.
56
APPENDICES (A B C)
57
Appendix A
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

(B1 B2 B3)
58
DESIGN BEAMS (B1)
(a)- Design Reinforcement
Use:-
f � 30 � / mm 2
ck
f � 500 � / mm2
yk
� Ultimate loading and max moment

Actions -:
Permanent load g � 50k � / m
k
Variable load q � 25k � / m
k
Ultimate load �
Wu � 1.35 g � 1.5q
k k �
� �1.35 � 50 � 1.5 � 25� � 105 K � / m
wl 2 105 � 62
Maximum design moment � � � � 472.5 K ��m
8 8
� 472.5 � 106
Bending Reinforcement K � � � 0.259
bd 2 f 300 � 4502 � 30
ck
K � K bal � 0.259 � 0.167
Therefore compression reinforced required
59
� Compression Steel A s� :-
d� 50
� � 0.111� 0.171
d 450
Therefore f sc � 0.87 f and Compression steel will have yielded.
yk
2
� f sc � 0.87 � 500 � 435 � / mm
� K � Kbal � fck bd 2
Compression steel As� �
f sc (d � d �)
�
� 0.259 � 0.167 � 30 � 300 � 450
2
� 964 mm
2
435 � 450 � 50 �
Use 4� 16 mm
� Tension steel A s :-
z � 0.82 d
k bal f ck bd 2
As � � A s�
0.87f yk z
2
0.167 � 30 � 300 � 450 2
� � 964 � 2860 mm
0.87 � 500 � � 0.82 � 450 �
0.87 f yk � AS � As� � 0.87 � 500 � � 2860 � 964 �

S� � � 161.6 mm
0.567 f ck b 0.567 � 30 � 300
s 161.6
x� � � 202 mm
0.8 0.8
x 161.6
� � 0.448 � 0.617 Tension steel will have yielded.
d 450
(b)– Design for Shear.
� Check maximum shear at face of support
L 6
Maximum design shear � wu � � 105 � � 315 K �
2 2
� Shear VEF at face of support
VEF � VEd ,max � Wu � 0.15
� 315 � 105 � 0.15 � 299.25 KN
60
� Shear VEd at a distance d from face of supports
VEd � VEF � wu � 0.45 � 299.25 � 105 � 0.45 � 252 KN
� Check the crushing strength VRd ,max with � � 22�
VRd ,max � 0.124bwd (1 � fck / 250) fck
� 30 � �3
� 0.124 � �� 1 � � � 30 � 10 � 442 KN
� 250 �
VRd ,max � VEF � 442 � 299.25 Therefore � � 22� .
� Shear resistance of the links -:

3
Asw VEd 252 �10
� � � 0.574
S 0.9df yk Cot�
0.78� 450� 500� 2.5
As
Provide � 10@ 275 mm then � 0.571
S
� Minimum Links
A 0.5 0.5
s ,min 0.08 fck b 0.08 � �� 300
� � � 0.263 Go to table (A-1)
S f yk 500
As
Use stirrup diameter 8 mm spacing 350 mm � 0.287
S
As
VRds � 0.87 f yk dCot�
S
�� 0.78 � 450 � 500 � 2.5 �10�3 � 250.5KN
VRds � VEd
Therefore shear resistance of links =250.5 KN Therefore the beam can support in
shear the ultimate load of 103.5 KN/m [1].
61
Shear Reinforcement (EC 2) [1]
Table (A-1)
Stirrup Stirrup Spacing (mm)

Diameter
85 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
(mm)
8 1.183 1.118 1.006 0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 1.847 1.744 1.57 1.256 1.047 0.897 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.659 2.511 2.26 1.808 1.507 1.291 1.13 1.004 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 4.729 40467 4.02 3.216 2.68 2.297 2.01 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.34
Note:
The design steps for the second and third beam the same procedure only in this
case the loads are difference for these beams and the depth for the third beam will be
550 mm.
62
Appendix B
Output Excel Result Using

