[Type here]

Defense Mechanisms:
Defense mechanism are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to
manipulate, deny or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable
impulses to maintain one’s self schema.
Repression:
Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism employed by the ego to keep
disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.
Example:
During the Oedipus complex aggressive thoughts about the same sex parents are
repressed.
Projection:
Projection is a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual attributes
unwanted thoughts, feelings and motives onto another person.
Example:
You might hate someone, but your superego tells you that such hatred is unacceptable.
You can ‘solve’ the problem by believing that they hate you.
Reaction Formation:
A person behaves opposite to what he or she thinks or believe.
Example:
A girl who hates her father may repress her feelings and show affection for him
instead.
Repression with Displacement:
Displacement is the redirection of an impulse (usually
aggression) onto a powerless substitute target. The target can be a person or an object that can
serve as a symbolic substitute.
Example:
Someone who is frustrated by his or her superiors may go home and kick the dog, or
beat up a family member.
Repression with Hysteria:
Hysteria is a feature of hysterical disorders in which a patient experiences
physical symptoms that have a psychological, rather than an organic, cause; and histrionic
personality disorder characterized by excessive emotions, and attention-seeking behavior.
[Type here]

Example:
A women who is unmarried because of some issues it causes depression because of
repressing feelings in front of family.
Repression with Psychophysiological Disorder:
Psychophysiology is the branch of physiology that is concerned with the relationship
between mental and physical processes; it is the scientific study of the interaction between mind
and body. It is characterized by physical symptoms that are partly induced by emotional factors.
Example:
A person who is frustrated over his boss and this cause anxiety, because he can’t express
anger to him.
Repression with Phobia:
A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that causes an individual to experience extreme,
irrational fear about a situation, living creature, place, or object
Example:
An adult suffers a nasty spider bite as a child and develops an intense phobia of spiders
later in life without any recollection of the experience as a child. Because the memory of the
spider bite is repressed, he or she may not understand where the phobia originates.

RESEARCH-1
Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder, Implications for Psychoanalytical Research, Theory and
Practice-2009:
Systematic research of psychoanalytic treatment has been limited by several factors,
including a belief that clinical experience can demonstrate the effectiveness of psychoanalysis,
rending systematic research unnecessary the view that psychoanalytic research accomplish, and
a concern that research would distort the treatment being delivered. In recent years, however
many psychoanalysts have recognized the necessity of research in order to obtain a more
balanced assessment of the role of psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in
contemporary treatment armamentarium, as well as to allow appropriate evaluation and
potentially greater acceptance by the border mental health and medical communities.
In this context, studies were conducted of a psychodynamic treatment , panic focused,
psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP) , initially in an open trial and then in a randomize
control trial (RTC), in comparison with a less active treatment, applied relation training for
adults with primary DSM-IV Panic Disorder.
[Type here]

RESEARCH-2
Emotion, learning and organizational change: Towards an integration of
psychoanalytic and other perspectives:
Abstract:
Develops an understanding of the complex interface between emotion and learning and highlights the
special contribution of psychoanalytic insights in understanding individuals’ reactions to organizational
changes. Explores the extent to which emotions are products of learning, the ways in which emotions
facilitate or inhibit learning, and the ways in which learning redefines and re‐organizes emotions at both
an individual and an organizational level. The analysis shows the interdependence between emotion and
learning and highlights many of the subtleties of individuals’ reactions to change that current research
into individuals’ adaptability to organizational change tends to neglect. Reviews some of the implications
of the psychodynamic explication of emotion and learning to our understanding of individuals’ reactions
to organizational change.

References
Mc Leod , S.A (2009). Defense mechanism. Retrieved from http://www simple psychology. org/defense
Mechanism:html

Fredric N Busch, Barbara I .Milord, Larry’s Sandberg, (2009). Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder ,
Implications for Psychoanalytic Research . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association.
Retrieved from https://www.googlescholar.journals. Sage pub. Com.pk

Borkar.R.(2018) displacement means in psychology. Retrieved from http://psychologenie.com/what-does

-displacement-mean-in-psychology-with-examples.

Vallera, R.(2018) Projection as a psychological defense mechanism Retrieved from

http//.quora.com/what-is-an-example-of-a-projection-as-a-psychology-with-examples.
[Type here]