What is Mole?

Atoms and molecules are too small to count. To solve this problem their numbers are expressed
in terms of Avogadro’s number (NA = 6.023 1023). Mole is the number equal to Avogadro’s number
just like a dozen is equal to 12, a century means 100, a score means = 20.
Mole can be defined as a unit which represents 6.023 x1023 particles of same matter.
A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons or any other elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly

12 gm of . The number of atoms in 12 gm of is called Avogadro’s number .

One atomic mass unit (amu)

The number of moles of a substance can be calculated by various means depending on data
available, as follows.

 Number of moles of molecules

 Number of moles of atoms

 Number of moles of gases (Standard molar volume at STP = 22.4 lit)

 Number of moles of particles e.g. atoms, molecules ions etc

 for a compound , y moles of A = x moles of B

 Mole fraction = fraction of the substance in the mixture expressed in terms of mol is called its
mol fraction (X)

E.g. for a mixture of substance A & B

(n terms of denote number of moles)

Refer to the following video for mole concept

Solved Examples

Question 1: Calculate the mass of (i) an atom of silver (ii) a molecule of carbon dioxide.
Solution:

 1 mole of Ag atoms = 108 g

= 6.022 x 1023 atoms

6.022 x 1023 atoms of silver have mass = 108g

Mass of one atom of silver

 1 mole of CO2 = 44 g

= 6.022 x 1023 molecules

Thus, 6.022 x 1023 molecules of CO2 has mass = 44 g
 1 molecule of CO2 has mass

= 7.307 ´ 10-23 g
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Question 2: Calculate the number of molecules present

 in 34.20 grams of cane sugar (C12H22O11)
 in one litre of water assuming that the density of water is 1 g/cm3
 in one drop of water having mass 0.05 g.

Solution:
 1 mole of C12H22O11 = 342 g

= 12 x 12 + 22 x 1 + 11 x 16 = 342 amu

= 6.022 x 1023 molecules

Now 342 g of cane sugar contain 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

34.2 g of cane sugar will contain

= 6.022 x 1022 molecules

 1 mole of water = 18 g = 6.022 x 1023 molecules.
Mass of 1 litre of water = Volume x density = 1000 x 1 = 1000 g

Now 18 g of water contains = 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

1000 g of water will contain =

= 3.346 x 1025 molecules

 1 mole of H2O = 18 g = 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

Mass of 1 drop of water = 0.05 g

Now 18 g of H2O contain = 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

0.05 g of H2O will contain =

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Question 3: Calculate the number of moles in each of the following:

 392 grams of sulphuric acid

 44.8 litres of carbon dioxide at STP

 6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen (iv) 9.0 grams of aluminium (v) 1 metric ton of iron (1 metric ton = 103 kg ) (v
65.5 mg of carbon.
Solution:
 1 mole of H2SO4 = 98 g

Thus 98 g of H2SO4 = 1 mole of H2SO4

392 g of H2SO4 = = 4 moles of H2SO4

 1 mole of CO2 = 22.4 litres at STP

i.e. 22.4 litres of CO2 at STP = 1 mole

44.8 litres of CO2 at STP =

= 2 moles CO2

 1 mole of O2 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

6.022 x 1023 molecules = 1 mole of oxygen molecules.

 1 mole of Al = 27 g of Al

i.e. 27 g of aluminium = 1 mole of Al

9 g of aluminium = = 0.33 mole of Al

 1 metric ton of Fe = 103 kg = 106 g

1 mole of Fe = 56 g of Fe

106 g of Fe =

= 1.786 104 moles

 7.9 mg of Ca = 7.9 10-3 g of Ca

Equivalent Weight
Equivalent weight of a substance (element or compound) is defined as “The number of parts by
weight of it, that will combine with or displace directly or indirectly 1.008 parts by weight of
hydrogen, 8 parts by weight of oxygen, 35.5 parts by weight chlorine or the equivalent parts by
weight of another element”.
Equivalent weight of any substance depends on the reaction in which it takes part.

Equivalent weight is a relative quantity so it is unit less. When equivalent weight of a substance is
expressed in grams, it is called Gram Equivalent Weight (GWE).

Calculation of Equivalent Weight

Equivalent weight = Molar mass / Valence factor
 Valence factor for base = acidity of base
 Valence factor for acid = basicity of acid
 Valence factor for element = valency

Titration
Titration is a procedure of determining the concentration of unknown solution with the help of
solution of known concentration.

In this procedure of determining the concentration of solution A by adding carefully measured

volumes of a solution of known concentration B until the reaction of A with B is just complete.
Law of equivalence:
The fundamental basis of titration is the Law of Equivalence which states that
“at end point of a titration, volumes of the two titrants reacted have the same number of equivalents
or mili equivalents”
Acid Base Titration:

One gram equivalent of acid neutralized by one gm equivalent of base. It means

One equivalent of Acid = One Equivalent of Base

Acid [N1V1] = Base [N2V2]

[Gram equivalent = Normality x Volume]

Example

Quesion
Find the number of milli equivalents of H2SO4 present in 10 mL of N/2 H2SO4 solution.
Solution
Milli equivalents = Normality x Volume (mL) = ½ X 10 = 5 milli equivalent of H2SO4

Limiting Reactant
The reactant which is totally consumed during the course of reaction and
when it is consumed reaction stops.

The concept of limiting reactant is applicable to reaction other than

monomolecular i.e., when more than one type reactant involved. For example

. These is no limiting reactant.

To determine the limiting reagent amount of all reactants and mole ratio
of reactants must be known. If the ratio of moles of reactant A with
respect to reactant B is greater than the ratio of the moles of A to
moles of B for a balanced chemical equation then B is the limiting
reactant.

All other terms like left (unused) mass of other reactant, amount of
formed product can be known stoichiometrically by knowing the amount of
limiting reactant.