First Order Reliability Method
63
Table B-1 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 1 Flexural Failure
Variable Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4 Iteration 5 Iteration 6 Iteration 7 Iteration 8 Iteration 9
x_1 (f_y) 500.0000 425.8192 436.6795 443.4960 445.3921 445.7574 445.8104 445.8158 445.8159
x_2 (d) 450.0000 445.6861 446.0483 446.5100 446.6378 446.6629 446.6667 446.6670 446.6671
x_3 (f_c) 38.0000 35.4113 35.8177 35.9941 36.0341 36.0405 36.0412 36.0412 36.0412
x_4 (G_k) 50.0000 57.8096 58.2111 57.4184 57.1655 57.1109 57.1020 57.1009 57.1008
x_5 (Q_k) 25.0000 30.8362 36.3727 38.4941 38.9660 39.0390 39.0470 39.0473 39.0472
G(x(m)) 148745289.4737 14487925.7765 -1878749.9401 -1193725.3965 -336238.2389 -65016.1174 -9445.4216 -959.6148 -26.4740
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1056698.8947 1047778.1969 1048412.4787 1049353.7830 1049609.4643 1049659.3253 1049666.5980 1049667.3304 1049667.3483
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 1244100.0000 1059523.2937 1086545.9514 1103506.8652 1108224.5155 1109133.4781 1109265.4369 1109278.8420 1109279.2118
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 1385070.9834 1156819.1970 1189133.2344 1214548.7677 1222239.9301 1223813.2197 1224057.8280 1224085.8608 1224087.4426
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_5)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
57 sigma_1 40.0000 34.0655 34.9344 35.4797 35.6314 35.6606 35.6648 35.6653 35.6653
mu_1 498.1960 492.6665 494.2341 495.0796 495.2960 495.3368 495.3427 495.3433 495.3433
sigma_2 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
mu_2 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_3 5.9660 5.5596 5.6234 5.6511 5.6574 5.6584 5.6585 5.6585 5.6585
mu_3 37.5217 37.4641 37.4853 37.4931 37.4947 37.4950 37.4950 37.4950 37.4950
sigma_4 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500
mu_4 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000
par_5 -0.5740 -1.7704 -2.9054 -3.3403 -3.4370 -3.4520 -3.4536 -3.4537 -3.4537
sigma_5 5.9763 8.1477 10.2095 10.9732 11.1404 11.1662 11.1690 11.1691 11.1691
mu_5 23.9559 22.6175 19.8938 18.5841 18.2771 18.2291 18.2239 18.2237 18.2238
Sum_x 803327144.7368 560437278.7394 559437154.7149 570221396.9718 573913225.8981 574734392.0413 574870407.9897 574887177.8371 574888367.6161
Sum_mu 794206876.6153 698300974.3491 725909664.2824 741750461.6963 745898991.7220 746650691.6500 746752563.3464 746761640.7888 746761578.3530
Sum_sigma 57110722.5795 57521459.1461 64425649.0672 67292935.9541 67950932.1412 68056653.9457 68068880.6410 68069574.9037 68069459.0203
alpha_1 -0.7401 -0.6205 -0.5685 -0.5533 -0.5504 -0.5500 -0.5500 -0.5500 -0.5500
alpha_2 -0.1961 -0.1658 -0.1518 -0.1476 -0.1468 -0.1467 -0.1467 -0.1467 -0.1467
alpha_3 -0.1447 -0.1118 -0.1038 -0.1020 -0.1018 -0.1018 -0.1018 -0.1018 -0.1018
alpha_4 0.4137 0.4107 0.3667 0.3511 0.3477 0.3471 0.3471 0.3471 0.3471
alpha_5 0.4709 0.6374 0.7131 0.7338 0.7378 0.7383 0.7384 0.7384 0.7384
beta 2.4448 2.6486 2.5548 2.5313 2.5261 2.5251 2.5250 2.5250 2.5250
P_f 0.007246369 0.004041237 0.005312652 0.005682817 0.005767152 0.005782924 0.005785208 0.00578544 0.005785446
64
Table B-2 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 1 Crushing Concrete Failure
Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4 Iteration 5 Iteration 6 Iteration 7 Iteration 8 Iteration 9

