Short Questions- Ch-4 & 5

AM
1) Why we need to modulate message signals at high frequencies?
2) On what factors the size of a transmitting antenna depends?
3) If we modulate a 4.8kHz voice signal @ 30MHz carrier with a DSB-SC modulator, Find (a) BW of the modulated signal
(b) Min & Max. Frequencies present in modulated signal.
4) Why DSB-SC demodulator is complex & expensive than a AM demodulator?
5) Define modulation index for AM systems.
6) In AM, why modulation index should be less than ONE? Explain with help of diagram.
7) Write the range of frequencies present in voice signal.
8) Draw frequency spectrum of a pure sinusoid having frequency of 1800MHz.
9) Mathematically prove that if a QAM demodulator is not perfectly synchronous, it will result in loss and interference
between the two channels.
10) Enlist advantages & disadvantages of envelope detector used for the demodulation of AM signal.
11) Draw block diagram for the SSB modulator using Phase shift method.
12) Selective filtering method for the generation of SSB signals requires ideal filters which are unrealizable. Still the method
can be used for voice applications, Comment Why?
13) Enlist advantages & disadvantages of Coherent detectors used for the demodulation of DSB signals.
14) On what factors the bandwidth of AM wave depends. (1)
15) Prove mathematically that AM (DSB+C) signal can also be demodulated with a synchronous demodulater.
16) Assume a pure sinusoidal signal having frequency fm = 2.5KHz is modulating a carrier with fc = 45MHz, plot the spectrum
of DSB-SC modulated signal. (only plot, do not show calculations).
17) For AM systems, Envelope detector is a cheap solution as far as the receiver is concerned. State what price we have to pay
to achieve this advantage.(2)
18) Determine and plot the Hilbert transform Mh(ω) of m(t) = Cos (ωmt). (3)
19) What is the basic role of BPF in an AM receiver?
20) Can we demodulate the received signal m(t)Cos(wct) by multiplying it with [1/Cos(wct)] at the receiver?
21) Prove (by plotting any example signal) that DSB signal cannot be demodulated with an Envelope Detector.
FM
22) Draw circuit diagram of simple VCO (voltage controller oscillator) and write its design equations.
23) State carson’s rule and the dependence of FM bandwidth on B (audio signal’s bandwidth).
24) State how a diode can be used in an oscillator circuit to make it a ‘voltage controller oscillator’.
25) On what factors the bandwidth of FM wave depends.
26) Mathematically prove that a differentiator followed by a frequency modulator results in Phase modulator.
27) Draw input-output characteristics of the hard limiter used in FM demodulators.
28) Selective filtering method for the generation of SSB signals requires ideal filters which are unrealizable. Still the method
can be used for voice applications, Comment how? (2)
Superhetrodyne Rx
29) What does ‘hetro’ means in ‘superheterodyne’ receiver? (2)
30) Why it is necessary to eliminate image frequency at the very first stage in superhetrodyne receiver.
31) Why it is necessary to eliminate image frequency at the very first stage in superhetrodyne receiver.
32) What is the basic purpose of BPF at the very first stage of superhetrodyne receiver? Of what quality should this filter be?
 Compare the performance of AM and FM systems?
Amplitude modulation
 Amplitude of the carrier is varied according to amplitude of modulating signal
 Am has poor fidelity due to narrow band width
 Most of the power is in carrier hence less efficient
 Noise interference is more
 Adjacent channel interference is present
 AM broad cast operates in MF and HF range.
 In AM only carrier and two side bands are present.
 The transmission equipment is simple.
 Transmitted power varies according to modulation index.
 Depth of modulation has limitations. It can be increased above 1.
Frequency modulation
 Frequency of the carrier is varies according to amplitude of the modulating signal
 Since the band width is large, fidelity is better
 All the transmitted power is useful.
 Noise interference is minimum.
 Adjacent channel interference is avoided due to guard bands.
 FM broadcast operates in VHF and UHF range.
 Infinite number of sidebands are present.
 The transmission equipment is complex.
 Transmitted power remains constant irrespective of modulation index.
 Depth of modulation has no limitation. It can be increased by increasing frequency deviation.

Write the advantages and disadvantages of FM over AM.

FM has the following advantages over AM.
 The amplitude of FM is constant. It is independent of depth of modulation. Hence transmitter power
remains constant in FM whereas it varies in AM.
 Since amplitude of FM is constant, the noise interference is minimum in FM.Any noise
superimposing an amplitude can be removed with the help of amplitude limits. Whereas it is difficult
to remove amplitude variations due to noise in AM.
 The depth of modulation have limitation in AM. But in FM the depth of modulation can be increased
to any value by increasing the deviation. This does not cause any distortion in FM signal.
 Since guard bands are provided in FM, there is less possibility of adjacent channel interference.
 Since space waves are used for FM, the radius of propagation is limited to line of sight. Hence it is
possible to operate several independent transmitters on same frequency with minimum interference.
 A special case of narrow band FM (or) PM where mf is less than one has a limited number of side
band pairs. Hence FM and PM is similar to AM except that it has superior noise behaviour than AM.
 Since FM uses UHF and VHF ranges the noise interference is minimum compared to AM which uses
MF and HF ranges.

There are some disadvantages of FM compared to AM as follows:-

 The band width requirement of FM is much higher than that of AM.
 The FM transmitting and receiving equipment is more complex and costly.
 Since FM uses UHF and VHF range of frequencies, its area of reception is limited only to line of
sight. This is much lower than area covered by AM.

Draw block diagram of the following;

DONOT EXPLAIN, Just label the diagram properly.
a) FM stereo transmitter alongwith spectrum of baseband stereo signal.(4)
b) NBFM and NBPM generators.(2)
c) QAM modulator & demodulator. (2)
d) Phase shift method for SSB generation. (2)
e) FM demodulator by direct differentiation. (2)
f) Costas loop for the generation of coherent carrier. (2) Costas Loop
g) Quadrature amplitude modulator & demodulator.
h) NBFM generator
i) WBFM generator
j) FM demodulator (using direct differentiation)