Variable
x_1 (d) 450.0000 443.1542 442.1311 442.6668 442.9882 443.1194 443.1678 443.1847 443.1906
x_2 (f_c) 38.0000 19.7101 21.9429 22.8916 23.3943 23.5988 23.6734 23.6993 23.7083
x_3(g) 52.5000 55.5651 59.3974 58.2871 57.7978 57.5832 57.5023 57.4736 57.4637
x_4 (q) 25.0000 27.9277 35.9671 41.3851 44.2182 45.3882 45.8175 45.9676 46.0191
G(x(m)) 420750000.0000 11361108.8235 -200181.5476 45599.3380 14544.3749 2418.5093 325.0677 39.7269 4.6882
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 3420000.0000 1746926.0038 1940331.4009 2026673.5348 2072679.0446 2091415.9610 2098254.1615 2100637.8947 2101455.7887
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 20250000.0000 19638567.1702 19547988.4219 19595389.9851 19623854.6630 19635484.5404 19639769.4017 19641271.9025 19641788.7103
(dG/dx_3)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
sigma_1 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
58 mu_1 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_2 5.9660 3.0945 3.4450 3.5940 3.6729 3.7050 3.7167 3.7208 3.7222
mu_2 37.5217 32.4008 33.7165 34.2053 34.4483 34.5440 34.5785 34.5904 34.5945
sigma_3 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500
mu_3 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000
par_4 -0.5740 -1.1742 -2.8223 -3.9329 -4.5137 -4.7536 -4.8416 -4.8724 -4.8829
sigma_4 5.9763 7.0535 10.0614 11.9811 12.9289 13.3086 13.4463 13.4942 13.5106
mu_4 23.9559 23.5168 20.1299 16.6275 14.5604 13.6723 13.3421 13.2261 13.1862
Sum_x 1959750000.0000 785518757.1736 857680619.4226 897186696.8341 918186906.5541 926749505.1931 929878993.9837 930970711.3759 931345407.1794
Sum_mu 1954763462.3124 1080347102.5099 1205404979.6595 1271196402.7289 1306941849.3615 1321650127.0899 1327038485.4487 1328919758.4475 1329565602.7082
Sum_sigma 129708242.7190 74202249.8849 86303090.5279 93580982.8305 97396419.2116 98952664.8629 99520644.8270 99718719.0506 99786690.2110
alpha_1 -0.2373 -0.2119 -0.2023 -0.1949 -0.1915 -0.1902 -0.1898 -0.1896 -0.1895
alpha_2 -0.9314 -0.8190 -0.7803 -0.7526 -0.7400 -0.7352 -0.7335 -0.7329 -0.7327
alpha_3 0.1821 0.3184 0.2737 0.2525 0.2426 0.2388 0.2374 0.2369 0.2368
alpha_4 0.2073 0.4278 0.5246 0.5761 0.5974 0.6052 0.6080 0.6090 0.6093
beta 3.2054 4.1264 4.0268 3.9971 3.9916 3.9908 3.9907 3.9907 3.9907
P_f 0.000674435 1.84229E-05 2.82721E-05 3.20576E-05 3.28117E-05 3.29215E-05 3.29354E-05 3.29371E-05 3.29373E-05
65
Table B-3 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 1- Shear Failure
x_1 (d) 450.0000 440.7590 443.8177 443.6913 444.3577 444.4603 444.4749 444.4768 444.4770
x_2 (f_c) 36.0000 7.0393 16.0209 20.8755 22.5339 22.7347 22.7606 22.7637 22.7640
x_3(f_y) 500.0000 465.9462 446.3454 464.8456 472.4332 473.8567 474.0030 474.0230 474.0253
x_4(g) 52.5000 59.1137 64.7447 60.4731 58.4255 58.0050 57.9538 57.9474 57.9466
x_5 (q) 25.0000 32.5256 56.2171 83.8140 93.7808 95.2131 95.3974 95.4201 95.4230
G(x(m)) 409359.8400 -47742.9845 -4396.6114 -1577.1254 -144.7808 -1.9556 -0.0316 -0.0004 0.0000
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1426.3552 515.4176 807.7388 972.0365 1027.2673 1034.1806 1035.0499 1035.1551 1035.1684
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 11918.8800 15472.8950 14393.9739 13748.8644 13550.2008 13526.7749 13523.7950 13523.4446 13523.3996
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 252.0000 246.8251 248.5379 248.4671 248.8403 248.8978 248.9059 248.9070 248.9071
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
(dG/dx_5)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
sigma_1 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
mu_1 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_2 5.6520 1.1052 2.5153 3.2775 3.5378 3.5693 3.5734 3.5739 3.5740
59 mu_2 37.4933 18.8195 29.6564 33.1174 34.0257 34.1272 34.1402 34.1417 34.1419
sigma_3 40.0000 37.2757 35.7076 37.1876 37.7947 37.9085 37.9202 37.9218 37.9220
mu_3 498.1960 497.1319 495.4018 497.0569 497.5211 497.5946 497.6019 497.6029 497.6030
sigma_4 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500 5.2500
mu_4 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000 52.5000
par_5 -0.5781 -2.1208 -6.9776 -12.6350 -14.6782 -14.9718 -15.0096 -15.0142 -15.0148
sigma_5 5.9835 8.7913 16.5272 22.9902 24.9456 25.2149 25.2494 25.2536 25.2542
mu_5 23.9346 21.8826 4.8002 -19.8496 -29.0735 -30.4076 -30.5795 -30.6006 -30.6034
Sum_x 964439.5200 176182.1564 337141.6800 400935.8841 422754.8842 425466.9880 425791.3413 425830.6668 425835.6241
Sum_mu 984979.7356 422686.3835 741581.4204 918293.9020 976849.7540 984585.6215 985571.7998 985692.0400 985707.6073
Sum_sigma 73313.0242 36636.3559 64411.1178 84837.6330 91217.4120 92070.5215 92179.8626 92193.1905 92194.9405
alpha_1 -0.1751 -0.1266 -0.1129 -0.1031 -0.1014 -0.1011 -0.1011 -0.1011 -0.1011
alpha_2 -0.9189 -0.4668 -0.5621 -0.5311 -0.5255 -0.5244 -0.5243 -0.5242 -0.5242
alpha_3 -0.1375 -0.2511 -0.1378 -0.1089 -0.1031 -0.1025 -0.1024 -0.1024 -0.1024
alpha_4 0.2148 0.4299 0.2445 0.1856 0.1727 0.1711 0.1709 0.1708 0.1708
alpha_5 0.2448 0.7199 0.7698 0.8130 0.8204 0.8216 0.8217 0.8218 0.8218
beta 5.8639 5.4252 6.2108 6.0796 6.0729 6.0727 6.0727 6.0727 6.0727
P_f 2.26063E-09 2.89374E-08 2.63615E-10 6.02324E-10 6.28281E-10 6.28886E-10 6.28896E-10 6.28896E-10 6.28896E-10
66
Table B-4 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 2- Flexural Failure
x_1 (f_y) 500.0000 393.3091 426.9848 438.9885 442.0432 442.6594 442.7793 442.8026 442.8071
x_2 (d) 450.0000 442.6360 444.6921 445.5600 445.7896 445.8372 445.8466 445.8484 445.8488
x_3 (f_c) 38.0000 33.1403 34.7738 35.1654 35.2495 35.2646 35.2675 35.2680 35.2681
x_4 (G_k) 66.0000 79.8378 78.9559 76.7401 76.1624 76.0378 76.0133 76.0085 76.0076
x_5 (Q_k) 33.0000 45.3328 59.2086 65.2694 66.8179 67.1357 67.1980 67.2101 67.2125
G(x(m)) 287202631.5789 6954442.2806 -1035004.5818 -292710.9753 -69064.2245 -12747.4383 -2395.1487 -460.5661 -89.1705
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1344410.5263 1340672.5753 1340782.2527 1340255.6424 1340066.2521 1340021.4901 1340012.3802 1340010.5889 1340010.2400
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 1864500.0000 1466649.5525 1592226.4510 1636988.2778 1648379.0548 1650676.7560 1651123.9351 1651210.7278 1651227.5712
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 2524536.3573 2053829.5009 2198520.7011 2272400.2706 2293146.8073 2297572.3300 2298449.0880 2298620.0048 2298653.2092
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_5)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
sigma_1 40.0000 31.4647 34.1588 35.1191 35.3635 35.4127 35.4223 35.4242 35.4246
mu_1 498.1960 486.2890 492.8479 494.5323 494.9082 494.9815 494.9956 494.9984 494.9989
sigma_2 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
mu_2 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_3 5.9660 5.2030 5.4595 5.5210 5.5342 5.5365 5.5370 5.5371 5.5371
mu_3 37.5217 37.2580 37.4213 37.4489 37.4543 37.4553 37.4554 37.4555 37.4555
sigma_4 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300
60 mu_4 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000
par_5 -0.5782 -2.4897 -4.6405 -5.5799 -5.8199 -5.8692 -5.8788 -5.8807 -5.8811
sigma_5 7.9138 12.5161 17.3661 19.2646 19.7287 19.8230 19.8414 19.8450 19.8457
mu_5 31.5906 27.7119 18.5482 13.7872 12.5284 12.2683 12.2173 12.2073 12.2054
Sum_x 1161662644.7368 681287574.4160 735254468.5861 758600376.9756 764618564.3141 765848279.4289 766087287.4930 766133613.7294 766142600.4551
Sum_mu 1149522146.3900 951914759.7903 1064258281.1344 1110651221.3017 1122640573.8731 1125089100.0625 1125567702.6467 1125660686.7032 1125678735.4276
Sum_sigma 75107062.8367 78820292.3279 97603929.9573 105250563.5626 107150073.9816 107536609.0165 107612188.0471 107626873.9442 107629724.6656
alpha_1 -0.7160 -0.5352 -0.4692 -0.4472 -0.4423 -0.4413 -0.4411 -0.4410 -0.4410
alpha_2 -0.2234 -0.1675 -0.1468 -0.1400 -0.1385 -0.1381 -0.1381 -0.1381 -0.1381
alpha_3 -0.2005 -0.1356 -0.1230 -0.1192 -0.1184 -0.1183 -0.1183 -0.1183 -0.1183
alpha_4 0.4152 0.3956 0.3195 0.2963 0.2910 0.2900 0.2898 0.2898 0.2897
alpha_5 0.4742 0.7146 0.8007 0.8237 0.8285 0.8295 0.8297 0.8297 0.8297
beta 3.6623 3.5217 3.3602 3.3421 3.3407 3.3405 3.3405 3.3405 3.3405
P_f 0.000124996 0.000214392 0.000389429 0.000415732 0.000417884 0.00041811 0.000418145 0.000418152 0.000418153
67
Table B-5 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 2- Crushing Concrete Failure
x_1 (d) 450.0000 445.2363 444.9421 445.0996 445.1654 445.1860 445.1923 445.1942 445.1948
x_2 (f_c) 38.0000 25.1275 26.5947 26.9281 27.0468 27.0836 27.0948 27.0982 27.0992
x_3(g) 69.3000 73.0163 75.3311 74.8245 74.6810 74.6338 74.6193 74.6149 74.6136
x_4 (q) 33.0000 36.4370 41.6784 43.7259 44.4284 44.6485 44.7158 44.7361 44.7423
G(x(m)) 309150000.0000 5575844.6837 -38216.0944 4740.7646 706.6569 68.5122 6.4130 0.5877 0.0536
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 3420000.0000 2237532.4628 2366620.8177 2397133.7094 2408063.7758 2411443.9044 2412476.0135 2412788.2351 2412882.4976
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 20250000.0000 19823540.4779 19797345.9004 19811369.4061 19817220.3526 19819055.3159 19819617.8827 19819788.3099 19819839.7853
(dG/dx_3)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
sigma_1 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
mu_1 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_2 5.9660 3.9450 4.1754 4.2277 4.2464 4.2521 4.2539 4.2544 4.2546
61
mu_2 37.5217 35.2045 35.7509 35.8636 35.9028 35.9148 35.9184 35.9195 35.9199
sigma_3 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300
mu_3 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000
par_4 -0.5782 -1.1109 -1.9233 -2.2407 -2.3496 -2.3837 -2.3941 -2.3972 -2.3982
sigma_4 7.9138 9.1764 11.1478 11.9170 12.1795 12.2616 12.2866 12.2942 12.2965
mu_4 31.5906 31.1036 29.4303 28.5162 28.1735 28.0632 28.0292 28.0189 28.0158
Sum_x 1848150000.0000 1001806624.9583 1052970984.9181 1066968104.0462 1071987299.9730 1073541076.4815 1074015737.6141 1074159348.6766 1074202708.2078
Sum_mu 1844807254.7706 1252952242.4144 1328466624.9622 1349044735.3079 1356491479.3589 1358812416.4903 1359522233.5378 1359737092.6048 1359801971.3213
Sum_sigma 133355029.5021 95911902.8736 103805490.0493 106437352.6079 107366114.7095 107656752.0455 107745599.3922 107772496.7791 107780618.6853
alpha_1 -0.2308 -0.2100 -0.2052 -0.2027 -0.2019 -0.2016 -0.2015 -0.2015 -0.2015
alpha_2 -0.9059 -0.8154 -0.7963 -0.7869 -0.7838 -0.7828 -0.7825 -0.7824 -0.7824
alpha_3 0.2338 0.3251 0.3004 0.2930 0.2905 0.2897 0.2894 0.2894 0.2893
alpha_4 0.2670 0.4305 0.4833 0.5038 0.5105 0.5125 0.5132 0.5133 0.5134
beta 2.2932 2.6766 2.6536 2.6502 2.6499 2.6498 2.6498 2.6498 2.6498
P_f 0.010918786 0.003718245 0.003982002 0.004022084 0.004026288 0.00402669 0.004026727 0.00402673 0.004026731
68
Table B-6 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 2- Shear Failure
x_1 (d) 450.0000 443.0025 444.6157 445.1252 445.5193 445.6086 445.6265 445.6299 445.6306
x_2 (f_c) 38.0000 13.2949 21.2797 23.9888 24.9396 25.1355 25.1731 25.1803 25.1816
x_3(f_y) 500.0000 474.6408 465.2428 476.0050 479.0677 479.8225 479.9659 479.9932 479.9984
x_4(g) 69.3000 77.7169 82.3467 78.1051 76.7254 76.3785 76.3100 76.2969 76.2945
x_5 (q) 33.0000 42.5670 64.8662 81.2952 87.1646 88.4575 88.7097 88.7578 88.7669
G(x(m)) 358529.7600 -35657.7363 -3798.4075 -440.4252 -47.9915 -1.9868 -0.0722 -0.0026 -0.0001
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1478.7328 734.0681 984.7609 1073.3170 1103.4804 1109.7317 1110.9284 1111.1556 1111.1987
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 11651.0400 14726.9274 13724.0208 13380.8788 13266.6609 13243.3367 13238.8854 13238.0412 13237.8812
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 252.0000 248.0814 248.9848 249.2701 249.4908 249.5408 249.5508 249.5527 249.5531
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
62 (dG/dx_5)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
sigma_1 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000 9.0000
mu_1 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000 450.0000
sigma_2 5.9660 2.0873 3.3409 3.7662 3.9155 3.9463 3.9522 3.9533 3.9535
mu_2 37.5217 27.0899 33.3505 34.7217 35.1285 35.2078 35.2228 35.2257 35.2262
sigma_3 40.0000 37.9713 37.2194 38.0804 38.3254 38.3858 38.3973 38.3995 38.3999
mu_3 498.1960 497.6332 497.0843 497.6973 497.8271 497.8560 497.8614 497.8624 497.8626
sigma_4 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300 6.9300
mu_4 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000 69.3000
par_5 -0.5782 -2.0610 -5.5174 -8.0639 -8.9737 -9.1741 -9.2132 -9.2206 -9.2220
sigma_5 7.9138 11.4822 19.1424 23.7118 25.1721 25.4837 25.5441 25.5556 25.5578
mu_5 31.5906 29.0497 14.1125 0.2326 -4.9352 -6.0834 -6.3078 -6.3506 -6.3587
Sum_x 927269.2800 277884.8817 404083.2341 439204.4746 450340.4696 452611.8062 453039.7988 453120.8257 453136.1764
Sum_mu 925470.4724 557686.7891 774374.8719 863062.6845 893713.0163 900233.5410 901493.7470 901733.5483 901779.0260
Sum_sigma 78142.5802 51923.8951 77439.1497 90639.8826 94991.3387 95915.7041 96094.5926 96128.6354 96135.0917
alpha_1 -0.1703 -0.1272 -0.1144 -0.1066 -0.1045 -0.1041 -0.1040 -0.1040 -0.1040
alpha_2 -0.8895 -0.5920 -0.5921 -0.5560 -0.5468 -0.5449 -0.5445 -0.5444 -0.5444
alpha_3 -0.1290 -0.1814 -0.1197 -0.1047 -0.1007 -0.0999 -0.0997 -0.0997 -0.0997
alpha_4 0.2661 0.4004 0.2685 0.2294 0.2189 0.2168 0.2163 0.2163 0.2163
alpha_5 0.3038 0.6634 0.7416 0.7848 0.7950 0.7971 0.7975 0.7975 0.7976
beta 4.5651 4.7020 4.7327 4.6714 4.6670 4.6668 4.6668 4.6668 4.6668
P_f 2.49594E-06 1.28837E-06 1.10798E-06 1.49556E-06 1.52815E-06 1.52961E-06 1.52966E-06 1.52966E-06 1.52967E-06
69
Table B-7 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 3- Flexural Failure
Variable Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4 Iteration 5 Iteration 6 Iteration 7 Iteration 8
x_1 (f_y) 500.0000 426.1349 446.0745 450.9513 452.2578 452.5649 452.6362 452.6527
x_2 (d) 550.0000 543.8167 545.3182 545.7342 545.8533 545.8817 545.8883 545.8898
x_3 (f_c) 38.0000 35.4309 36.1160 36.2111 36.2368 36.2428 36.2441 36.2444
x_4 (G_k) 94.5000 105.9246 104.6497 103.3345 102.9950 102.9126 102.8934 102.8889
x_5 (Q_k) 45.0000 57.8955 67.2299 70.4651 71.3191 71.5225 71.5698 71.5808
G(x(m)) 242882105.2632 1101326.6566 62393.7429 2775.2388 239.4051 13.3875 0.7291 0.0390
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1584228.4211 1588988.5608 1586653.5874 1585708.5576 1585487.4787 1585435.7792 1585423.8823 1585421.1410
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 1797500.0000 1531954.8149 1603637.8245 1621170.0286 1625866.6924 1626970.8162 1627227.1731 1627286.3725
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 2066260.3878 1726400.6969 1820658.3208 1850924.8713 1859018.6288 1860936.5629 1861381.9093 1861484.7586
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_5)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000

63
sigma_1 40.0000 34.0908 35.6860 36.0761 36.1806 36.2052 36.2109 36.2122
mu_1 498.1960 492.7159 495.3720 495.8844 496.0127 496.0423 496.0491 496.0507
sigma_2 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000
mu_2 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000
sigma_3 5.9660 5.5627 5.6702 5.6851 5.6892 5.6901 5.6903 5.6904
mu_3 37.5217 37.4652 37.4979 37.5015 37.5024 37.5026 37.5026 37.5026

sigma_4 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500
mu_4 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000
par_5 -0.5780 -2.0481 -3.1122 -3.4810 -3.5784 -3.6016 -3.6069 -3.6082
sigma_5 10.7595 15.5690 19.0165 20.1693 20.4692 20.5403 20.5568 20.5606
mu_5 43.0853 39.6807 34.6901 32.6217 32.0527 31.9159 31.8840 31.8767
Sum_x 1231507105.2632 834204003.8539 874555363.9058 884730715.5065 887484937.1851 888133532.5635 888284217.6136 888319020.1325
Sum_mu 1236277008.3285 1086361892.1332 1154900185.3420 1175336393.7127 1180878838.5592 1182195446.0657 1182501644.9604 1182572393.1537
Sum_sigma 93333896.4840 100136896.2610 112938117.1292 117249157.1480 118385748.1666 118655906.7506 118718690.6960 118733196.8607
alpha_1 -0.6790 -0.5410 -0.5013 -0.4879 -0.4846 -0.4838 -0.4836 -0.4835
alpha_2 -0.2118 -0.1683 -0.1562 -0.1521 -0.1511 -0.1508 -0.1508 -0.1508
alpha_3 -0.1321 -0.0959 -0.0914 -0.0897 -0.0893 -0.0892 -0.0892 -0.0892
alpha_4 0.4556 0.4247 0.3765 0.3627 0.3592 0.3584 0.3582 0.3582
alpha_5 0.5188 0.6996 0.7577 0.7741 0.7781 0.7790 0.7792 0.7793
beta 2.6534 2.5291 2.4828 2.4786 2.4783 2.4783 2.4783 2.4783
P_f 0.003984288 0.005717285 0.00651699 0.006595793 0.006600702 0.006600974 0.006600988 0.006600989
70
Table B-8 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam3 Crushing Concrete Failure
x_1 (d) 550.0000 543.2813 542.6993 543.0094 543.1610 543.2156 543.2345 543.2409 543.2431
x_2 (f_c) 38.0000 23.2192 24.9845 25.4924 25.7057 25.7815 25.8076 25.8164 25.8194
x_3(g) 94.5000 99.8382 104.1107 103.0614 102.7042 102.5689 102.5219 102.5060 102.5006
x_4 (q) 45.0000 50.0055 59.4357 63.9719 65.8237 66.4909 66.7206 66.7983 66.8245
G(x(m)) 521750000.0000 11028602.9229 -110800.9727 17346.4865 3569.8511 457.7380 54.3667 6.2232 0.7041
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 4180000.0000 2522911.2185 2711808.8086 2768522.2893 2792463.8978 2800985.6107 2803914.6807 2804904.5603 2805237.3998
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 30250000.0000 29515461.4945 29452248.1996 29485925.4319 29502388.8754 29508322.3167 29510372.9909 29511067.6226 29511301.3777
(dG/dx_3)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000 -4500000.0000
sigma_1 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000
mu_1 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000
64
sigma_2 5.9660 3.6454 3.9226 4.0023 4.0358 4.0477 4.0518 4.0532 4.0536
mu_2 37.5217 34.3649 35.1468 35.3483 35.4298 35.4584 35.4682 35.4715 35.4726
sigma_3 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500
mu_3 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000
par_4 -0.5780 -1.1486 -2.2237 -2.7408 -2.9519 -3.0279 -3.0541 -3.0630 -3.0660
sigma_4 10.7595 12.6001 16.1470 17.8309 18.5076 18.7496 18.8327 18.8608 18.8702
mu_4 43.0853 42.3496 38.9762 36.6147 35.5418 35.1415 35.0021 34.9547 34.9388
Sum_x 2820750000.0000 1381679191.6972 1471585820.6995 1503351090.5314 1516761096.3241 1521539627.2999 1523183264.3890 1523738886.0167 1523925727.9564
Sum_mu 2814898377.2576 1786073339.9836 1926003838.0325 1974947275.5527 1995931450.3489 2003473653.2512 2006073052.5062 2006952445.2025 2007248234.1710
Sum_sigma 197070487.7091 131796912.0442 146029675.7615 151989650.4335 154482172.2442 155379031.4426 155687844.1978 155792306.4120 155827440.5440
alpha_1 -0.2333 -0.2106 -0.2043 -0.2004 -0.1988 -0.1983 -0.1981 -0.1980 -0.1980
alpha_2 -0.9158 -0.8164 -0.7911 -0.7764 -0.7707 -0.7687 -0.7680 -0.7678 -0.7677
alpha_3 0.2158 0.3227 0.2912 0.2798 0.2753 0.2737 0.2731 0.2730 0.2729
alpha_4 0.2457 0.4302 0.4976 0.5279 0.5391 0.5430 0.5443 0.5448 0.5449
beta 2.6178 3.1520 3.1111 3.1029 3.1018 3.1017 3.1017 3.1017 3.1017
P_f 0.004424456 0.000810805 0.000932082 0.000958069 0.000961716 0.000962162 0.000962213 0.000962219 0.00096222
71
Table B-9 FORM Calculations of the Safety Index Beam 3 - Shear Failure
x_1 (d) 550.0000 542.5788 544.0981 544.6868 545.0459 545.1397 545.1618 545.1668 545.1679
x_2 (f_c) 38.0000 16.4994 23.2368 25.1879 25.9044 26.0812 26.1218 26.1310 26.1330
x_3(f_y) 500.0000 477.7564 472.0255 479.3014 481.3089 481.8708 482.0002 482.0296 482.0362
x_4(g) 94.5000 105.6118 110.0415 105.7210 104.3731 103.9953 103.9063 103.8861 103.8816
x_5 (q) 45.0000 57.4900 81.2188 96.0844 101.5432 102.9496 103.2765 103.3507 103.3674
G(x(m)) 394803.0400 -33098.6221 -3349.4185 -271.3690 -33.5913 -2.0164 -0.1057 -0.0054 -0.0003
(dG/dx_1)x(m) 1478.7328 840.8124 1048.3980 1110.9959 1133.3272 1138.8507 1140.1177 1140.4041 1140.4686
(dG/dx_2)x(m) 14240.1600 17519.7541 16477.8676 16179.4173 16073.8610 16047.9479 16042.0124 16040.6721 16040.3700
(dG/dx_3)x(m) 308.0000 303.8441 304.6949 305.0246 305.2257 305.2782 305.2906 305.2934 305.2940
(dG/dx_4)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
(dG/dx_5)x(m) -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000 -3000.0000
65 sigma_1 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000 11.0000
mu_1 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000 550.0000
sigma_2 5.9660 2.5904 3.6482 3.9545 4.0670 4.0948 4.1011 4.1026 4.1029
mu_2 37.5217 30.0565 34.3733 35.2287 35.5043 35.5692 35.5839 35.5872 35.5880
sigma_3 40.0000 38.2205 37.7620 38.3441 38.5047 38.5497 38.5600 38.5624 38.5629
mu_3 498.1960 497.7739 497.4993 497.8362 497.9096 497.9286 497.9329 497.9339 497.9341
sigma_4 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500 9.4500
mu_4 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000 94.5000
par_5 -0.5780 -2.0018 -4.7069 -6.4016 -7.0239 -7.1842 -7.2215 -7.2300 -7.2319
sigma_5 10.7595 15.4165 23.8004 28.3086 29.8310 30.2129 30.3011 30.3211 30.3256
mu_5 43.0853 39.8571 24.9083 12.9448 8.3305 7.1281 6.8479 6.7843 6.7700
Sum_x 1089929.1200 401129.7065 523366.8144 553453.1695 563258.5285 565652.6239 566196.2918 566318.8466 566346.4467
Sum_mu 1088306.8855 737204.1788 936378.6276 1010545.8456 1037503.5373 1044302.2385 1045872.4722 1046227.9941 1046308.1401
Sum_sigma 97363.4852 72268.7202 98898.5517 111336.8172 115670.9901 116758.8869 117010.0767 117066.9462 117079.7661
alpha_1 -0.1671 -0.1280 -0.1166 -0.1098 -0.1078 -0.1073 -0.1072 -0.1072 -0.1072
alpha_2 -0.8726 -0.6280 -0.6078 -0.5747 -0.5652 -0.5628 -0.5623 -0.5621 -0.5621
alpha_3 -0.1265 -0.1607 -0.1163 -0.1050 -0.1016 -0.1008 -0.1006 -0.1006 -0.1006
alpha_4 0.2912 0.3923 0.2867 0.2546 0.2451 0.2428 0.2423 0.2422 0.2421
alpha_5 0.3315 0.6400 0.7220 0.7628 0.7737 0.7763 0.7769 0.7770 0.7770
beta 4.0383 4.1924 4.1422 4.1031 4.0997 4.0995 4.0994 4.0994 4.0994
P_f 2.69225E-05 1.38039E-05 1.71959E-05 2.03863E-05 2.06881E-05 2.07064E-05 2.07073E-05 2.07074E-05 2.07074E-05
72
Appendix C
Calculations are carried out in Excel using a Visual Basic Subroutine
73
Calculations are carried out in Excel using a Visual Basic Subroutine.
Beam 1
Table C-1
Reinforced concrete beam 1
Flexural Failure
Start simulation
Number of simulation trials 10000000
Number of times G(x) < 0 70085
Probability of failure 0.0070085
COV_Pf 0.00376409
beta 2.45682743
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Range ("C8").Value = Ntrials
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
For i = 1 to Ntrials
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
End If
fy = Exp(6.211 + 0.08 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u1)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u2))
fc = Exp(3.625 + 0.157* Sqr(-2 * Log(u1)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u2))
g = 52.5 + 5.25 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Cos (Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Sin (Pi_2 * u4)
q = 22.2 - 1 / 0.205 * (Log (-Log (u5)))
74
Gx = 1649.52 * fy * (d - 4.85 * fy * fc ^ -1) + 838.68 * fy * (d - 50) - 4500000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
Numfails = Numfails + 1
End If
Next i
Pf = Numfails / Ntrials
beta = -Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSInv (Pf)
COV_Pf = Sqr ((1# - Pf) / (Ntrials - 1) / Pf)
Range ("C10").Value = Numfails

Range ("C12").Value = Pf
Range ("C14").Value = COV_Pf
Range ("C16").Value = beta
End Sub
Table C-2
Crushing concrete failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.04816727
beta 3.92647457
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 1000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
For i = 1 to Ntrials
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
75
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
fc = Exp(3.625 + 0.157 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u1)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u2))
g = 52.5 + 5.25 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u4)
q = 22.2 - 1 / 0.205 * (Log(-Log(u5)))
Gx = 100 * d ^ 2 * fc - 4500000 * (g + q) If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
beta = -Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSInv(Pf)
End Sub
Table C-3
Shear failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.57735021
beta 4.9912173
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
76
For i = 1 To Ntrials
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
u5 = Rnd
End If
g = 52.5 + 5.25 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u4)
q = 22.2 - 1 / 0.205 * (Log(-Log(u5)))
Gx = 37.2 * d * (1 - fc / 250) * fc + 0.56 * fy * d - 3000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
Beta = -Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSInv (Pf)
COV_Pf = Sqr((1# - Pf) / (Ntrials - 1) / Pf)
End Sub
77
Table C-4
Beam 2
Reinforced Concrete Beam 2
Bending Failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.0143839
beta 3.30018823
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
End If
fc = Exp(3.625 + 0.157* Sqr(-2 * Log(u1)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u2))
g = 69.3 + 6.93 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr (-2 * Log(u3)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u4)
78
q = 29.27 - 1 / 0.155 * (Log (-Log(u5)))
Gx = 1896 * fy * (d - 4.85 * fy * fc ^ -1) + 1833 * fy * (d - 50) - 4500000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
End Sub
Table C-5
Crushing Concrete failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.00458017
beta 2.59392929
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
79
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
u5 = Rnd
End If
g = 69.3 + 6.93 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Cos (Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Sin (Pi_2 * u4)
q = 29.27 - 1 / 0.155 * (Log (-Log (u5)))
Gx = 100 * d ^ 2 * fc - 4500000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
Beta = -Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSInv (Pf)
End Sub
Table C-6
Shear Failure
Start simulation
Probability of failure 2.086E-06
COV_Pf 0.02189487
beta 4.60262451
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 1000000000
80
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
u5 = Rnd
End If
g = 69.3 + 6.93 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Cos (Pi_2 * u4)
d = 450 + 9 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Sin (Pi_2 * u4)
q = 29.27 - 1 / 0.155 * (Log(-Log(u5)))
Gx = 37.2 * d * (1 - fc / 250) * fc + 0.56 * fy * d - 3000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
End Sub
81
Table C-7
Beam 3
Bending Failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.00357018
beta 2.41887007
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
End If
g = 94.5 + 9.45 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Cos (Pi_2 * u4)
d = 550 + 11 * Sqr (-2 * Log (u3)) * Sin (Pi_2 * u4)
q = 39.93 - 1 / 0.114 * (Log (-Log (u5)))
82
Gx = 2016 * fy * (d - 5.92 * fy * fc ^ -1) + 1579 * fy * (d - 50) - 4500000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
End Sub
Table C-8
Crushing concrete failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.00938072
beta 3.05239915
Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 10000000
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
83
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
u5 = Rnd
End If
g = 94.5 + 9.45 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u4)
d = 550 + 11 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u4)
q = 39.93 - 1 / 0.114 * (Log(-Log(u5)))
Gx = 100 * d ^ 2 * fc - 4500000 * (g + q)
If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
COV_Pf = Sqr((1# - Pf) / (Ntrials - 1) / Pf)
End Sub
Table C-9
Shear failure
Start simulation
COV_Pf 0.0208739
beta 4.07557898

Numfails = 0
Ntrials = 100000000
84
Pi_2 = 2 * 3.14159265358979
Randomize
u1 = Rnd
u2 = Rnd
u3 = Rnd
u4 = Rnd
u5 = Rnd
If u1 = 0 Then
u1 = Rnd
End If
If u3 = 0 Then
u3 = Rnd
End If
If u5 = 0 Then
u5 = Rnd
End If
g = 94.5 + 9.45 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Cos(Pi_2 * u4)
d = 550 + 11 * Sqr(-2 * Log(u3)) * Sin(Pi_2 * u4)
q = 39.93 - 1 / 0.114 * (Log(-Log(u5)))
Gx = 37.2 * d * (1 - fc / 250) * fc + 0.56 * fy * d - 3000 * (g + q) If Gx < 0! Then
End If
Next i
End Sub
85
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MSC Dissertation 1

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MSC Dissertation 1

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Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams

[Student Registration Number]

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

Dissertation Supervisor: [Supervisor’s name]

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………….…....1

CHAPTER 2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES………………………....…….….3

CHAPTER3 LITRATURE REVIEW

3-1 Reliability Developments ……………………………………………….……4

CHAPTER 4 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

4-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………......8

CHAPTER 5 DISCRIPTION OF THE METHOD

5-1 Reliability Engineering Method…………………………………………...….18

CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

6-1 First Order Reliability Method………………………………………………..29

6-1-2 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B1……………………32

6-1-3 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B1……………………………….....33

6-1-4 Limit State Function of Flexural Failure B2……………………………….34

6-1-5 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B2 …………………...36

6-1-6 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B2………………………………….36

6-1-7 Limit State Function of Flexural Failure B3……………………………….38

6-1-8 Limit State Function of Crushing Concrete Failure B3 …………………...40

6-1-9 Limit State Function of Shear Failure B3……………………………….....41

CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7-1 The Results…………………………………………………………………...43

7-1-2 Results of the Reliability Analysis B2……………………………………..43

7-1-3 Results of the Reliability Analysis B3……………………………………..44

7-2-2 Discussion Results of Reliability Analysis B2…………………….………46

Also I would like to extend my regards to all my colleagues, for supporting me in my

3-2 Reliability Analysis of Reinforced concrete beam philosophy

to estimate the probability of failure � Pf � by computing the safety index � � � according

Figure (3-1) Reliability analysis of a structure with random parameters

3-3 Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Figure 3-1 steps computing for bending beam

Figure 4-1 Steel reinforcement and concrete behaviour

4-2 Brittle and Ductile Failure

Figure (4-2) Brittle and Ductile Failure Behaviour

4-3 Brittle Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Preventing brittle failure [5] of reinforced concrete beams is being developed by

Figure (4-3) Prevent Shear Failure by steel stirrup reinforcement

An extreme amount of reinforcement sometimes indicates that a member is undersized

Design for flexural of rectangular section with moment redistribution according to

K bal � 0.454 �� � 0.4 � � 0.182 � � � 0.4 �

If K � Kbal Compression steel is required.

4- Calculate the Area of compression steel from

f sc is the stress in the compression steel.

the proportion of the strain diagram and f sc � Es� sc � 200 � 103� sc

5- Calculate the area of tension steel from

Where Z � d � 0.8 xbal / 2

Figure (4-4) Rectangular reinforced concrete beam dimensions

Figure (4-5) shear links on failure Mechanism

4-4 Effects of shear links on failure Mechanism

According to Euro Code design approximately between of (35 % to 50 %) of shear

force is resisted by the dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement (V d ) and

approximately between of 20% to 40 % is resisted by the un-cracked compression

Figure 4-6 Effects of shear links on failure Mechanism

The important resistance comes from the shear links V s then

Table (4-1) the spacing of links

3- The shear links required can be calculated from the equation :

And the shear resistance for the links actually specified

Table (4-2) Beams dimensions

Length (L) Width (b) Depth (d) Cover ( d � )

B2 6000 300 450 50

K bal � 0.454 �� 0.4 � � 0.182 � � � 0.4 �

� fck � ln ��1 � ��COV 2 �� = ln ��1� �� 0.1582 �� 0.157

� ln ��1 � ��0.082 �� 0.08